Chapter 1	Rise of Democracy
Chapter 2	American Revolution
Chapter 3	French Revolution
Chapter 4	Industrial Revolution
Chapter 5	Nationalism
Chapter 6	Imperialism
Chapter 7	World War I
Chapter 8	Russian Revolution
Chapter 9	Between the Wars
Chapter 10	World War II
Chapter 11	Cold War
FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Chapter 1 TOP

Rise of Democracy

People

King John –An temporary king who signed the Magna Carta because of his incompetence

as a ruler.

Aristotle – a Greek philosopher who studied with Plato and was a teacher of Alexander

the Great. Wrote “Politics.”

Plato – A Greek philosopher. He was a student of Socrates, and he wrote “The Republic.”

Plebeians – poor people

Patricians – rich people

Consul – The two rulers appointed to rule over Rome

Legions – Roman army units

Issues

Political Ideologies

Monarchy – a government headed by a king or a queen

Democracy – a government in which the citizens of that government hold the final

power

Dictatorship – a political leader is elected for a limited time, and given absolute power to make laws and control the army.

Economic Systems

Capitalism – An economic system characterized by the movement of money in business with the goal for a profit.

Socialism – The belief that the wealth of a country should be shared equally among all its citizens.

Hebrew Laws – Talmud – the laws that were written in the Torah, meant to protect the people

Polis – City-state in Greece. Only free, adult, males were citizens. (1/5 of the people)

Magna Carta – A bill of rights, which was the rule of law for all. Signed on June 15, 1215. Also known as the Great Charter. A person cannot be arrested unless that person is told what crime he/she committed. The king must ask Parliament to raise taxes.

Dates

June 15, 1215 – The Magna Carta was signed by King John on June 15, 1215.

Chapter 2 TOP

American Revolutionary War

People

Ben Franklin – Signed the treaty in Paris to end the Revolutionary War.

Thomas Jefferson – Wrote the Declaration of Independence, and was the third president

of the United States.

George Washington – First president of the United States. Was the best general in the

Revolutionary War.

King George III – King of Great Britain at the time of the Revolutionary War. Imposed “Taxation Without Representation” on the colonists.

Charles Cornwallis – Lost the Battle of Yorktown, which forced the British to surrender.

Issues

Colonial Problems – there were many taxes that the colonists had to pay, and they didn’t

want to follow Britain’s rules.

Independence – They wanted independence from Great Britain because they didn’t

believe that a king 3,000 miles away can control them well. They wanted to abolish the monarchy.

The Battle of Yorktown – The French came and helped the colonists win the battle. They

blocked the British waterways, and didn’t let any food or people get in.

The Constitution – It was ratified only when the Bill of Rights was added to it. The

majority of the colonies had to vote to decide whether to have it, or not. A stronger central government.

Articles of Confederation – A plan of government wit ha loose confederation of states, which held most of the power. A weak central government.

The Bill of Rights – A bill of rights that had laws in it that people had to follow.

Without it, the new constitution would not be ratified.

Dates

July 4, 1776 – The Declaration of Independence was signed.

Chapter 3 TOP

French Revolution

People

Louis XIV – “Sun God.” Build the palace of Versailles.

Louis XVI – Tried to escape France. Got caught. Discredited the new constitutional monarchy.

Marie Antoinette – Louis’ XVI wife. Bought expensive gifts for herself when the poor people starved.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Emperor – emperor of France. Declared himself emperor in 1804.

Military conquests and reforms – Conquered all of Europe except Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and the Ottoman Empire.

Maximilien Robespierre – a person who was a dictator through fear. He executed thousands of people who he thought were a threat to him and the republic.

Jacobins

Marat – hoped to win fame for his scientific research. Edited the Friend of the

People newspaper.

Danton – used his talent for speechmaking to win political leadership.

Horatio Nelson – the greatest British naval general, who defeated Napoleon in Egypt. He defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Czar Alexander I – a Russian czar who withstood Napoleon’s attack on Russia by retreating and burning everything down as they did so. (Scotched-Earth Policy)

Duke of Wellington – a British general, named Arthur Wesley, who beat Napoleon at Waterloo. He had the title of the Duke of Wellington.

Issues

Taxation – The estates didn’t like it. People started revolting. Stormed the Bastille.

Palace of Versailles – All following kings lived there. Louis XVI was taken out of it and taken to Paris, where he was executed.

Absolute Monarchy

Divine Right – The kings believed that it was a given right from G-d that they rule over the people with absolute monarchy.

Estates General

1^st estate: Clergy (bishops, archbishops, abbots) (10% of the land)

2^nd estate: nobles (20 % of the land)

3^rd estate: 98 % of all the people.

Middle class - bourgeoisie (lawyers, bankers, manufacturers, doctors, etc.) Were wealthy enough to eat and dress well. Had culottes (knee breeches). Many were well educated.

Urban lower classes – (butchers, brewers, weavers tanners) Didn’t have culottes.

Peasant farmers – poor people. Often went hungry. Some attacked carts of bread and stole what they needed, if need be.

National Assembly – the government in France formed by the Third Estate.

The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen – adopted on August 27, 1789. Stated that citizens were guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.

Legislative Assembly

Jacobins – most radical political club.

The Convention – After the Legislative Assembly resigned, the National Convention stepped in

Guillotine – a machine used for executions during the French Revolution.

Committee of Public Safety – Robspierre put himself in charge of this committee, which authorized him to kill anyone he felt was a threat to him.

Directory – An executive body of 5 men.

Dates

July 14, 1789 (Bastille) – people stormed the Bastille, which started the revolution.

Chapter 4 TOP

Industrial Revolution

Key Terms

Industrial Revolution – the period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods.

Industrialization – the process of developing machine-made goods.

Enclosure – the process by which wealthy landowners buy the open fields in a village, fence them, and then rent them to tenant farmers, who word the land.

Crop rotation – the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.

Factory – a large building where goods are manufactured

Cotton gin – It cleaned 10 times more cotton in one day than if done manually.

Entrepreneur – a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of running a business.

Manchester – where there was the biggest gap between the rich and the poor. There were bad houses, streets, and food. Industrial city.

Union – a group of workers in a trade or industry who join together to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Karl Marx – Had the idea of communism. He wrote the Communism Manifesto.

Proletariat – the urban working class.

Bourgeoisie – the factory-owning middle class.

Inventions

Seed drill – Jethro Tull in 1721. Farmers were able to plant seeds faster, and protect them from birds.

Flying shuttle – John Kay in 1733. Made spinning thread faster.

Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves in 1764. It allowed a spinner to work with 6 or 8 strings at one time.

Spinning mule – Samuel Crompton in 1779. Combined with water frame and spinning Jenny.

Power loom – Edmund Cartwright in 1785. It restored the balance between thread makers and weavers.

Cotton gin – Eli Whitney in 1793. It cleaned 10 times more cotton in one day than if done manually.

Improved the steam engine – James Watt in 1770.

Built the first locomotive – George Stephenson.

Designed and built the Rocket locomotive – George Stephenson in 1821.

Helped build the first factory in the United States – Moses Brown built Samuel Slater a factory.

Chapter 5 TOP

Nationalism

Great Powers

Austria

Britain

Prussia

Russia

Italy

France

What did the leaders of these countries want to do?

They wanted to redraw the map of Europe and limit France’s power. After Napoleon died, the countries fought for the land.

Who was Metternich?

Metternich was the Prime Minister of the Congress of Vienna.

What did the Congress of Vienna do?

The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe, restored the old regime and limited Frances power. During the Franco-Prussian war, France gave 5 billion Franks to Germany, as well as power and the Alsace Lorraine land, which was rich in iron and coal.

Was the Congress of Vienna successful? Why?

The Congress of Vienna was not successful in spreading out the powers equally. France had to give away 5 billion Franks, the Alsace Lorraine land, and most of its power.

Nationalism – the belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.

Nation-state – group united under its own government.

Nation – a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language.

Prussia à Germany by Bismarck in 1871.

Garibaldi united Southern Italy. His followers were the Red Shirts.

Cavour united Northern Italy.

Giuseppe Mazzini sparked Italian Nationalism. His followers were called Young Italy.

Diplomacy – making of agreements by officials to establish peace.

Legitimacy – those rulers whom Napoleon had driven from their thrones should be restored to power.

Conservatism – protecting the existing traditional forms of government.

Liberalism – the movement to give more power to elected parliaments.

Radicalism – favored drastic and, if necessary, violent change—supporters of democratic government.

Chapter 6 TOP

Imperialism

Key Terms

Imperialism – the policy of conquering and ruling other lands

Protectorate – a country whose foreign policy is controlled by an outside government

Colonization – establishment of colonies

Extraterritorial rights – British did not have to obey Chinese law

Sphere of influence – economic interests of a foreign nation came before those of China

Strategic – locations that assured control of nearby areas

Assimilation –

Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest

Neo-Colonialism – the idea that cash crops are more important than food crops

Condominium – a country ruled jointly by two other countries

Colony – a settlement in a new territory. Ruled by the mother country.

Cash crop – Africans produced food that Europeans bought rather than food for themselves.

Sepoy – Indian soldiers

Intervention – interference

Direct Rule – local leaders in the country

Indirect Rule – decisions made in another country, by another leader

Khaki – means dust. Evolved from camouflage

Apartheid – South Africa’s legal system of complete separation of Blacks and Whites.

Raj – Britain controlled land in India

Nirvana – Heaven

Caste System – priests, warriors, merchants, laborers, untouchables

Raw Materials – materials that are produced by the land. Natural resources

Monsoon – a wind that brings heavy rainfall

People

Cecil Rhodes – discovered diamonds

Commodore Matthew Perry – steamed into Tokyo harbor and asked Japan to open the country to foreign trade.

Mohandas K. Gandhi – fought for non-violent ways of agreement

Muhammed Ali Jinnah – head of the Muslim league

Jan Smuts – Jan and Louis Botha served as South Africa’s first prime ministers.

Rudyard Kipling – wrote “White Man’s Burden”

Siks – British army in India

Boers – Dutch settlers

Emperor Mutsuhito – only 15 years old. People ruled in his name. Chose the name Meiji, meaning “enlightened rule.”

Events

Opium Wars – China fought to keep opium out. They lost. Paid for opium they destroyed, and more Chinese ports opened for opium trade.

Sepoy Mutiny – the rifle cartridges were sealed with pork and beef fat. The beef upset the Indians, and the pork upset the Muslims.

Boer War – Boers vs. Britain. Britain won. Helped rebuild Dutch farms destroyed. Kept language in schools and courts.

Meeting at Berlin – a meeting on how to divide Africa

Maine – mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor. America blamed Spain.

Russo-Japanese War – Japan won. Treated as an equal with Western Europe

Boxer Rebellion – Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Kept European section in China under siege form months. Then they were defeated.

Spanish-American War – U.S. won. They won Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam

Havana Harbor – Maine blew up. Started the Spanish-American war

Tokyo Harbor – Commodore Matthew Perry steamed in, and told them to open trade with other countries.

Roosevelt Corollary – It justified American intervention in Latin American countries.

Open Door Policy – policy that allowed merchant of all nations to trade with Chine. Protected American trade rights.

Monroe Doctrine – told countries to stay out of America’s business, not settle in America, and not to control America.

Suez Canal – the best waterway to transport goods

3 G’s – gold, glory, God

Chapter 7 TOP

World War I

People

Clemenceau – One of the three people of the Big Three of the peace conference. Represented France.

Erich Marie Remarque – All Quiet on the Western Front –

Franz Ferdinand – The archduke of Austria-Hungary. Was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. Sophie, his wife, also killed.

Gavrilo Princip – Assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie on June 28, 1914.

Lloyd George – One of the three people of the Big Three of the peace conference. Represented Great Britain.

“Lost Generation” – Young men, who came back from the war and were disillusioned and dismayed. Didn’t know what to do.

Otto von Bismarck – He was afraid that France would get allies and get revenge on Germany. Allied Russian and Austria-Hungary.

President Woodrow Wilson – “He kept up out of war” – The third person on the Big Three. Represented the United States. Wrote the Fourteen Points, which were goals for postwar time.

U.S. Senator Henry Lodge –

Sophie – Franz Ferdinand’s wife. Was also shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip.

William II – Forced Bismarck to resign. Russia and Germany became allies. Great Britain signed a treaty with France and Russia.

Organizations

Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia

Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks

The League of Nations – organization that solved problems through negotiation. Formed after Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente – France, Russia, Great Britain.

Events

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie (June 28, 1914) – Killed by Princip. Started a chain of events that led to the Great War.

Battle of the Marne – France attacked Germany in the valley of the Marne River. Taxicabs drove soldiers to the battlefield.

“Blank Check” –

Gallipoli Campaign – The Allied assault attempting to get control of Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Allies lost/

Lusitania (May 7, 1915) – Passenger ship sank by the German U-boats. 1198 total died. 139 were U.S. citizens.

New inventions – submarines, airplanes

New weapons – Machine guns, poison gases, tanks

No-man’s land – a place where you’re not supposed to be. A dangerous place.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk – Russia surrendered ¼ of western land to Germany.

Treaty of Friendship – The treaty between Russia and Germany. William II let it end. Russia allied with France.

Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to sign the treaty to end the war peacefully.

Schlieffen Plan – A plan to fight the French quickly, while Russia mobilized for war.

Zimmermann Telegram – It told the German minister in Mexico that Germany was going to help get back their lands in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. U.S. intercepted it.

Vocabulary

Abdicate – to give up

Aggressor – making an unprovoked attack

Annexed – to add land to the country

Armistice – agreement to stop fighting

Conscription – a draft for war.

Convoys – a group of military ships accompanying a merchant ship.

“Dogfight” – air battle

“Dough boys” – American soldiers

Élan – spirit in battle

Entente – friendly understanding

“2-Front War” – war in Germany, fought on both, the eastern and the western, fronts.

Mandate – territory administered on behalf of the League of Nations.

Militarism – glorification of armed strength

Mobilize – to get a country’s army into position for a war

Neutrality – policy of not supporting any side

Propaganda – one-sided information that convinces people of a certain point of view.

Rationing – people could buy only small amounts of foods that were needed for the war effort.

Reparations – money to compensate for the enormous costs of the war.

Self-determination – allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live.

“The Great War” – World War 1

Trenches – a deep ditch.

Total War – a war in which nations commit all their resources—human and industrial—to the war effort.

“U-boat” – German submarine

Chapter 8 TOP

Russian Revolution

People:

Alexander I – he was the czar during the Napoleonic wars.

Alexander II – freed the serfs. Gave them Mir (peasant community).

Alexander III – upheld the autocracy and rejected reform.

Alexander Kerensky – he made the mistake of keeping Russia in World War I.

Alexandria – czarina influenced by Rasputin

Bolsheviks – supported Lenin. Red Shirts.

Germany’s secret weapon – Lenin

Karl Marx – introduced the idea of communism and haves and have-nots. Slogan: “workers of the world unite.”

Kerensky’s mistake – the continuation of keeping Russia in World War I.

Joseph Stalin – Dictator. Succeeded Lenin. Wanted socialism in one country. Only focused on Russian revolution. Secretary of the Communist party.

Leon Trotsky – chairman of the soviet. Founder of the Red Army.

Mensheviks – opposed Lenin. White Shirts.

Nicholas I – resisted change. Fought over revolutionary spirit. Lost the Crimean War. Last Romanov dynasty. Censored books, newspapers, and pamphlets.

Nicholas II – abdicated the throne on March 2, 1917

Nicholas II’s mistake (s) – Lost the Russo-Japanese War. Trusted his cousin, Kaiser William II of Germany. Ignored problems with Rasputin.

Rasputin – influenced the czarina. Holy man. Told her to ignore requests for reform.

Reds – followers of Lenin. Bolsheviks

Romanov – Russian dynasty that lasted for more than 3 centuries.

V. I. Lenin – fought for revolution. Was secretly brought back to Russia from Germany. Germany’s secret weapon.

Whites – opposers of Lenin. Mensheviks

Events:

Bloody Sunday – during the revolution of 1905, 200,000 workers asked the czar to sign a petition for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected national legislature. Between 500 and 1000 people were shot by the czar’s soldiers.

Crimean War – Nicholas I lost the war. Russia lost on its own soil.

Decembrist Revolt – revolted for a Bill of Rights and for the uprising bread prices.

Lenin’s slogan – “Peace, land, and bread”

New capital – Moscow

Old capital – St. Petersburg

Russian Civil War (1918) – Reds vs. Whites

Russo-Japanese War – Russia lost.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk – Russia gives ¼ of its Western land to Germany.

Terms:

Abdicate – to resign as a ruler

Autocrat – a ruler with unlimited power; an absolute ruler.

Cheka – secret police

5-year plan – rapid industrialization (industry, mines, railroads)

Collective Farms – large unit made up of land from many small farms and owned and operated jointly by a group.

Command economy – an economy with centralized planning by the state.

Communism = Red (Why?) – Red is the color of blood, fame, and conquest

Czar – Russian ruler

Duma – parliament

Dynasty – a series of rulers from a single family.

Mir – peasant community

Narodniki – people

Nihilism – nothing

Pogroms – riots against Jews

Proletariat – common people. Urban working class.

Provisional government – temporary government

Russia’s new name – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union.

Serfdom – slavery of serfs

Social Democrats – one of the two groups that originated out or Russia.

Social Revolutionaries – one of the two groups that originated out or Russia.

Soviet – elected workers’ council

Totalitarian state – a ppolitical system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Trans-Siberian Railway – railway to connect European Russia with Russian ports on the Pacific. Longest in the world.

Zemstvos – elective councils set up by Alexander II.

Chapter 9 TOP

Between the Wars

Vocabulary

Inflation – overproduction, under consumption. Devaluing of money.

Reform – improvement by changing conditions of something

Recovery – to return to a normal condition

Relief – the easiness of burden

New Deal – Program of relief, recovery, and reform. Suggested by Franklin Roosevelt.

Standard of Living – access to necessities and comforts.

Weimar Republic – German democratic government. Unsuccessful. Bore the burden of defeat. Owed $37 of war debt. Too many changes in governing.

Coalition Government – temporary alliance of several parties to form a parliamentary majority.

Isolationism – idea for Americans to avoid political ties to other countries

Demand – request

Free-enterprise – capitalistic system

Supply – to produce and give.

Relativity – A state of dependence in which the existence or significance of one entity is solely dependent on that of another.

Stores – places where people can buy or sell different products.

Depression – long business slump

Fireside chats – informal speeches

Bull Market – good business on the stock market

Bear Market – bad business on the stock market

Dates

October 1929 – Black Thursday. Great Depression started.

People/Places

President Franklin Roosevelt – proposed the New Deal.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – First public radio station. KDKA

New York City, New York – stock market crashed there

Freud – wrote a book on hysteria

Albert Einstein – proposed the theory of relativity. (E=MC²)

Charles Lindbergh – 33 hour solo flight from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart – First woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.

Themes

The Great Depression – Started on Black Thursday on October 29, 1929.

Harlem Renaissance – African-American art and music.

“Best of Times” – 19^th Amendment, spread of automobiles and air travel, radios, moneymaking stocks.

“Worst of Times” – Stock market crash, homelessness, poverty.

Ideas

Kellogg-Brian Pact – renounced war.

Dawes Plan – Germany borrowed $200 million from America to pay off the war debt.

19^th Amendment – women’s right to vote.

Chapter 10 TOP

World War II

What is Fascism? Where was it “born”?

In Italy.

What was Lebensraum?

Living space

What is appeasement?

Believing that Hitler is always right.

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

Laws that excluded from everything. (jobs,

What is a death camp?

Extermination camp. Concentration camp. Auschwitz

Who was Winston Churchill?

He succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Explain how and why Japan became so imperialistic.

They had a lot of success in WWI. Wanted even more land. Wanted to be recognized as a world power Had urge to win.

What event brought the U.S. into WWI?

Pearl Harbor. (December 7, 1941)

What is island hopping?

United States fought back land from Japan by claiming it one island at a time.

Reasons why the U.S. dropped two A-bombs on Japan.

Japan bombed Pearle Harbor. Japan didn’t resign to U.S.

What relationships did Germany and the Soviet Union have at the start of WWII?

Friendly relationships.

What role did the RAF play? Luftwaffe?

RAF (Royal Air Force) defeated the Luftwaffe.

What is the significance of D-Day?

Who were the Axis powers?

Germany, Italy, Japan

Who is Francisco Franco? How were Franco and the Spanish Civil War used by the Axis Powers?

He was a Fascist dictator in Spain. Mussolini and Hitler abandoned him, and he didn't know what to do.

Where was the Maginot Line located?

It’s located on the border of France and Germany

What did it border?

France and Germany

Chapter 11 TOP

Cold War

What was the Cold War?

A time when communist countries opposed non-communist countries.

How did the U.S. and USSR view each other after WWII?

As enemies.

What is the purpose of the UN and why is the UN stronger than the League of Nations?

It is used to keep peace all over the world. It is stronger because more countries joined. U.S. became a member.

What is NATO? What was its communist counterpart?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Warsaw Pact.

What is a superpower? A very strong nation.

How did nuclear weapons contribute to the Cold War?

Everyone had them. Too dangerous.

What is an arms race?

A race between countries to produce more weapons than the other.

What was the Balfour Declaration?

It gave the Jews the land of Israel.

Who is Mao Tse-Tung? Chiang Kai-Shek?

Mao Tse-Tung (Zedong)—led communists in 1949. Defeated the Nationalists. Communism ruled all of China. Chiang Kai-Shek—led nationalists. Lost to Mao. Escaped to Taiwan

World History Honors Final Exam Study Guide TOP

Political/economical systems & origins of Democracy

What is an aristocracy? It is a government dominated by a small group of noble families. This kind of government was in Greece.

What is a monarchy? A monarchy is a government headed by a king or queen.

What is a constitutional monarchy? A constitutional monarchy is a government headed by a ruler whose power is limited by the law.

What is divine right? It is the belief that rulers receive their authority from God. Therefore, no one can question their actions because they are fulfilling God’s wish.

What is democracy? It is a government in which the citizens hold the final power.

From where did it originate? It originated in Athens, Greece.

What is a Republic? It is a government in which citizens with a right to vote choose their leaders.

From where did it originate? It originated in Rome.

What was the role of a dictator in Rome? He had absolute power to make laws and command the army.

What are the characteristics of a democracy? They were that citizens had all the power and, in turn, controlled everything that went on in their nation. The right to vote.

What principles were established by the Magna Carta? They were principles such as no taxation without representation and the right to a jury trial. It also limited the king’s power.

How is Britain’s Parliament divided? House of Commons and House of Lords.

What was the Glorious Revolution? In 1688, James II became king and tried to push Divine Right. Parliament fired him and hired William of Orange and Mary, James’ daughter. John Lock wrote the Second Treatise of Government in support of the Glorious revolution. “Bloodless Revolution.”

What economic idea is related to Adam Smith? Capitalism.

What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws? 1. The Law of Self-Interest (being selfish), 2. The Law of Competition, and 3. The Law of Supply and Demand.

Who is John Locke? What are his beliefs about government? John Locke was a British philosopher, who wrote “The Second Treatise of Government” to talk about an unwritten contract between the governed and the government, which says that people can rebel if the government isn’t doing its job.

What were Thomas Hobbes’ beliefs about human beings? He believed that all humans were naturally wicked. He thought this due to the Civil War.

Who was Karl Marx? His description of society & history? He was the founder of Communism. He thought that the society consisted of utopian socialists. The idea of haves and have-nots.

What is Laissez-faire? It is the belief in the absence of government regulation of business. “Hands-off policy”

Compare & contrast capitalism, socialism, and communism. Capitalism – founded by Adam Smith. The government doesn’t control anything, and the tax rate is 23%-30%. It’s based on three laws (self-interest, competition, and supply and demand). Socialism – founded by a group of people from Europe in the 19^th century. Tax rate is 75% and more. The government controls industries that it deems essential, such as utilities, steel, auto, aerospace, high-tech, and weapons. Communism – Karl Marx and Frederich Engles. There is no tax, and the government controls everything.

What is the Enlightenment also called? Why? It is called the Age of Reason because this is when people began doing and thinking what made sense, rather than what was being done and thought before.

American and French Revolutions

What is a revolution? It is a complete change, in which a country, or in some cases, the world, is involved in.

What was the Seven Years’ War? What were the results? It was a war in which Austria, France, and Russia fought against Britain and Prussia. It was from 1756-1763. The only winner of the war was Britain, which gained Canada and land in India from France. France and India.

Why did Louis XVI help the Americans? They were fighting against Britain. France didn’t like Britain. Therefore, they helped the U.S. in the war.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson.

What was the first colony to successfully gain its independence? Delaware

How were Americans able to win the Revolutionary War? They were more motivated, they skillfully used hit-and-run tactics, they were fighting at home, which put Britain at a disadvantage because they were far from their own resources in England, the British generals were mediocre, while the American leader, Washington, was great, and Americans had help from France. Expensive overseas fighting.

What is a radical? Moderate? Conservative? In France, the radicals were the people who wanted a complete change, the moderates were the majority who wanted a little change but not too much, and the conservatives wanted to keep the Old Regime. The moderates wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

What were estates? Who made up each? Estates were social classes. The first estate was the clergy, which consisted of archbishops, bishops, and abbots, as well as priests. The second estate was the nobles, who were the richest group. The third estate were the “peasants.” It was divided into three groups: a city-dwelling middle class (bourgeoisie) (98%), urban lower classes, and peasant farmers.

When and what was Bastille Day? It was on July 14, 1789. Mobs in Paris stormed the Bastille, and it fell. This resulted in reducing the king’s power and saving the National Assembly.

Who ruled during the Reign of Terror? Maximillian Robespierre.

What event marks the start of the French Revolution? Storming of the Bastille.

How did Napoleon obtain and maintain power? He obtained power from gaining popularity by winning wars. He maintained it by remaining popular due to his army winning wars. Because he was popular, he was elected and re-elected.

How was Napoleon defeated in his attack against Russia? Alexander I used the scorched-earth policy.

What was the outcome of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia? France lost. Napoleon exiled.

Who was Marie Antoinette? Louis XVI’s wife. Took too many things, and they got caught trying to escape.

Industrial Revolution

Where did the IR begin? Great Britain

How can the increase in population be explained? More children were born, and more survived due to better health issues. Better livestock and nutrition

Where did many people move? Why? Manchester—close to rivers. Liverpool—lots of cotton. To work in factories.

What was the first type of work to be industrialized? Textiles (clothing)

What replaced water power? Steam power

Why did workers join unions? Unions protected all the workers. Gave workers rights.

How did the IR change people’s lives? It changed how they lived, where they lived, where they worked, shopped, how they supported themselves, and how they acted towards each other. There were poor conditions, growth of cities, pollution.

Why did poor working conditions continue for so long? No laws against it. Cities were still developing.

What nation began to challenge Britain’s industrial lead? United States

Nationalism/Imperialism

What is nationalism? The belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.

What was the state of the Austrian Empire by the end of the 1800s? It was falling apart. Very weak.

Who used “blood and iron” to unite his country? Its meaning? Otto von Bismark. War is needed for peace.

What was the cause and result of the Franco-Prussian War? Cause—Napoleon III’s letter was intercepted. Had to attack Germany. Result—unification of Germany

What two countries were at odds during this time? France and Russia

Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi? Camillo di Cavour? Garibaldi – lead Red Shirts. United southern Italy. Cavour – unified northern Italy.

What is realpolitik? It is “the politics of reality.” They are used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism plays no part.

Who had the largest colonial empire by the 1900s? Germany

What were the causes of imperialism? Gold, Glory, God.

What continent was carved up and almost completely conquered? How was this done so easily? Africa. No modern weapons. No ways of defending themselves.

What was the Conference of Berlin? Why was it unfair to African nations? A meeting about how to carve up Africa. There was no representation.

What is a missionary? They are people who try to convert other religious followers to their religions.

How did medicine and inventions help colonized Africa? New technology in general helped Europe because Africa was defenseless against their new machinery.

Who founded Buddhism? Where? Siddhartha Guatma. India.

What is the cast system? Organized society. Priestsàwarriorsàmerchantsàlaborersàuntouchables.

What was the Sepoy Mutiny? Gun cartridges sealed w/ beef and pork fat. Muslims aren’t allowed to come in contact w/ pork; Hindus—with beef.

What Muslim country was created out of British India? Pakistan

Who was Gandhi and what did he believe? He was a peace activist, who believed in non-violent ways to resolve problems.

Those who follow Islam are called… Muslims

The “untouchables” are part of what religion? Hinduism

What was the Amritsar Massacre? Revolt led by Gandhi. British killed Indians.

The Boer War: Who? What? Where? When? Why? 1. Dutch. 2. War of land. 3. Africa. 4. 1806. 5. Kimberly Fields.

What is apartheid? A complete separation of races.

Who is Nelson Mandela? He was the first black president of South Africa. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.

World War I

What were the causes of WWI? Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliances. Rivalries. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

What leader of World War I suffered from a crippled arm? Wilhelm II

What event sparked the start of WWI? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

What is an alliance? How are they beneficial? Dangerous? A team of two or more nations that will support each other in case of war. They are good because nations have each other’s backs. If nations are with someone, then they are against someone, which may lead to war.

What countries made up the Central Powers? Allies? Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks—Central Powers. Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S.—Allies.

Why did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia? They thought Serbia was responsible for Franz Ferdinand’s assassination.

Why did Germany declare war on Russia? Because Russia declared war on Germany

What was the Schlieffen Plan? Why was it created? It was a plan to fight France on one border, while Russia slowly mobilized on the other front. In case of a two-front war

What was the primary form of warfare? Tanks, grenades, gases, machine guns, submarines, airplanes. Trench warfare.

What brought the U.S. into the war? The interception of the Zimmermann telegram. Lusitania.

Who was the Zimmermann Telegram intended for? The German minister of Mexico

Why did it seam as if no one had won by the end of WWI? There was no exact winner. Everybody lost a lot of people and supplies. No real solution to any problems. No good government types. “Stalemate.”

What is total war? When nations at war put all their efforts and money into the war effort.

What is propaganda? What are its purposes? It is promoting something. During war times, to make people sign up for the army. Peace time, to promote a product.

What is an armistice? An agreement to stop fighting

What treaty ended Russian involvement in the war? Treaty of Brest Litovsk.

What did Wilson mean by self-determination? Countries pick how they want to be.

Which countries never joined the League of Nations? Russia, Germany

What was Germany forced to pay? What are they? $30 million. Alsace Lorraine land.

What conditions did the Treaty of Versailles place on Germany’s army? There was a limit on how many people and weapons the German army could produce.

What country was formed out of the Ottoman Empire? Turkey

Russian Revolution

Describe Russia’s social structure in the 1800s. Czar/czarina, nobles, merchants, working class, serfs. 80% serfs.

What disadvantages of Russia caused the country to struggle during WWI? They were kept in the war for too long. Poorly equipped.

Explain Bloody Sunday. During the revolution of 1905, 200,000 workers asked the czar to sign a petition for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected national legislature. Between 500 and 1000 people were shot by the czar’s soldiers. Czar not there.

How did Germany contribute to the downfall of the provisional government? By allowing the Bolsheviks bring back Lenin.

Who is Rasputin? Why was he so influential? He was a very strong, powerful man. He told the czarina to ignore the cries for reform. He saved her son from

Who led the Bolshevik Revolution? Lenin

What were his goals? “Peace, land, and bread”

What is a soviet? An elected workers’ council

What is the Red Army? Bolsheviks—Lenin’s followers

What is the White Army? Mensheviks—opposed Lenin.

Who was Leon Trotsky? Chairman of the soviet. Founder and leader of the Red Army. Wanted world revolution.

Who was the czar during the Russo-Japanese War? Nicholas II

What was the result of the war? Russia lost

What did Lenin mean by “dictatorship of the proletariat”? A temporary dictator was needed for the survival of the government

Who was Kerensky and what was his mistake? A general during WWI. Mistake—kept Russia in the war for too long.

What is a totalitarian leader? A leader, who has all of the power and control over all of the people.

How was Stalin’s rule similar to that of the Russian czars? He was a dictator. He had total power. If anyone opposed him, he killed him or her.

What were Stalin’s 5-Year Plans? Rapid industrialization (industry, mines, railroads)

What are collective farms? Large unit made up of land from many small farms and owned and operated jointly by a group.

Between the Wars/World War II

What event initiated the Great Depression? World War I

What is inflation? Under consumption, overproduction.

What was isolationism? Idea that a country should avoid political or military alliances with other countries.

Why did Americans feel strongly about it? They didn’t want to get involved. “If you’re with someone, your against someone” –results in war.

How did the Depression in the U.S. affect Europe? U.S. loaned Europe money. After depression, U.S. asked for money. Europe poor.

What is Fascism? Where was it “born”? In Italy.

What was Lebensraum? Living space.

What is appeasement? Believing that Hitler is always right.

What were the Nuremberg Laws? Laws that excluded from everything. (jobs,

What is a death camp? Extermination camp. Auschwitz

Who was Winston Churchill? He succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Great
Britain.

Explain how and why Japan became so imperialistic. They had a lot of success in WWI. Wanted even more land. Wanted to be recognized as a world power. Had urge to win.

What event brought the U.S. into WWI? Pearl Harbor. (December 7, 1941)

What is island hopping? The act of freeing one island at a time from Japanese rule.

Reasons why the U.S. dropped two A-bombs on Japan. Japan bombed Pearle Harbor. Japan didn’t resign to U.S.

What relationships did Germany and the Soviet Union have at the start of WWII? Friendly relationships.

What is the significance of the Battle of Britain? The RAF was stronger than the Luftwaffe, and defeated it.

What is the significance of D-Day? France was released from German Rule by US.

Who were the Axis powers? Germany, Italy, Japan

Who is Francisco Franco? How were Franco and the Spanish Civil War used by the Axis Powers? He was the fascist leader of Spain. He agreed to test explosives on a Spanish town. During the Spanish civil war, he was deserted by Hitler and Mussolini.

Where was the Maginot Line located? It’s located on the border of France and Germany

What did it border? France and Germany

The Cold War

What was the Cold War? A time when communist countries opposed non-communist countries.

How did the U.S. and USSR view each other after WWII? As enemies.

What is the purpose of the UN and why is the UN stronger than the League of Nations? It is used to keep peace all over the world. It is stronger because more countries joined. U.S. became a member.

What is NATO? What was its communist counterpart? North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What is a superpower? A very powerful country

How did nuclear weapons contribute to the Cold War? Everyone had them. Too dangerous.

What is an arms race? A race between countries to produce more weapons than the other.

What was the Balfour Declaration? It gave the Jews the land of Israel.

Who is Mao Tse-Tung? Chiang Kai-Shek? Mao Tse-Tung (Zedong)—led communists in 1949. Defeated the Nationalists. Communism ruled all of China. Chiang Kai-Shek—led nationalists. Lost to Mao. Escaped to Taiwan