The Age of Galileo
Astronomical & Historical Bytes

Men pay heed to an astrologer who contends that it is the earth that moves, and not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon. If a man yearns for a reputation as a profound scientist, he should invent some new system. This madman would subvert the whole science of astronomy; but Scripture tells us that Joshua bade the sun, and not the earth, to stand still. — Luther's Table-Talk of Astronomy and Astrology   [1]

Introduction — The Prince of Astronomers Tycho Brahe, 1546 - 1601 In his book, Mysterium Cosmographicum, Kepler argued that the distances of the planets from the Sun in the Copernican system were determined by the five regular solids, if one supposed that a planet's orbit was circumscribed about one solid and inscribed in another. Though later abandoned, the groundwork for this working model lead to further research and to the discovery of the true dynamics of Kepler's solids. Yet, the scientific realization that the orbits of planets are not just circles (what we today call Kepler's laws of planetary motion) did not compel Kepler to wholly abandon his own work as "[e]vidence suggests Kepler believed in the efficacy of this [his own] theory all of his life, that is, it held equal weight with his so-called three laws of planetary motion" Image at left is a drawing showing the planetary spheres with regular solids, courtesy History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries.   [2] Tycho Brahe, who had read Kepler's work, felt it in error and had politely crticised it as such. Still, he saw in this work the brillance of a mathematical mind and so offered Kepler a postion as an assistant. But Tycho's own theory regarding the solar system was itself convoluted and impractical, based on his own idea of a system that was "an unhappy compromise between Ptolemy and Copernicus." As it was, in February of 1600, the two finally met and though Tycho would live only another year and eight months, the result of that meeting still shine down upon astronomical science to this day.   [3]

A copy of Mysterium was sent to Tycho Brahe and Galileo Galilei. Galileo wrote him back and said he looked forward to reading the book and that he was also a supporter of Copernicus. Tycho sent him an encouraging reply, but did not believe in the reality of the spheres and their supporting structures as Kepler did. However, Tycho recognized the genius of Kepler's mathematical skills. The future interactions between Kepler and Tycho greatly influenced Kepler's life and modern astronomy.   [4]

Those "interactions" were, without a doubt, one of astronomy's most effective, though never the single minded effort one might think. For while Tycho and Kepler truely had need of each other's talents and resources, both had far different ideas and agendas as to what each wanted from the other and while the collaboration would bear fruit, it would also be the direct cause of the consternation and friction both great thinkers would develope towards one another over the next year. Tycho Brahe, the early years

With a firm and steadfast mind one should hold under all conditions, that everywhere the earth is below and the sky above, and to the energetic man, every region is his fatherland. — Tycho Brahe, Quoted in A L Mackay, Dictionary of Scientific Quotations (London 1994)

Tyge Ottesen Brahe was born on December 14, 1546; the Latinization of his name, adopted by himself at age 15, resulting in the more familiar Tycho. [5]   He entered the world at Knutstorp in Scania ( in modern-day Sweden ) where "he was born between nine and ten o'clock in the morning" as the first-born son of Otte Brahe and Beate Bille. Nor was he born alone, for his mother had given birth to twins, but the second child died shortly after birth; Tycho would later write a Latin ode to his deceased brother which was printed as his first publication in 1572. [6]  The family into which he was born were some of the most known and influential nobles in Denmark, the Brahe and Bille families, and it was his noble right by birth to carry a sword, a fact which later gave rise to an incident for which Tycho is also historically famous for, the partial loss of his nose. [7]   At left is a drawing showing Tycho's coat-of-arms. The full crest is adorned with a peacock feather between two horns Sable a fess Argent, each bearing four peacock feathers [fesswise].   [8] The subject of astronomy was not the chosen discipline for Tycho. He, like other young nobles of his day, began a Latin education which was to be followed until he was 12 years old. That choice however, was made by his uncle, not his father. In a strange incident that seems to have stemmed from an earlier family agreement, and which resulted in outright kidnapping, Tycho was quickly and quietly "taken" away from his parents by his uncle, a Danish nobleman named Jørgen Brahe. Tycho later wrote that when he was around two, his uncle, Danish nobleman Jørgen Brahe, "... without the knowledge of my parents took me away with him while I was in my earliest youth." Apparently this did not lead to any disputes nor did his parents attempt to get him back. Tycho lived with his childless uncle and aunt, Jørgen Brahe and Inger Oxe, in the Tostrup Castle until he was six years old. Around 1552 his uncle was given the command of Vordingborg Castle to which they moved, and where Tycho began a Latin education until he was 12 years old. At right is an image of Vordingborg Castle courtesy the Museerne.dk website.   [9]
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In April of 1559, Tycho began his studies at the University of Copenhagen. His enrollment there was for the study of jurisprudence, philosophy and rhetoric, the preferred education for those whose career would eventually take them into the courts of nobility. But events, and one in particular, would transpire to change this career path, much to the chagrin of his family and uncle—though one might say, happily for science —for at the end of August 1560, there occured in the skies of Europe a partial solar eclipse. Shown at left is the University of Copenhagen courtesy the Niels Bohr Institutet. In his article, Tycho Brahe — A King Amongst Astronomers, respected author and scholar David Plant notes:

The solar eclipse of 31st August 1560 at 7° Virgo 51' was total in the extreme west of Europe. At Copenhagen it was partial but still attracted Tycho's attention. Astrology was an everyday topic of conversation amongst his fellow students and Tycho's interest was aroused. When he saw the eclipse take place at the predicted time, it struck him as miraculous that the motions of the planets could be forecast so accurately. He immediately acquired an ephemeris and the complete works of Ptolemy and set about learning how it was done.

Jörgen Brahe disapproved of Tycho's new passion. He regarded stargazing as a vulgar pursuit far beneath the dignity of a Danish nobleman. Determined that Tycho should continue the family tradition of service to the state, Jörgen packed him off to study law at Leipzig University under the supervision of a tutor, Anders Vedel, who had strict instructions to ensure that Tycho attended to his proper studies. But by then it was too late. Showing little interest in law or statecraft, Tycho continued to study astronomy in secret, making observations when Vedel was asleep and somehow contriving to spend most of his allowance on books and instruments. Vedel eventually gave way to Tycho's persistence and turned a blind eye to his extra-curricular activities, after which they became good friends. The image at right is from the book Tychonis Brahe Astronomiae instauratae mechanica and shows the author's portrait within an architectural design which incorporates the coat of arms of his ancestors. Courtesy Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Edition   [10]
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By late 1560 Tycho Brahe had firmly emmersed himself into the study of astronomy and the more he read, the more he realized just how inaccurate and unorganized the data being relied upon and taught was; some of it to an extremely large degree of error. By 1563, at the age of 17, having read and studied such works as Sacrobosco's Tractatus de Sphaera, Apianus' Cosmographia seu descriptio totius orbis and Regiomontanus' De triangulis omnimodis, his intelligence and understanding of the science was sharp enough to write:

I've studied all available charts of the planets and stars and none of them match the others. There are just as many measurements and methods as there are astronomers and all of them disagree. What's needed is a long term project with the aim of mapping the heavens conducted from a single location over a period of several years.   [11]

Few are those that by design or chance, more accurately map out the exact course the rest of their life will take. So it is only the more remarkable that Tycho, investing a little more than a few years—the rest of his life—would pursue exactly what he had written as a teenager of just 17 years.

Leipzig

Now it is quite clear to me that there are no solid spheres in the heavens, and those that have been devised by the authors to save the appearances, exist only in the imagination. — Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe & the University of Leipzig

In March of 1562 Tycho Brahe walked through the doors of Leipzig University, a student of law, as his uncle had wished. With him was priest, historian and tutor Anders Sørensen Vedel. But in 1595 he walked out of Leipzig an astronomer—what had happened? Seen prior to WWI is Leipzig University on the Augustusplatz (left), c.1910-12 from a scan of an old postcard in the author's collection.
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After the solar eclipse of August 1560, Tycho became more interested than ever in the study of astronomy and so decided to pursure the science no matter what. This did not, as previously mentioned, endear him to his uncle or family as this interest was not an acceptable educational path befitting his status. With this in mind, Tycho had been sent to Leipzig in the company of Vedel who's job it was to see to his "proper" education in law. Notes J. L. E. Dreyer, in his definitive work Tycho Brahe: A Picture of Scientific Life and Work in the Sixteenth Century:

Vedel did his best to carry out his instructions by trying to keep Tycho to the study of jurisprudence, but Tycho would not allow himself to be hindered in his favorite pursuits, and spent most of his money on astronomical books and instruments, though he had to receive the money from his tutor and account to him for the way it was spent.   [12]

Try as he might, Vedel proved unequal to the task of keeping Tycho at his law studies; he was now too far invovled in his astronomical pursuits, too determined to travel that path he already foresaw as necessary. Vedel had no choice but to acquiesce to the stubborn Tycho (they would remain warm, lifelong friends however) and so it was that, in August of 1563, Tycho made his first recorded observation, listed in his protocol of Mars, also witnessesing the predicted conjunction between Saturn and Jupiter. Tycho was captivated, marveling that men could predict the divine movements of planets within the firmament. It was also the same month that Tycho made the discovery that set him upon the quest of a lifetime: in studying the charts which, amongst other things, predicted the conjunction of the two planets, he found "that the Alfonsine tables were off by a month in predicting this event, and the Copernicus tables off by several days."   [13] Resolved to set things right himself, Tycho constructed his first instrument in 1564, a radie or pair of calipers made of wood, based and designed on the directions that had been given by Gemma Frisius. In order for these to be functional, he needed them to have lines of degree for meansurement set in them. Writes Tycho, "Later on, in the year 1564, I secretly had a wooden astronomical radius made according to the direction of Gemma Frisius. This instrument was provided with an accurate division utilizing transversal points by Bartholomæus Scultetus, who at the time lived in Leipzig, and with whom I was on intimate terms on account of our mutual interests." Shown at right is the first page of Tycho Brahe's autobiography from Mecanica, courtesy Rundetaarn website. [14] Meanwhile, events in 1565 required Tycho to leave Leipzig University. In that year his Uncle, Jørgen Brahe, had developed pneumonia shortly after saving King Frederick II from drowning in one of the canals in Copenhagen. This incident occurred during Denmark's war with Sweden, know as the Scandinavian Seven Years' War. The war eventually ended in a stalemate, neither side gainning anything but a few bloody deeds and many dead.   [15]

The uncle died of pneumonia after rescuing the king from drowning after the king had fallen off the bridge to his castle returning from a naval battle with the Swedes. When Tycho returned to Denmark, the rest of his family were quite unfriendly. They despised his stargazing, and blamed him for neglecting the law. He decided to return to Germany, and fell in with some rich amateur astronomers in Augsburg. He persuaded them that what was needed was accurate observation, and (as telescopes had not yet been invented) this meant rather large quadrants to get lines of sight on stars. They set up a large wooden quadrant, part of a circle with a nineteen foot radius, that took twenty men to set up. It was graduated in sixtieths of a degree. This was the beginning of Tycho's accurate observations. Shown at left is an image of King Frederick II of Denmark & Norway, courtesy Wikipedia.   [16]

It was also the year that one of his more memorable charatcter traits would reveal itself: his temper. The results would supply history with another small and famous paragraph in the life of Tycho Brahe, but unlike all others, it was not in the science of astronomy but in the social and interpersonal violence involving men described as nobel or gentlemen: the duel. Next Page