Chapter 3: Five
Categories of Patience
Patience
can also be divided into categories following the five categories of deeds,
namely wâjib (obligatory), mandûb (encouraged), mahdhûr
(forbidden), makrûh (disliked) and mubâh (permissible).
Obligatory
(wâjib) patience
1.
Patience in abstaining from forbidden (harâm) things and actions,
2.
Patience in carrying out obligatory deeds,
3.
Patience in facing adversity which is beyond one’s
control, such as illness, poverty, etc.
Encouraged (mandûb) patience
1.
Patience in abstaining from disliked (makrûh) things,
2.
Patience in performing acts of worship which are liked and encouraged (mustahabb)
3. Patience in refraining from taking revenge.
Forbidden (mahdhûr) patience
1.
Patience in abstaining from food and drink until death.
2.
Patience in abstaining from eating harâm meat, carrion and blood, when the
alternative is death and starvation. Tawus and Ahmad ibn Hanbal said, “Whoever
has no choice but to eat carrion, harâm meat and blood, but refuses to eat it
and dies as a consequence, will enter Hell.”
3.
Patience in refraining from begging. There is a dispute as to whether begging
from people is forbidden or permissible. Imam Ahmad said that this kind of
patience and abstention is allowed. He was asked, “What if a person fears that
if he does not do this, he will die?” Imam Ahmad
4.
Patience in enduring things that may lead to death, such as predators, snakes,
fire and water.
5.
Patience at times of fitnah when the Muslims are fighting Muslims.
Patience in abstaining from fighting at such a time, when Muslims are killing
Muslims, is mubâh (permissible), indeed it is mustahabb (liked
and preferred). When the Prophet (SAAS) was asked about this, he said, “Be
like the better of the two sons of Ādam.” In other, similar
reports he said, “Be like the slave of Allâh who was killed, and not like
the one who has killed,” and “let him (the killer) carry his own
wrong action and your wrong action.” In another report, he said, “If
the sword is too bright, put your hand on your face.” Allâh has told us
the story of the better of the two sons of Ādam, and how he surrendered
himself and did not fight back, and how Allâh commended him for that. This is
different to the case when Muslims are fighting kâfirûn: in that
situation the Muslim has to defend himself, because the meaning of Jihad is to
defend himself and Islâm.
Disliked (makrûh) patience
1. Patience in abstaining from physical appetites (food,
drink, sex) to the extent of causing damage to one’s health.
2.
Patience in doing a makrûh deed.
Permissible (mubâh) patience
Patience
in abstaining from mubâh deeds.
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