ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH NEWSLETTER

tm
Learning From The Past and Planning For The Future


MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT
September 13, 2002

"It's not that I'm afraid to die. I just don't want to be there when it happens."
- Woody Allen

				
				
				
				

				

				
				

				

				

				

						

					


						


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Mental Health Moment Online
						

CISM/CISD Annotated Links


Gulf War Syndrome


WILDLAND FIRE INFORMATION
 


						
						

CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:


NIMH Meeting Announcements

Basic and Advanced 
Critical Incident Stress Management
Workshops

November 22-23, 2002

Holiday Inn

Casper, WY

Co-sponsored by:

Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
And
Snowy Range A.S.I.S.T. CISM Team

"Religious Aspects of Domestic Violence"
November 24, 2002

Holiday Inn

Casper, WY

co-sponsored by:

Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
And
The Governor's Domestic Violence
Elimination (DoVE) Council

Fifth Annual Innovations
in Disaster Psychology Conference

"Psychosocial Reactions to Terrorist Attacks"

Sept. 29-Oct 1

Location: Radisson Hotel

Rapid City, South Dakota

						

TENTH ANNUAL
 
SANTA FE SYMPOSIA
 
nine different weekend symposia
 
on a variety of mental
 
health topics.
 
October 11-27, 2002
 
Faculty includes:
 
Institute for Meditation &
 
Psychotherapy: Bill O'Hanlon,
 
Donald Meichenbaum,
 
Peter Tanguay and others.
 
For more information
 
and 
a brochure, contact:
 
New England
 
Educational Institute
 
92 Elm Street ­ APA502
 
Pittsfield, MA 01202
 
Tel: (413) 499-1489
 
Fax (413) 499-6584
 
E-mail: educate@neei.org  
						

27th Congress of the World Federation
 
for Mental Health
 
Melbourne, AUSTRALIA

February 21-26, 2003

Contact:
 
ICMS Pty Ltd (Congress Secretariat)
 
84 Queensbridge Street
 
Southbank VIC 3006, Australia

Tel: 61 3 9682 0244
 
Fax: 61 3 9682 0288

E-mail: wfmh2003@icms.com.au

89th International Conference:
 
Stress and Depression
 
October 20, 2002

Milan, ITALY

Contact:
 
Istituto di Psicologia
 
Clinica Rocca-Stendoro
 
Corso Concordia 14
 
Milan 20129, Italy

Tel/Fax: 39-02-782627

E-mail: ist.roccastendoro@libero.it 

Seventh World Congress

on
on Stress, Trauma & Coping,

"Crisis Intervention in
 
a Changing World"

February 12-16, 2003

Baltimore Marriott

Baltimore, MD

						

Latino Psychology 2002 Conference

October 18 - 20, 2002

Location: Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Contact: Maria Garrido, Chair
 
"Latino Psychology 2002"
 
Adjunct Professor of Psychology
 
University of Rhode Island

Email: mgarrido@etal.uri.edu

X Mexican Congress of Psychology

October 23 - 25, 2002

Location: Acapulco, MEXICO
Contact: http://www.psicologia.org.mx	
						


						
						
						

						
						
						

						
						

				

				

MEDICAL MINUTE: EARLY TREATMENT OFFERS HOPE FOR DEPRESSION

No one will forget the tragic events of last Sept. 11. The impact of
the horrific images that played and replayed on network news during
the days and weeks that followed caused thousands of people to seek
treatment for a variety of health problems brought on by
psychological trauma. As the nation recalls 9/11, feelings of dread
or sadness return for many. Depression is a common problem touching
19 million Americans every year and affecting nearly 10 percent of
the population at any time. For most, it is a state of life with
ongoing feelings of inadequacy or unhappiness. For some, it is a
progressive problem that can end tragically. However, current
anti-depression medications are easier for most people to tolerate
and are effective for long-term treatment. Depression can be treated
quickly and just as effectively as high blood pressure or diabetes.
For more information, visit the Sept. 11 Medical Minute at
http://www.psu.edu/ur/2002/medicalminute003.html. Medical Minute is
a weekly service by experts from the University's College of Medicine
at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. For more
information, visit: http://www.hmc.psu.edu/.

CONFRONTATION WITH IRAQ INVOLVES PITFALLS

An offensive against Saddam Hussein would entail two dangerous
pitfalls for U.S. and allied forces -- one technological, the other
psychological -- according to a Penn State political scientist.
First, the enormous edge Americans enjoy in conventional military
arsenals may make Hussein all the more inclined to fall back on
weapons of mass destruction, even nuclear missiles, says Stephen J.
Cimbala, distinguished professor of political science at Penn State's
Delaware County campus, near Philadelphia, in his new book, "The Dead
Volcano: The Background and Effects of Nuclear War Complacency"
(Praeger). Second, Hussein, as already demonstrated by his war with
Iran in the 1980s, represents a culture where brutal losses in war
are an accepted fact of life. "To the surprise and chagrin of Western
audiences, they may be quite willing both to inflict and endure
horrific casualties, as well as dispense with legal niceties
governing the conduct of war," Cimbala says. For the full story by
Paul Blaum, visit:
 http://www.psu.edu/ur/2002/us-iraqconfrontation.html

RESEARCHERS TO EXAMINE EFFECT OF RURAL LIFE ON CHILDREN

Researchers from Penn State and the University of North Carolina will
conduct a five-year, $16.5 million study of the biological,
individual, family and community processes that lead to good or poor
outcomes for rural children. According to the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, which is funding the study, the
project will follow 1,400 children from selected rural counties in
North Carolina and Pennsylvania from infancy through the first three
years of the children's lives in order to gauge their development.
Experts from Penn State's College of Health and Human Development and
College of the Liberal Arts will focus on approximately 600 children
from three Pennsylvania counties. For more information, visit:
http://www.hhdev.psu.edu/news/news_res/9_6_02_rural.html
					

A Nation Remembers; A Nation Recovers - FEMA Publishes One-Year Anniversary Report

In observance of the first anniversary of 9/11, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has published A Nation Remembers; A Nation Recovers, a collection of personal stories from the frontlines of the disaster in New York, Pennsylvania, and at the Pentagon. 
						

FEMA Strengthens Preparedness Through Agreement With Association of American State Geologists

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) today took a significant step to strengthen its preparedness and hazard reduction programs by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Association of American State Geologists (AASG).

Red Cross Helps September 11 Victims around the World
 
After Peace Corps volunteer Stacy Ragan was evacuated from Turkmenistan, she joined the American Red Cross International Disaster Response Unit (IDRU) in New York City to help the international recovery from September 11. 

NEWS ARTICLES ONLINE

INS to begin fingerprinting 'suspicious' tourists.

http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/southflorida/sfl-aimmig09sep09.story?coll=sfla-news-sfla

ALABAMA - State opens emergency center, urges vigilance after warning.

http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20020910&Category=APN&ArtNo=209100994&Ref=AR

CALIFORNIA - County organizes to counter biological or chemical attack. 

http://www.calmanac.com/thisweek/2002_09_11.bioterror.html

USA - Nuclear sites bolster security.

http://www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,5075605%255E1702,00.html

IOWA- Governor Opens State Emergency Center. 

http://www.whotv.com/Global/story.asp?S=929958&nav=2HABBAZ3

International

ASIA - Nine U.S. Embassies Close Worldwide 

http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story2&cid=516&ncid=716&e=3&u=/ap/
20020910/ap_on_re_as/sept_11_world_reax

Nelson Mandela: The United States of America is a Threat to World Peace

http://www.msnbc.com/news/806174.asp?cp1=1

HAMBURG - German police question 4 more suspected in Sept. 11 plot 

http://www.iht.com/articles/70333.htm

						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
					
				
							
				
				
				
				
		
			
				

				
					

				
				





DISASTER ANNIVERSARIES: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES


(from Myers, D. (1994).  Disaster Response and Recovery: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals.  Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services.)




An anniversary, by definition, is the recurrence of an event or the re-awakening of feelings
surrounding an event that took place in the past. An anniversary may also be a commemorative
celebration of an important date.

Anniversary remembrances occur consciously and unconsciously, and are a part of our biology,
psychology, history, and culture.

Derivation Of Anniversary Reactions

Biologically, all animals have a finely tuned awareness for signals of danger. Sights, sounds,
smells, or other reminders of a threatening event usually evoke a memory of the threat and
alertness for present danger. These sensitivities help to explain the "trigger reactions" of
disaster survivors. Situation, sights or sounds that remind people of the disaster experience
can evoke a stress response. For example, earthquake survivors frequently become anxious when
a truck rumbles by, rattling windows.

Besides having acute alertness for danger, animals including humans have an exquisite sensitivity
to the changing of the seasons. Mating, nesting, foraging, and hibernating all take place in
response to cues from the environment: changes in light/dark cycles, temperature, smells, etc. 
Many ancient human traditions and rituals have evolved around time of the year or change of the
season: rites of Spring, celebrations of the harvest, festivals of light in the darkness of the
winter solstice. It is not surprising, then, that the normal stimuli associated with the "time
of year" can evoke memories of an event, a heightened sense of anxiety, and re-awakening of
feelings associated with the event.

Many disaster survivors report restlessness and fear with the return of the season in which a
disaster occurred. For example, the return of the annual storm season will likely bring anxiety
to people who have survived a hurricane the previous year. A woman whose neighbor was killed in
a massive mudslide reported 10 years later that she still gets jitters when it rains (Johnson, 1992).

Psychological literature discusses "anniversary reactions" as the individual's response to 
unresolved grief resulting from significant losses (Cavenar, Spaulding, and Hammet, 1976; Pollock, 
1970). From a psychodynamic perspective, Szekely (1978) describes the death of a close relative
or friend or other "historic" event as leading to a modification of an individual's self-image.
The change converts the event into a type of "monument" in the individual's personal history.
These unconscious, timeless, and permanent self- and object-representations have a temporal
character that is associated with feelings of longing or hopeful expectancy. Szekely (1978) 
describes two pre-disposing conditions for the generation of anniversary reactions: strain/trauma 
and unfinished mourning. Disasters in which individuals have experienced intense trauma and
significant losses contain both pre-disposing conditions. For individuals who have experienced
core losses, such as the loss of a loved one or the loss of a home and all the artifacts of 
one's history, mourning is still in progress at the one-year anniversary. It takes much longer
than a few months to truly begin to make peace with the past and turn to the future. In their 
study of loss and mourning, Zunin and Zunin (1991) found that the lives of the bereaved may
still be strongly affected a year and a half to three years later.

Some individuals may experience complicated or "pathological" bereavement with an intensification,
a prolongation or an inhibition of normal grief. In these cases, anniversary reactions can be used
in clinical treatment as an opportunity to work through incomplete mourning (Cavenar, Spaulding,
and Hammet, 1976; Pollock, 1970).

For normal people dealing with the abnormal situation of disaster, the anniversary can also
provide an opportunity for emotional healing. By recognizing, allowing, and attending to the
feelings and issues inherent in the anniversary reaction, an individual can make significant 
steps forward through the natural process of grief.

Formal recognition of anniversaries is part of human history and culture. Some anniversaries are
of a happy nature: celebrations such as birthdays, weddings, historic events, and religious
holidays. Anniversaries of such occasions prompt joyous memories and feelings. Some anniversaries
are of a commemorative nature, in remembrance of tragic events or losses. Examples include the
anniversary of a loved one's death or a day of honor for many who have died, such as Memorial Day.

Many cultures and religions have established traditions and rituals for grief and mourning,
during which the first year is a formalized period of mourning. For example, Judaic law has
established specific stages of mourning. There are guidelines for appropriate activities regarding
marriage during the mourning period, the amount of grief to be shown, and the type of garments
to be worn. In many cultures, the one-year anniversary of the death ends the formal period of
mourning.

Pollock (1972) hypothesizes that cultural mechanisms and traditions have been derived from the
awareness of the intrapsychic needs of the individual. They arise from the need to achieve 
psychosocial equilibrium through institutional regulations. In other words, religious and cultural
belief systems regarding mourning and anniversary processes have evolved from the normal and
natural psychological processes.

Similar to culturally prescribed response to major loss, most communities stricken by disaster
develop formal mechanisms to commemorate the anniversary of the event for one or more years.
Depending on the meaning of the event to the community, anniversary remembrances may continue to
take place for many years. Survivors of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake still meet at 5:12 AM
each April 18 to remember the anniversary.

Disaster Anniversary Reactions

Not all disaster survivors experience anniversary reactions. However, many people do, and are
troubled because they did not expect the reactions and do not understand them. it is important
for disaster mental health personnel to be familiar with commonly experienced anniversary reactions
in order to provide anticipatory guidance and public education about the normalcy of the reactions.

frequently reported anniversary reactions among disaster survivors include the following.

Memories, Dreams, Thoughts, and Feelings

At the anniversary of the 1985 Appalachian floods, an older woman reported that she simply
couldn't keep her mind off the flood during the weeks approaching the anniversary. She reported
remembering things she hadn't thought about for months. Parents may find their children suddenly
talking about the disaster again. Adults and children alike may experience dreams about the
disaster or other disturbing dreams.

For many people, the memory and feelings that occur on the anniversary are vivid. On the 10th
anniversary of the 1982 flood and mudslide disaster in Marin County, California, fire Battalion
Chief Waterbury remembered the search operation he had led. For 25 hours firefighters near
hypothermia searched in driving rain for a woman who was missing in the rubble of her mudslide-
ravaged home. Looking back, the chief recalled the numbness that gripped his stomach when her
body was unearthed. "The same mental pictures keep coming back, even though it's been 10 years
ago. It seems like it was almost yesterday to me.... I still have the vision, recall that feeling,
the frustration of searching so hard, that feeling of hope, only to have it dashed at the end. 
There's still a certain amount of pain" (Johnson, 1992).

Grief, Sadness, and Regret

Individuals who lost loved ones frequently find that the anniversary of the death stimulates
feelings of grief and pangs of longing. "She loved to ride her bicycle to the store and back with
me. It would tickle her to death that she could outrun me," said a Hurricane Hugo survivor at
the storm's anniversary. "But her bicycle's put up now. Nobody's been on it since she's gone."
His youngest granddaughter had died in a fire sparked when Hugo's winds blew down power lines
(Greene, 1990).

In their book on condolence, Zunin and Zunin (1991) include a letter from Princess Alice written 
to her mother, Queen Victoria, on the anniversary of the death of her father, King Albert.

Darmstadt

December 11, 1866


Beloved, precious Mama


On awakening this morning, my first thoughts were of you and of dear darling Papa!
Oh, how it reopens the wounds scarcely healed, when this day of pain and anguish
returns! This season of the year, the leafless trees, the cold light, everything
reminds me of that time!


The grief associated with the loss of a home can also intensify at the time of the anniversary.
People living in temporary dwellings may experience a rekindling of sadness over the loss of
their home and the lack of a permanent replacement.

Even people who have rebuilt their homes or found new dwellings to rent frequently feel a sense
of loss at the anniversary. one fire survivor explained that their new home resembled the one
they lost. However, they would still go to certain parts of he house, expecting to find what
was there before. At the anniversary of the fire, they particularly thought back on what was
gone.

People who have been forced to relocate to another locale may experience intense homesickness.
"I miss the island terribly," said a survivor of Hurricane Hugo one year after the storm. He was
forced to move off Pawley's Island after the hurricane. "I don't know the tides like I used to, 
-and I miss seeing the moon every night. And I miss the smell, and the changing seasons that
were so evident on the island" (Greene, 1990).

Besides memories and mourning of lost loved ones, homes and communities, people may also grieve
for belongings they lost, especially precious keepsakes they wished they could have saved. At 
the anniversary of the 1990 Santa Barbara, California wildfire one woman lamented that all she
took with her as she escaped the wind-whipped blaze were her bills. She deeply regrettedv not
picking up some cherished mementoes nearby. Family photographs, bibles, baby books, a deceased
son's military awards, a grandfather's birth certificate, the family piano, 27 years of Christmas
decorations - these are the things people think about with longing at the time of the anniversary.
"A house is just concrete and glass," observed a survivor at the one-year anniversary. "It's the
other stuff that has memories...those are the things that you really miss" (Schultz, 1991).

For some survivors, life during the first year after the disaster is simply too busy for them to
grieve. One year after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California, many people expressed 
relief at the waves of grief that were occasioned by the anniversary. Many people reported having 
been so busy with the paperwork and practicalities of rebuilding, they had not yet given themselves
time to "let down" and mourn their losses. After one year, things were far enough along on a
concrete level for them to take time to deal with their feelings. "This is the first time since
the earthquake that I've been able to cry," said one San Francisco resident as she wept at the
one-year anniversary commemoration. "I've been numb for so long" (Seligman, October 18, 1990).

Fear, Anxiety and Stress

For many individuals, symptoms of fear and anxiety begin to recede a few months after the disaster,
only to re-surface around the time of the anniversary. Some report a resurgence of jumpiness,
startle responses, and vigilance about safety.

For individuals who were severely traumatized, the fear may not be significantly diminished by
the end of the first year, and the anniversary rekindles it even more. One six-year-old boy who 
narrowly escaped the flames of the 1990 Painted Cave fire in Santa Barbara, California still 
panicked one year later every time he heard a siren (Schultz, 1991). During Hurricane Hugo, a
mother had to tie her family to a high railing to keep them from being swept away by rising 
floodwater. "I'm still scared," said her eight-year-old, looking back a year later. "I almost
drowned in that storm. I just can't help it" (Greene, 1990).

Crisis counseling services in northern California experienced an upsurge of calls in the week
preceding and following the one-year anniversary of the Loma Prieta earthquake. Many survivors
reported anxiety when traveling on bridges or under freeway overpasses. "People still feel shaky;
their nightmares are coming back," reported an Afterquake Project counselor. "They're not sure
what they can do. They feel more vulnerable" (Seligman, October 17, 1990).

Frustration and Anger

The anniversary can also re-awaken resentment and anger about the disaster. One flood survivor 
remarked at the time of the anniversary, "I keep remembering things that weren't fair." Survivors
may remember the things that irritated them, the things they lost, the time taken away from their
lives, frustrations with the bureaucratic aspects of the recovery process, or impatience at the
slowness of rebuilding and healing. Many homes are still not rebuilt at the first anniversary. 
Owners of nearly one-half the structures destroyed in the 1990 Santa Barbara, California wildfire
had not submitted applications for permits to rebuild at the first anniversary (Schultz, 1991).
In the aftermath of the East Bay (CA) firestorm of 1991, only 12% of homes destroyed in the city
of Berkeley were under reconstruction at the one-year anniversary and none had been completed
(Wee, 1992). A Red Cross worker commented on the stress level in Santa Cruz, California a year
after the Loma Prieta earthquake: "The whole year has been very strange. People realize a year 
has gone by and they are not fully recovered, financially and spiritually" (Samuelson, 1990). 
For some people, this anniversary-time reflection is an impetus for people to seek mental health
counseling and support. Disaster mental health programs often report an increase in calls for 
service at the time of the anniversary.

Survivors may experience anger and resentment at the losses dealt them, and at their real or 
perceived inability to rebuild their lives or recoup their losses. A 91-year-old woman's apartment
was demolished in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Her husband of 50 years died shortly after
that. She reflected at the one-year anniversary: "My husband couldn't stand all this. It was too
much for him. The terrible shock, the loss of things, the terrible problem of where to go next, 
and then to fill these empty rooms, the furniture he had to seek out and try to buy and get here.
Of trying to replace everything, the lamps, the toaster, everything...all nerve wracking. He had 
latent leukemia for three or four years but he was doing very well and then the leukemia  became
virulent.... We were minding our own business. The earthquake was not on our agenda...we lost 
everything" (Drewes, 1990). One Santa Barbara fire survivor stated that he had many things on
his life agenda that he would have preferred doing that year other than selecting toilets and
bathroom fixtures for the house he was rebuilding.

For one Santa Barbara couple, the one-year anniversary of the fire brought up a sense of failure.
They had disagreed about whether to rebuild their home after the fire. She wanted to move away 
from the area, while he insisted on rebuilding. One year later, reconstruction was far behind 
that of their neighbors, primarily due to ongoing differences between the man and his wife at 
every stage of the reconstruction. Their relationship had deteriorated, each blaming the other
for creating problems. The woman felt isolated, sad, and depressed. The man, who was retired,
did little besides work on the new home.

Avoidance
Many survivors welcome the cleansing tears, the commemoration, the reflection, and the
fellowship that the anniversary of the disaster can offer. However, some survivors attempt to 
"ward off" anniversary reactions by avoiding reminders and making efforts to treat the anniversary
as just an ordinary day. A young man who lost his father in the collapse of the Oakland, California
Cypress Structure freeway after the 1989 earthquake was asked how he planned to spend the day of
the anniversary. "I see no sense in celebrating an earthquake," he said (Chiang, 1990). Even if
people prefer to treat the anniversary as "just another day," it can be useful to educate them 
about the common reactions that they or their loved ones might encounter. Then, they will not be
taken by surprise or feel they are having a "setback" if reactions occur.

Reflection

Recovery from disaster takes place on many levels. It involves rebuilding physically, emotionally,
and spiritually. For most people, the anniversary is a landmark point in the recovery process. It
takes time for humans to integrate an event of such magnitude into their life experience. By the
one-year anniversary, enough time has passed for people to have developed some perspective on the
event and its place in their hearts, minds, and lives.

Based on recollections of the disaster, survivors often confront the haunting question "What would
I do differently if I had to go through it again?" They often do so in hopes their answers might
help others who confront such a situation. Unanimously, survivors recommend preparedness planning.
They discuss eliminating hazards from the home and neighborhood envirnoment. They emphasize adequate
insurance and recommend videotaping every room in the house, including contents of drawers and
closets, for insurance purposes. Survivors warn of the importance of having safety equipment and
disaster supplies. They underscore the importance of duplicating essential documents and photographs
and storing copies off-site. They agree on the importance of keeping photographs and mementoes in 
one place in the home so they can be easily evacuated. And they unanimously advise having a family 
plan for evacuation and a designated site to meet each other if separated.

Many people also reflect on ways in which, despite the losses and trauma, their lives have changed
for the positive. A disaster causes a reassessment of values and beliefs. Many people can recognize 
the challenges they have overcome, and acknowledge the courage, stamina, endurance, and resourcefulness
within themselves. They often reflect with appreciation on the loved ones and friends who have helped
them through. Survivors may feel grateful for deeper and more meaningful relationships. In reaching
the anniversary of the disaster, people achieve an important transition: that of seeing themselves
no longer as "victims", but truly as "survivors".

"It took away a certain part of my history and a certain part of my life, and you just don't 
rebuild that in a year," said a survivor of the 1990 Santa Barbara, California fire. But he also
gained a new perspective on himself and what is important in life in the wake of the fire, he said. 
"It really got me to take a look at how I was living my life before. It amplified some things that
needed correcting. It really turned my life around.... Without the fire, I wouldn't have half of 
what I have right now." A film maker and artist by trade, he was inspired to create a video 
documentary of the fire and its survivors. The video was shown at a local theater on the 
anniversary of the fire as a benefit for the Red Cross. It has since won two major awards.

Another survivor reflected on his neighborhood before and after the disaster. "We weren't nearly 
as close before the fire," he said at an anniversary block party on his street that had been
destroyed. While many homes were yet to be rebuilt, neighbors gathered and reminisced as they 
ate cake decorated with rubble and a chimney sending out colorful plumes of smoke. "This has
been the best part of the fire. The fences came down and we became friends," he said (Malcolm, 1991).

The reflection occasioned by the anniversary often becomes a landmark point in the recovery process.
It allows people to sharpen their perspective on the event and its place in their hearts, minds,
and lives. It allows people to look back over the past year, recognizing how far they have
come and the challenges that have been surmounted. it is a time for survivors to look inward, 
to recognize and appreciate the courage, stamina, and resourcefulness of themselves and each other
throughout this process of recovery. it is a time for people to look around and appreciate the
loved ones and friends who have helped them through the healing. It is also a time when most people
can look forward. In reaching the anniversary of the disaster, most people recognize that
they have achieved an important transition: that of seeing themselves no longer as "victims", but 
truly as "survivors".


*************************************************************************************************


REFERENCES

Cavenar, J.O., Spaulding, J.G. and Hammett, E.B. (1976). Anniversary reactions. Psychosomatics
17(4): 210-212.

Chiang, H. (October 18, 1992). Buck Helm's children settle with state. San Francisco Chronicle,
p. A-3.

Drewes, C. (October 17, 1990). Surviving, one year after quake. San Francisco Examiner, 
p. B-1.

Greene, L. (October 7, 1990). Message from Hugo. The Press of Atlantic City, p.F-1.

Johnson, N. (January 4, 1992). Disaster: The great storm of '82. Marin Independent Journal p.1.

Malcolm, C. (June 27, 1991). Fire-united friends mark anniversary. Santa Barbara News-Press.

Pollock, G.H. (1970). Anniversary reactions, trauma and mourning. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
39(3): 347-371.

Pollock, G.H. (1972). On mourning anniversaries: The relationship of culturally constituted 
defense systems to intra-psychic adaptive processes. Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related
Disciplines, 10(1): 9-40.

Samuelson, S. (October 18, 1990). santa Cruz. San Francisco Examiner, p. A-10.

Schultz, C. (June 27, 1991). Flames die but pain lives on. Santa Barbara News-Press.

Seligman, K. (October 18, 1990). Survivors celebrate 1st anniversary of Loma Prieta. San
francisco Examiner, p. A-10.

Seligman, K. (October 17, 1990). Temblor left many nerves on shaky ground. San Francisco examiner, p. A-8.

Szekely, L. (1978). Anniversaries, unfinished mourning, time and the invention of the calendar: 
A psychoanalytic 'Apercu'. Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, Vol 1: 115-146.

Wee, D. (1992). Personal communication.

Zunin, L.M. and Zunin, H.S. (1991). The art of condolence: What to write, what to say, what 
to do at a time of loss. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers.






To search for books on disasters and disaster mental

health topics, leaders, leadership, orgainizations,

crisis intervention, leaders and crises, and related
 
topics and purchase them online, go to the following url:


https://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/searchbooks.html

**********************************************************************

**********************************************************************

               Contact your local Mental Health Center or
   
               check the yellow pages for counselors, psychologists,
   
               therapists, and other Mental health Professionals in
   
               your area for further information.

**********************************************************************

                        George W. Doherty

                        O'Dochartaigh Associates

                        Box 786

                        Laramie, WY 82073-0786


MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT Online: https://www.angelfire.com/biz3/news
 

				
				

				

				

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