Georgia
Southwestern State University
General Sherman’s Campaigns in Georgia
General
William T. Sherman said, “There is many a boy here today who looks on war as
all glory, but, boys, it is all hell” (Copeland: 1992, p. 440). Sherman used total war to break the will of
the people. Sherman was the first to
use total war. Many Southerners
consider him a butcher. He is still
hated in the South. General Sherman’s
march was an import part of the American Civil War. Sherman cut the Confederacy in half. First, some background information on Sherman, Johnston, Hood,
and Brown. Second, when did the General
Sherman’s Campaigns in Georgia occur?
Third, how many men did each side have?
Fourth, the First Battle of Dalton.
Fifth, battles that occurred in May 1864. Sixth, battles fought during June 1864. Seventh, battles fought during July 1864. Eighth, battles fought during August
1864. Ninth, the fall of Atlanta and
Milledgeville. Tenth, battles that
occurred in November and December of 1864.
First,
some background information on Sherman, Johnston, Hood, and Brown. Johnston was an instructor at West Point and
had taught Sherman. This is how Sherman
knew what Johnston was going to do.
Sherman’s full name is William Tecumseh Sherman. He was born on February 8, 1820. He graduated from West Point with the class
of 1840. He died on February 14, 1891
(Dupuy, Johnson, & Bongard: 1992, pp. 680-681). According to Dupuy, Johnson, and Bongard (1992)
Sherman
was an intelligent, aggressive, imaginative commander and administrator; a
consummate soldier, he worked constantly for the improvement of army training
and technology, prophesying a day when the development of automatic weapons
would shorten wars, because it would leave “nobody to fight that long”; he is
credited with the first application of the modern “total war” concept in the
U.S. during his Georgia campaign and has thereby garnered much criticism. (p. 681)
Johnston’s full name is Joseph Eggleston
Johnston. He was born on February 3,
1807. He graduated from West Point with
the class of 1829. He served as a
United States Congressman from 1879-1881.
He died on March 21, 1891 (Dupuy, Johnson, & Bongard: 1992, pp.
378-379). “Johnston was an intelligent,
aggressive commander of great strategic and tactical ability; he won the
admiration of subordinates but often exasperated his superiors” (Dupuy,
Johnson, & Bongard: 1992, p. 379).
Hood’s full name is John Bell Hood.
He was born on June 1, 1831. He
graduated from West Point with the class of 1853. Hood died on August 30, 1879 (Dupuy, Johnson, & Bongard:
1992, p. 345). “Hood was aggressive,
vigorous, fearless, and rash; an excellent brigade and divisional commander, he
was out of his depth with larger commands” (Dupuy, Johnson, & Bongard:
1992, p. 346). Brown’s full name is
Joseph Emerson Brown. He was born on
April 15, 1821. He died on November 30,
1894 (bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000936: 2000, p.
1). Carole E. Scott (2000) wrote the
following about Joseph Brown
The only man to have four times been elected governor of Georgia, conceivably, if he had not been forced to resign as a result of the defeat of the Confederacy, he could have been reelected to a fifth term. He also served the State as a circuit judge, state senator, chief justice of the Georgia Supreme Court, and U.S. Senator. … He was the owner of iron and coal companies in Northwestern Georgia … the president of the firm that after the war leased the State-owned Western & Atlantic Railroad; and a large investor in real estate and sticks and bonds. (p. 1)
Second,
when did the General Sherman’s Campaigns in Georgia occur? Sherman’s Campaigns in Georgia occurred May
1, 1864 through December 22, 1864 (Elson: 1912, Part XIII & XV). On February 22, 1864 until February 27, 1864
the First Battle of Dalton was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga006.htm:
2000, p. 1). On May 7, 1864 until May
13, 1864, the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga007.htm:
2000, p. 1). On May 13, 1864 until May
15, 1864, the Battle of Resaca was fought
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga008.htm: 2000, p. 1). On May 17, 1864, the Battle of Adairsville was fought
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga009.htm: 2000, p. 1). On May 25, 1864 and May 26, 1864, the Battle of New Hope Church
was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga010.htm: 2000, p. 1). On May 26, 1864 until June 1, 1864, the
Battle of Dallas was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga011.htm: 2000, p.
1). On May 27, 1864, the Battle of
Pickett’s Mill was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga012.htm: 2000, p.
1). On June 9, 1864 until July 3, 1864,
the Battle of Marietta was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga013a.htm:
2000, p. 1). On June 22, 1864, the
Battle of Kolb’s Farm was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga014.htm: 2000,
p. 1). On June 27, 1864, the Battle of
Kennesaw Mountain was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga015.htm: 2000, p. 1). On July 20, 1864, the Battle of Peachtree
Creek was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga016.htm: 2000, p. 1). On July 22, 1864, the Battle of Atlanta was
fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga017.htm: 2000, p. 1). On July 28, 1864, the Battle of Ezra Church
was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga018.htm: 2000, p. 1). On August 5, 1864 until August 7, 1864, the
Battle of Utoy Creek was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga019.htm: 2000,
p. 1). On August 14, 1864 and August
15, 1864, the Battle of Dalton II was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga020.htm:
2000, p. 1). On August 20, 1864, the
Battle of Lovejoy’s Station was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga021.htm:
2000, p. 1). On August 31, 1864 and
August 1, 1864, the Battle of Jonesborough was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga022.htm:
2000, p. 1). On November 22, 1864, the
Battle of Griswoldville was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga025.htm:
2000, p. 1). On November 28, 1864, the
Battle of Buck Head Creek was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga026.htm:
2000, p. 1). On December 4, 1864, the
Battle of Waynesborough was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga027.htm:
2000, p. 1). On December 13, 1864, the
Second Battle of Fort McAllister was fought
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga028.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Third,
how many men did each side have?
According to Harry Hansen (1961)
On May
1, 1864, when Sherman was preparing to move against Johnston, he had available
98,797 men and 254 guns, as follows: General Thomas, head of the Department of
the Cumberland, had 60,773, based on Chattanooga; General McPherson, Department
of the Tennessee, had 24,465 centered at Huntsville, Alabama; General
Schofield, of the Department of the Ohio, at Knoxville, Tennessee, had
13,559. (p. 426)
Sherman had more than 98,500 men to
attack Johnston. There is much
estimation on how many men Johnston had.
They range from 40,000 to 60,000.
Hansen (1961) estimates that he had 50,000 men (p. 426). Elson (1912) estimates that he had 53,000
men (Part XIII, p. 2).
Fourth,
the First Battle of Dalton. Johnston
had lost two divisions of men. Thomas
probed Johnston to see if he find any weakness in Johnston. On February 25, 1864, the Union troops
almost pushed through the Confederate army’s right flank at Crow Valley. On February 27, 1864, Thomas stopped his
probe of Johnston’s army. The First
Battle of Dalton was a Confederate victory
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga006.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Fifth,
battles that occurred in May 1864.
General Johnston and his army were entrenched on the mountain called
Rocky Face Ride and across Crow Valley during the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga007.htm, 2000: p. 1). “As … Sherman approached, he decided to demonstrate against the
position with two columns while he sent a third one … to hit the Western &
Atlantic Railroad at Resaca” (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga007.htm: 2000, p.
1). The Battle of Rocky Face Ridge was
a Union victory for Johnston followed Sherman’s army to Resaca where another
battle was fought (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga007.htm: 2000, p. 1). Johnston’s army took the defensive at the
hills that where around Resaca during the Battle of Resaca. On May 13, 1864, the only action was the
Union army testing the Rebel lines to determined where the enemy army was
located and how strong they where. On
May 14, 1864, the Union was repulsed everywhere except the Rebel’s right
flank. On May 15, 1864, the Union had
better luck because Sherman sent some men towards the Rebel’s supply line at
Lay’s Ferry. Johnson’s army failed to
stop this movement so he had to retreat to Adairsville. The Battle of Resaca was not a victory or
defeat for either side. The Union army
lost 2,747 men and the Confederate army lost 2,800 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga008.htm: 2000, p. 1). Johnston’s army retreated to Adairsville after the Battle of
Resaca. Union General Howard fought the
entrenched army of Confederate General Hardee.
General Thomas halted the fight because it was too dark to fight. General Johnston ordered his men to withdraw
and go to Cassville (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga009.htm: 2000, p. 1). “Sherman mistakenly surmised that Johnston
had a token force and ordered … Hooker’s corps to attack. This corps was severely mauled. On the 26th, both sides
en-trenched, and skirmishing continued throughout the day”
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga010.htm: 2000, p. 1). The Battle of New Hope Church was a Confederate victory
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga010.htm: 2000, p. 1). “Sherman ordered … Howard to attack … Johnston’s seemingly
exposed right flank. The Confederates
were ready for the attack, which did not unfold as planned because supporting
troops never appeared. The Rebels
repulsed the attack causing high casualties”
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga012.htm: 2000, p. 1). The Battle of Pickett’s Mill was a Confederate victory where the
Union army lost 1,600 and the Confederate army lost 500 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga012.htm: 2000, p. 1). “The [B]attle of Dallas occurred on May 28 when … Hardee’s corps
probed the Union defensive line, held by … Logan’s Army of the Tennessee corps,
to exploit any weakness or possible withdrawal”
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga011.htm: 2000, p. 1). The rebels were repulsed and had many casualties. The Battle of Dallas was a Union victory
where the Union army lost 2,400 men and the Confederate army lost 3,000 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga011.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Sixth,
battles fought during June 1864. On
June 9, 1864, Sherman’s army found the army of Johnston entrenched in the
vicinity of Marietta. Since Sherman had
much more men then Johnston he could extend his lines beyond the Confederate
lines. This caused some of Johnston’s
units to move to new positions. On June
18, 1864 and June 19, 1864, Johnston moved all his units to Kennesaw
Mountain. Sherman again extended the
line which forced Johnston to leave the Marietta area on July 2, 1864 and July
3, 1864. The Battle of Marietta was a
Union victory (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga013a.htm: 2000, p. 1). On June 22, 1864, Johnston moved Hood’s
corps to Mt. Zion Church. Hood ordered
an attack on the Union position. The
Union army had two corps led by Schofield and Hooker. The Union commanders were warned of the coming attack of hood so
they ordered their army to entrench.
Hood’s attack was unsuccessful.
He lost 1,000 men compared to Union casualties of 350 men. The Battle of Kolb’s Farm was a Union
victory (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga014.htm: 2000, p. 1). On June 18, 1864 and June 19, 1864 Johnston
entrenched his men at Kennesaw Mountain.
He did this to protect the supply line to Atlanta. Sherman ordered a frontal attack on Kennesaw
Mountain after he defeated Hood at the Battle of Kolb’s Farm. He ordered it because he thought that
Johnston’s army had overextended itself.
This frontal attack went against his plans of not directly attacking the
enemy but making it move closer and closer to Atlanta. The frontal attack failed. The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was a
Confederate victory. The Union army lost
3,000 men and the Confederate army lost 1,000 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga015.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Seventh,
battles fought during July 1864. The
Nation Park Service (2000) wrote the following about the Battle of Peachtree
Creek
Sherman
split his army into three columns for the assault on Atlanta with … Thomas’s
Army of the Cumberland moving from the north.
Johnston had decided to attack Thomas, but Confederate President … Davis
relieved him of command and appointed … Hood to take his place. Hood attacked Thomas after his army crossed
Peachtree Creek. The determined assault
threatened to overrun the Union troops at various locations. Ultimately, though, the Yankees held, and
the Rebels fell back.
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga016.htm, p. 1)
The Battle of Peachtree Creek was a
Union victory. The Union army lost
1,710 men and the Confederate army lost 4,796 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga016.htm: 2000, p. 1). Hood moved his army from Atlanta’s outer defenses to Atlanta’s
inner defenses. Hood ordered Hardee to
march fifteen miles in order to hit the Union’s left flank, which was
unprotected. Hood ordered Wheeler to
harass the Union supply lines. Hood
ordered Cheatham to attack the Union lines frontally. Hardee’s march took longer than Hood expected so that McPherson
was able to have reserves sent to the left flank. Hardee was repulsed.
McPherson was killed by unknown Confederate solder. Cheatham was able to break through the union
lines located at Hurt House. Logan
counterattacked and repulsed the Confederates from the Hurt House. The Union army held while suffering fewer
casualties than the confederate army.
The Battle of Atlanta was a Union victory. The Union army lost 3,641 men and the Confederate army lost 8,499
men (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga017.htm: 2000, p. 1). The National Park Service (2000) wrote the
following about the Battle of Ezra church
[Sherman] ordered the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by … Howard, to move from the left wing to the right and cut Hood’s last railroad supply line between East Point and Atlanta. Hood foresaw such a maneuver and determined to send the two corps of … Lee and … Stewart to intercept and destroy the Union force. Thus, on the afternoon of July 28, the Rebels assaulted Howard at Ezra Church. Howard had anticipated such a thrust, entrenched one of his corps in the Confederates’ path, and repulsed the determined attack, inflicting numerous casualties. Howard, however, failed to cut the railroad. (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga018.htm, p. 1)
The Battle of Ezra Church was a Union
victory. The Union army lost 562 men
and the Confederate army lost 3,000 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga018.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Eighth,
battles fought during August 1864.
After the Battle of Ezra Church, Sherman still wanted to cut the last
railroad connection between East Point and Atlanta since Howard failed to cut
the railroad. Sherman ordered Schofield
to move to Utoy Creek. The Confederates
added abatis to their defenses at Utoy Creek.
The Union army failed again to cut the railroad line between East Point
and Atlanta. The Union army lost many
men. The two armies stayed entrenched
at Utoy Creek during most of August.
The Battle of Utoy Creek was not a victory or defeat for either side
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga019.htm: 2000, p. 1). The National Park Service (2000) wrote the following about the
Second Battle of Dalton
Wheeler
and his cavalry raided into North Georgia to destroy railroad tracks and
supplies. They approached Dalton in the
late afternoon of August 14 and demanded the surrender of the garrison. The Union commander, Col. Bernard Laibolt,
refused to surrender and fighting ensued.
Greatly outnumbered, the Union garrison retired to fortifications on a
hill outside the town where they successfully held out, although the attack
continued until after midnight.
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga020.htm, p. 1)
The garrison received reinforcements
from Steedman. Wheeler withdrew from
the battle. The Second Battle of Dalton
was a Union victory (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga020.htm: 2000, p. 1). Sherman sent Kilpatrick to raid the
Confederacy supply lines. On August 18,
1864, he tore up some tracks on the Atlanta and West Point railroad. On August 19, 1864, he burned some supplies
on the Macon and Western Railroad’s Jonesborough depot. On August 20, 1864, he reached Lovejoy’s
Station. He was stopped in the
destruction of tracts at Lovejoy’s Station by Cleburne’s infantry. The railroads were fixed in two days. The Battle of Lovejoy’s station was a
Confederate victory (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga021.htm: 2000, p. 1). On August 25, 1864, Sherman ordered six
corps to hit the Macon and Western Railroad that was located at Jonesborough. Hood sent Hardee and two corps to try to stop
six of the enemies’ corps. On August
31, 1864, only two Union corps successfully stopped Hardee. Then Hood further reduced the chances of
victory by ordering one corps to go back to Atlanta. On September 1, 1864, Hardee retreated to Lovejoy’s Station. Hood ordered all of his men back to
Atlanta. Hood’s supply line was
destroyed. The Battle of Jonesborough
was a Union victory. The Union army
lost 1,149 men and the Confederate army lost 2,000 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga022.htm: 2000, p. 1).
Ninth,
the fall of Atlanta and Milledgeville.
Kenneth Coleman (1978) wrote the following about the fall of Atlanta and
Milledgeville
Having tried everything that he knew, Hood evacuated Atlanta on September 1. The Federals immediately moved into the city and decreed that all civilians must leave. Brown withdrew his militia from Hood’s control to prevent its being drafted into the Confederate service and taken out of the state. Sherman tried to negotiate with Governor Brown and Vice President Stephens to take Georgia out of the war; but, when he got no response to his overtures, he abandoned them. … For several days in mid-November, fire and destruction raged, destroying all the city except about 400 dwellings. … Food, homes, farm buildings of all sorts were destroyed; and for many years “Sherman’s sentinels” dotted the Georgia landscape, indicating the route of the march. … The troops lived well, ate well, rode well, and illustrated to Georgians the truth of the statement attributed to Sherman, that “War is hell.” … At Milledgeville the Federal troops held a mock session of the legislature (a real one ended just as the troops arrived) and repealed Georgia’s ordinance of secession; they burned the penitentiary (all its inmates but four had just enlisted in the Confederate army), warehouses, and factories; but they spared the Capital, executive mansion, and town. (pp. 66-67)
Tenth,
battles that occurred in November and December of 1864. Harry Hansen (1961) wrote the following
about Sherman’s march to the sea
With the determination to destroy all factories, mills, and stores that could help the Confederate armies General Sherman led over 60,000 troops from Kingston to Savannah, November 12 to December 22, cutting a swathe of devastation from 20 to 25 miles wide for over 300 miles, destroying not only military but industrial enterprises and creating resentments so deep that, after nearly a century, his march is still execrated in the area he traversed. (p. 578)
Walcutt with six regiments of infantry
and one regiment of artillery was ordered to go near Macon. On November 22, 1864, he ran into the
calvary of Wheeler. Walcutt pushed them
to Griswoldville. Walcutt then moved
back to Duncan’s Farm and fortified his new position. Then three brigades of Georgia Militia then attacked
Walcutt. The militia attacked three
times and was repulsed three times.
Walcutt then received another regiment of infantry and two calvary
regiments. The Battle of Griswoldville
was a Union victory. The Union army
lost sixty-two men and the Confederate army lost 650 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga025.htm: 2000, p. 1). Sherman ordered Kilpatrick to destroy the railroad line midpoint
between the city of Augusta and Millen.
He was then was to burn the trestle located at Briar Creek. If he still had time he was to release Union
men whom where imprisoned at Camp Lawton.
Wheeler had all his men located at Augusta because that was where he
thought the enemy was going to attack.
When the attack did not happened he quickly tried to find them. On November 26, 1864, Wheeler attacked two
regiments. He then attacked the main
force. He prevented them from destroying
the trestle. The Union soldiers were
only able to destroy one mile of railroad lines. Kilpatrick received word that there were no Union prisoners of
war located at Camp Lawton because they were moved earlier. Kilpatrick and his men spent the night of
November 27, 1864 at Buck Head Creek.
On November 28, 1864, Wheeler surprised them and almost captured
Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick and his main
forced crossed Buck Head Creek. He left
one regiment as a rear guard that was supported by one regiment of
artillery. They fought Wheeler and then
burned the bridge as they joined the main force. Wheeler found another way to cross buck Head Creek but was
stopped but a brigade at Reynolds’s Plantation. The Battle of Buck Head Creek was a Union victory. The Union army lost forty-six men and
Confederate army lost 600 men (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga026.htm: 2000, p.
1). On December 4, 1864, Kilpatrick was
going to attack Waynesborough and he would try destroying Wheeler’s
command. The Rebels had many defensive
barricades between Kilpatrick and Waynesborough. Kilpatrick was able to brake through every barricade. Wheeler retreated and the Battle of
Waynesborough was a Union victory. The
Union army lost 190 men and the Confederate army lost 250 men
(www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga027.htm: 2000, p. 1). Sherman wanted to take Fort McAllister so that supplies on ships
would be able to reach him. He ordered
Howard to take Fort McAllister. Howard
then ordered Hazen to take Fort McAllister.
On December 13, 1864, Hazen begin the attack on the essential fort. He captured the fort and so Sherman is now
prepared to capture the important port city of Savannah. The Second Battle of Fort McAllister is a
Union victory. The Union army lost 134
men and the Confederate army lost seventy-one men (www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ga028.htm:
2000, p. 1).
Finally,
General Sherman’s march was an import part of the American Civil War. Sherman cut the Confederacy in half. Sherman’s march through Georgia was the last
straw that finally broke the Confederacy.
This state should ensure that the battlefields in Georgia are preserved
forever. Communities can make money by
preserving their battlefield by making money from tourists.
References
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K. (1978). Georgia History in Outline (Revised ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press.
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Elson,
H. W. (1912). The Civil War through the camera. New York: McKinlay, Stone,
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