The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1959The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1959Presentation Speech by Professor A. Ölander, member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Your Majesties, Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
Analytical chemistry is a science, fundamental not only to the other branches
of scientific chemical research, but also to applied chemistry, the chemical
industry. Further it is important for the other natural sciences, both within
inorganic and organic Nature, for medical research, and for many humanistic
and even jurisprudential sciences.
The striving of analysts is not only to develop methods yielding accurate results,
but even more important for practical work is that the analysis can be carried
out rapidly, that it can be done using as small samples as possible, and that
very small percentages of various substances can be detected and ascertained.
Polarography is one of these micro-methods which are available to the modern
analyst.
Professor Bohumil Kucera of Prague once suggested to the young Jaroslav Heyrovsky
that he should study certain irregularities in connection with the capillarity
of mercury and attempt to disclose their origin. This was one of the innumerable
small problems constituting science. Heyrovsky let the mercury flow through
a glass capillary and weighed the drops. It was a slow and tedious method, and
he resolved instead to measure the electric current obtained when he put a tension
between the mercury in the capillary and that collecting at the bottom. The
glass capillary does not terminate in the air, but in a solution, through which
the current now will flow.
Heyrovsky found that this device could be used for something much more important
than the original problem. It could be used for ascertaining very small quantities
of the most diverse substances dissolved in the water, and moreover, to measure
their percentages.
Important new discoveries are found where they are not expected. Spectacular
advances in our time have been achieved by great teams, and some people are
saying that only teamwork is worth-while, whereas a single scientist nowadays
can do nothing. Well, teamwork can be efficient, and is organized when you have
been able to set an aim for the work. But the new discoveries are made by some
scientist who noticed something strange, possibly by two, independently and
in different countries. Then it is important that future team leaders and authorities
granting funds do not keep him too strictly to attend his job, but give him
a chance to pick up the unexpected new things, in spite of the chance of finding
them being diminutive. When Heyrovsky put a small electric tension between the
dropping mercury and that collecting at the bottom, he found in accordance with
earlier experience that the current increased by steps when the tension was
raised over certain fixed values. Earlier people usually introduced the current
into the solution by means of a platinum foil. But various substances will stick
to the surface of a solid, disturbing the course of the experiment. Because
the mercury drop is falling off after a few seconds and a new one then will
be forming, this method always ensures us a new clean surface against the solution,
and disturbances are avoided.
The current will increase perceptibly even at very small percentages of such
substances that will undergo a chemical reaction at the surface of the mercury
drop when the current passes. The increase will not be unlimited, but is proportional
to the percentage. The tension needed is a characteristic of each substance,
and therefore the method gives us information concerning both which substances
are present in the solution and their quantities.
Heyrovsky together with his Japanese collaborator Shikata built an apparatus
which registered how these electric currents varied with the tension applied.
This apparatus, named the polarograph, traces a curve, from which can be read
both place and height of the various steps.
About a decade elapsed before the method found some use outside Heyrovsky's
own laboratory. But when this at last happened, people found that for example
impurities of a metal sample could be easily and accurately ascertained. Earlier,
this problem, of great importance to industry, often was very laborious, time-consuming
and the results uncertain.
Heyrovsky and his collaborators, at home and abroad, disclosed the theoretical
foundations of the methods and worked out its applications to more and more
types of problems. Almost all chemical elements can be analysed with the aid
of the polarographic method and in Organic Chemistry it is equally useful for
the most diverse groups of substances.
Heyrovsky also has elaborated modifications of his method which are extremely
valuable for special kinds of investigations. For example, it is possible to
squirt a jet of mercury into the solution instead of dropping it and the registration
will be effected with an oscillograph. But, when speaking of polarography, one
primarily thinks about the classical polarograph and its step curves. A great
number of instrument makers the world over are producing these recording instruments,
which are nowadays found in every well-equipped analytical laboratory. In contrast
to certain other versatile instruments employed in modern analysis, they sell
at a reasonable price. Thousands of polarographs scattered over the world facilitate
chemical and medical research, and in the industrial laboratories they contribute
in cutting prices of both necessities of life and of more advanced results of
material production.
Professor Heyrovsky. You are the originator of one of the
most important methods of contemporary chemical analysis. Your instrument is
extremely simple, only falling droplets of mercury, but you and your collaborators
have shown that it can be used for the most diverse purposes.
Several years elapsed before the polarographic method was noticed outside your
own country. But after that, its significance has ever increased, not suddenly,
attracting the attention of outsiders, but steadily your method has won the
confidence of analytical chemists.
On behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences I wish to extend to you our
warmest congratulations.
May I ask you to advance and receive the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this
year from the hands of our King.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964