The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1944The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1944Presentation Speech by Professor A. Westgren, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1944*
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
When chemical compounds form or decompose, interaction takes place between the
outer parts of the electron shells. In view of the fact that, up to recent times,
chemistry was nearly entirely concerned with the study of the combining of atoms
and their release from combined units, it can be said that up till recently
it was the science of the peripheral parts of the atom. But today a new discipline
has grown up, that of nuclear chemistry, which deals with the centre parts of
atoms, their nuclei, and which to judge from its recent achievements, promises
to revolutionize science.
An atomic nucleus is a very small thing. Rutherford found that its diameter
is about ten thousand times smaller than that of the atom, or about one billionth
(10-12) of a centimetre. And yet, by means of the particles charged
with energy of the radioactive elements, particles which act as projectiles,
he succeeded in detaching small fragments from certain nuclei. The fragments
detached in this way were found to be hydrogen nuclei or protons, which showed
that these atomic nuclei, despite their minute dimensions, were composite structures
made up of protons. Later, Joliot and his wife Irène Joliot-Curie studied
in greater detail what happens when different kinds of elements are exposed
to radiation by positive particles rich in energy. Here transmutations of elements
may occur, but the atoms which then form are generally unstable and break up
spontaneously with the emission of different kinds of elementary particles.
Fermi used the neutron discovered by Chadwick as a projectile to obtain nuclear
syntheses. The neutron has the same mass as the proton, but as its name indicates
it differs from it through bearing no charge. Thus it is not repelled by the
positive atomic nuclei and will combine with them more easily than the projectiles
with a positive charge used previously. In this way Fermi was able to produce
a large number of new kinds of radioactive atoms.
All these researches into nuclear chemistry were concerned with relatively slight
modifications to the mass of the reactive nuclei. Here it was simply a question
of the addition or loss of different sorts of elementary particles. The reaction
processes discovered by Otto Hahn are of quite a different nature. They involve
the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into two parts of more or less equal size.
In collaboration with Lise Meitner, with whom he has worked for nearly thirty
years, Hahn studied from 1936 to 1938 the products obtained by projecting neutrons
on to the heaviest elements, thorium and uranium. According to Fermi, elements
would appear which would form a continuation of the Periodic Table of the elements.
Hahn and Meitner believed they could confirm this assumption. But towards the
end of 1938, Hahn, in an investigation carried out with one of his young colleagues,
F. Strassmann, found that one of the products formed through the reaction of
uranium with neutrons and which had been assumed to be a kind of radium, behaved
chemically in fact like barium. In January 1939 Hahn announced this discovery
and expressed in very discreet terms the daring opinion that on being allied
with neutrons, the atoms of the heaviest elements could split in half as it
were and produce elements belonging to the middle of the Periodic Table of the
elements. After a month he was able to provide proof of his theory, which was
confirmed almost simultaneously in research carried out in different parts of
the world by scientists using different methods.
Hahn's discovery caused great surprise and evoked lively interest among the
world's scientists. It was immediately made the object of important theoretical
investigations by Lise Meitner and Frisch, who based their study on the theory
of the structure of atomic nuclei developed by Bohr. These investigators pointed
out that nuclear fission should take place with an enormous generation of energy,
due to the conversion of matter into energy. Calculations showed that the fragments
produced in this break-up would disperse in all directions with immense force.
Frisch demonstrated this experimentally. In connection with Joliot's observation
that certain products of nuclear fission break up with the emission of neutrons,
this discovery indicated that it was possible by splitting uranium to produce
a chain reaction generating a very large amount of energy. The outlook for later
research thus became very promising.
Without equal in the art of the chemical identification of radioactive elements
in minute quantities, Hahn, together with his colleagues, paved the way for
the chemical research which had to be carried out on the numerous products of
the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei. Fission can be carried out in many ways,
depending on the structure of the reactive nuclei and the energy of the splitting
neutrons. The primary products of fission are unstable and they gradually decompose,
emitting elementary particles, so that each of them acts as the starting-off
point for more or less long series of different sorts of atoms. So far, the
presence has been demonstrated of about one hundred bodies which are the direct
or indirect products of the processes of the splitting of matter; these products
are connected with 25 elements which lie between selenium and praseodymium in
the Periodic Table of the elements.
The discovery of nuclear fission is very momentous and indeed dangerous, but
even more, it is full of promise. In autumn 1943, Hahn read a paper to the Swedish
Academy of Sciences on his latest work in nuclear chemistry, and there referred
to the possibility of splitting uranium by means of a chain reaction. In this
process such enormous quantities of energy would be produced in a short instant
that the effect would exceed any explosion phenomenon so far known. Hahn doubted
however whether it was possible to surmount the technical difficulties involved.
"Providence has not wanted the trees to reach to the sky", he said, and his
hearers guessed from the passion in his voice that he wished that this conquest
of atomic energy had been made at a much later date. He certainly shuddered
at the thought that the atomic bomb was nearer at hand than the use of atomic
energy for peaceful purposes.
Hahn's work has been inspired throughout by an invincible desire to solve the
problems which he has encountered. Unlike Prometheus, who gave fire to Man,
he has never dreamed of giving Man control over atomic energy. May humanity
weigh deeply the responsibility which the gift of this discovery has imposed
on it. Then this will be a blessing and a step towards the improvement of the
conditions of human life.
The Academy of Sciences has decided to award to Professor Hahn the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry for the year 1944 in reward for his discovery of the fission of
heavy atomic nuclei. Professor Hahn has expressed his gratitude, but he has
informed us that he is regrettably unable to attend this ceremony. Therefore
the decision of the Academy cannot at present be implemented by the awarding
of the prize.
Professor A. Tiselius addressed the following words to Professor Otto Hahn, on December 13, 1946
Professor Hahn. At the Nobel ceremony held on 10th December, 1945, you were unfortunately unable to be here in person to receive your Nobel Prize. On that occasion, however, a detailed account of the results of your researches was given by the President of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. I must therefore restrict myself today to the expression of our great pleasure at the fact that you are able to attend today in person to receive your prize and our congratulations. The discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei has led to consequences of such a nature that all of us, indeed the whole of humanity, look forward with great expectations, but at the same time with great dread, to further developments. I am convinced, Professor, that just as your great discovery has been a result of your far-reaching researches on atomic nuclei, irrespective of any eventual practical applications, the further ardent development of research in this field as a consequence of your work will be of particularly great pleasure to you. With regard to its practical application I am also sure that you share all our hopes that this application will serve in the end as a blessing to mankind.
Professor Otto Hahn. Whilst offering you the sincere congratulations of the Academy, I ask you to receive from the hands of His Majesty the King the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the year 1944.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
* The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 was announced on November 15, 1945.