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1 Introduction of Qing Dynasty
Dynastic cycle:
Shang商 è Zhou周 è Spring and Autumn春秋戰國è Qin秦è Han漢è
Northern and Southern Dynasty南北朝è Shi隋è Tong唐 è Five Dynasty and Ten Kingdom五代十國è Song宋 è Yuan元 è Ming明 è Qing清
Background to the rise of Qing:
Jurched女真: 12th century è Jin (Gold金) Dynasty
13th Century: Jin Dynasty was conquered by Mongols蒙古
Ming: Divided into 3 commanderies (tributes部落)
Nurhaci努爾哈赤 (1559-1626)
Interested in Chinese culture –
Romance of The Three Kingdoms 三國演義
All mans are brothers水滸傳
Economic foundation經濟基礎—monopolised the trade in pearls, furs and ginseng人參
Military - Banner System was invented in 1601 八旗兵
1616 - established恢復Jin
Writing system創造文字
Abahai (Hong Taiji) 皇太極 (1592-1643) (eighth son of Nurhaci)
1635 - Manzhu滿州 (滿珠/曼珠 è 妙吉祥)
1636 - Qing清as the name of the dynasty
Early Ching Rulers:
Shunzi順治(1644-1661)
Regent: Dorgon多爾袞1644-1650
Personal rule: 1651-1661
Manzhu-oriented policies: The High Hand Policies高壓政策
eg. Deliberative Council議政皇大臣會議 , encirclement of land 圈地政策, hair style)
Chinese-oriented policies: Appeasement Policies懷柔政策
Kangxi康熙(1662-1722)
Regent: Oboi鰲拜 1662-1670
Personal rule: 1671-1722
Suppression of revolt of 3 Feudatories三藩
Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689
Social reforms: Ended encirclement, permanent (Land) settlement 1712, 6 tours to the south六次下江南, cultural work.
Yongzheng雍正(1723-1735)
Prevention of factionalism
Centralization of power
Control over 8 Banners控制八旗兵
Grand Council軍機處
Palace memorial system
Literary inquisitions文字獄
Summary of Ching Rulers |
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Shunzi |
1644-1661 |
順治 |
Kangxi |
1662-1722 |
康熙 |
Yongzheng |
1723-1735 |
雍正 |
QianLong |
1736-1795 |
乾隆 |
Jiaqing |
1796-1820 |
嘉興 |
Dauguang |
1821-1850 |
道光 |
Xianfeng |
1851-1861 |
咸豐 |
Tongzhi |
1862-1874 |
同治 |
Guangxu |
1875-1908 |
光緒 |
Xuantong |
1909-1912 |
宣統 |
Role of Qianlong in decline of Qing:
1.This reign統治時期 saw the zenith (climax高峰) of Qing dynasty
Ten Perfect Military Campaigns十全武功:
120 million taels + non-collection of taxes + Corruption
resulted in finanical problems.
2. Southern Tours: 20million taels
3. Extravagant奢侈的 living style:
going to hunt
Feast of 1000 old men千叟宴
4. Literary inquisitions: è resentment
è rise of anti-manzhuism反清情緒高漲
è intellectural知識份子stagnation停滯不前
5. His trusting of He-shen和珅:
Qianlong led him to be the Grand Councillor軍機大臣
Decline of Qing:
Administrative inefficiency:
No health administrative system: Principal of check and balance互相監察
Intellectural irresponsibility
Antiquarian Studies考據學
‘KouTou’ 叩頭more and talk less
Patron-Client relationship, bribery行賄, favouritism nepotism
Military decline:
Manzhu bannermen declined – Kangxi
Green Standard Army綠營declined
White Lotus Rebellion – Local militia鄉勇(地方兵)
Socio-economic problems:
Population increase
