Life is -

       the condition that distinguishes...from inorganic
    objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth
    through...the power of adaption to environment through
    changes originating internally.  (230 sv)
       Thus the elements of life can be seen as growth
 manifestation, environmental adaptation, and internal
 origination.
       Growth manifestation. By the above definition, growth
 manifests life.  And if you see the human biological
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 486
 function where the child grows in physical stature, you can
 admit that growth is a manifestation of life.
       Then to proceed further, we can understand that beyond
 physical growth, there exists mental growth.  Physical and
 mental growth are connected, just as physical and mental
 work are connected.  Physical plus mental growth constitutes
 all of an individual's growth.  And physical plus mental
 work constitutes all of an individual's work.
       The Theory W premise about work is that the individual
 works physically and mentally 24 hours each day until death.
 That can be understood from knowledge of one's own
 biological and mental functioning.  The topics of mental
 versus physical work will be discussed later in this
 chapter.
       Theory W propositions that if task work can be more
 easily structured on a functional basis, then the
 organization (including the individual organization) will
 experience more growth.
       Now, from the above definition of life, the topics of
 environmental adaption and internal origination are

 discussed.

       Lots of things which aren't even living have lives,
    such as alpha-particles, or refrigerators, or the great
    city of Venice, and of those things which have lives and
    are living.  many don't lead their lives, such as oak
    trees, or the saints in heaven, or domesticated animals.
    My interest is confined to lives that are led, and more
    specifically, to the lives that we lead, or the lives of
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 487

    persons.  I leave it an open question whether any lives
    except those of persons are led.  So there are lives,
    lives that are led, and lives led by persons, and I shall
    be concerned only with the last.  Nor is what I have said
    quite accurate.  For I shall not be concerned with the
    lives themselves, with the things that are led.  I shall
    be concerned, rather, with the leading of them or in the
    way in which they are led.  A life is that which someone
    in his youth may - at any rate, if he is that kind of
    person - want to plan, and which then, on his deathbed,
    he may look back over as all but closed, and my concern
    is not with that but with how such a thing comes about.
    (47 1)
       Internal origination. Previous discussion explained
 the individual self as the point of choice.Æ71æ In short,
 choices to action are made within the self's feelings
 environment.  That feelings environment is defined by the
 science of psychology.  The individual's perception
 (wariness) of their external environment (world) influences
 their feelings environment - either directly or at least
 indirectly.  The individual's choice to action takes place
 within this feelings environment.  Action activities combine
 into distinct work tasks, and work tasks combine into the
 organization's functional structure.
       Adaption through action. Theory W, as an instrument
 of pure functional organization, looks upon an individual's
 life as a network of tasks.  The network tasks are
 measurable in whole hours and support the aims of the
 organizations of which the individual is a member.  Any
 individual claims membership in many organizations,
 including their own self organization.  The performance of
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 488
 the individual's network tasks can be measured, thus
 adaption from one stage of becoming72 to a different stage
 of becoming can be evidenced.  That includes growth as a
 negative value or a mistake in judgement if you choose to
 define some actions as nongrowthful.  Taking the contrary
 view, Theory W views all work tasks as growthful.
 
       Individual & world knowledge. Growth, in general, can
 be seen as a positive building process.  Thus growth can be
 viewed as an ever expanding body of knowledge - a knowledge
 which represents past actions of any single individual, or
 group of individuals.  That knowledge of who did what, when
 they did it, and the way that they did it, not only
 represents past growth, but it importantly provides a "base
 soil" which supports future individual growth.  And as we
 know from personal experience, any growth in general, and
 specifically future individual growth, takes time.
 ____________________

        71 Some further comments about choice - choice
 usually involves searching, and many times involves
 re-search (to search again - 230 sv).  Formal research, as
 well as practical research, usually involves closure of
 "systematic inquiry into a subject in order to discover or
 revise facts, theories, etc.  (230 sv)" Inquiry, in turn, is
 "1:a seeking for truth, information, or knowledge, 3:the act
 of inquiring or of seeking information by questioning;
 interrogation.  (230 sv)"
       72 The expression "stage or state of being" would
 normally be recognized as one point of time in an
 individual's life.  But the statement "stage of becoming"
 more appropriately fits with the philosophy stated
 previously.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 489
       Life gives us time. Our individual life gives us time
 to do things.  It gives us time to act, to perform work
 tasks toward growth, including growthful mental work.
       All life is time oriented.  The time of season brings
 natural change.  The natural day can be measured by the
 rising sun.  And science has provided the hour, the minute,
 the second, and even smaller increments for the measurement
 of time.  Using measured time, scientists discovered that
 improved productivity could be achieved if time was managed.
 Rest periods and proven tools permitted the worker to do
 more in less time.  Yet, in general, time can be seen as
 ill-managed, even in advanced society.
       Measuring life. We measure human history via
 timelines.  We also measure our individual lifetimes with
 birthdays - a timeline with yearly increments.  Birthdays
 and the new year many times bring resolutions for

 self-improvement.

       Crucial to self-examination, crucial (in consequence)
    to the way in which we lead our lives, is the fact that
    we may bring our desires, emotions, and beliefs, our
    intentions and our aspirations, under a form of scrutiny
    that we think of as moral scrutiny.  Just what moral
    scrutiny is, or what makes a form of scrutiny moral, I
    take to be one of the obscurest issues in human culture,
    and we should not close our minds to the thought that
    there is no such thing.  (47 197)
       The oldest worker. The greatest age of any human
 authenticated by birth records was 113 years and 214 days
 (222 412).  Take that as the outer limit of your life
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 490
 time.73 Now take a look at life expectancy in the United
 States.
       Life expectancy. The referenced statistical title
 reads Expectation of Life at Birth (204 72).  Expectation of
 life has increased to 75 years in 1987 and projects to 78
 after 2010.  In the United States, longer life seems to be
 an aspired-after characteristic.
       Through our birthdays we are reminded that another
 year has passed.  And each new year may or may not bring
 resolutions - as is the tradition of world-wide birthday
 celebrations.75 Resolutions which usually imply better
 performance in life's future.  However, better performance
 in life usually requires the acknowledgement of time

 ____________________
 
       73 Many times we prefer older politicions, doctors,
 and lawyers, yet truth and productivity are biased toward
 youth.  Exceptions are countless, even onto age 98,Æ74æ
 because they continued to use their creative powers.
 Obscurity readily provides the opportunity of going their
 own way, including a range of work, rather than repeating
 adjudged success.  They have the capacity to self renew.
 "Their work is joyful, shocking, playful, and like fresh
 water, in motion - one of the prerequisites for
 self-renewal, or, in more common terms, getting a second
 wind.Æ(74)æ" Philosopher William James concluded that most
 people live far within their limits.  The second winders,
 however, have proved that "false barriers of exhaustion will
 dissolve, often times two or three times, to give us new
 energy on the other side, if we will only persevere.Æ(1)æ"
       74 P.Throeau (07 December 1994) Still working: an
 essay on aging and productivity.  Washington DC: PBS
 television News Hour.  A 98 year old artist's work appears
 with the Still Working touring exhibition of 32 artists
 between the ages of 60 and 98.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 491
 measurement somewhat more focused than yearly increments.
 Long life, although looked upon as an accomplishment by
 itself, does not guarantee effectiveness in life -
 specifically the effectiveness of enjoyment - the enjoyment
 of one's own self and of others.  Thus a better individual
 organization for the purpose of life enjoyment becomes the
 challenge - a most likely universal challenge.  Measurement
 of lifetime spent can be seen as part of the universal

 challenge.
       The big three-o, four-o, and five-o birthdays are
 occasionally traumatic for the individual.  And in general,
 as time passes there are regrets.  These regrets are caused,
 in part, by the decade or yearly approach to life
 timekeeping.  An alternative which Theory W advocates is the
 wholehour approach to timekeeping.
       Life wholehours. Life expectancy of 75 years amounts
 to 657,000 hours at 365 days per year and 24 hours per day.
 Our hereafter may be timeless but this life has finite
 limits and the rate of time remains changeless and constant.
       Thus we can look at life in terms of 24 wholehours
 each day distributed to the individual's chosen work tasks.
 Theory W then uses those timed wholehour work tasks to form,

 ____________________
 
       75 New Year's Day in the Western culture, Chinese
 New Year, et cetera, in other cultures.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 492
 or integrate into, the pure functional organization
 structures of the world.  "Time on task" can be seen as the
 output of individual choice.  The clearer the functional
 authority, the more effective the "time on task."
       Theory W sees the structure of the world as in the
 future.  For validity, however, there must be reference to
 the present and the past.  Thus for validity, the "timeline"
 runs from the future to the past.  The following quote says
 that the individual can live in the past, but the nature of
 living things can be seen to be futuristic with humans being

 the supreme choosers.

       If we are only given a record of the past, we can
    order it on a rational theory.  But we cannot tell
    whether in that theory time should run one way or the
    other, by anything within the record alone.  The record
    might have been written backwards, as a book of code
    messages can be written backwards.  What we must
    contribute is the decision which way the record shall be
    read.  We cannot make that decision without adding at
    least one experiment of our own to the record.  This
    experiment has to fix the direction which nature imposes
    on living beings...  (999 54)
 Functional life
       Beginning with wholehour work tasks, Theory W
 structures the functional organization of life - either an
 individual life or the life of a group of individuals.
       Tables from the acknowledgement chapter can be taken
 as an example of organized life - or at least the beginning
 of a valid and rigorous structure of an organization.  Table
 3 from the acknowledgement chapter is repeated below with a
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 493

 validity test of wholehours.
 
 Table 65 - A philosophy of life and wholehour validity
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 General tasks           Wholehours spent
 ______________________  ________________
 
 growth                       mua
 challenge                    mu
 relatedness                  mu
 time and encouragement       mu
 respect                      mu
 existence                    mu
 ________________________________________________________________
 Note: a Mu can be seen as similar to "not applicable."
       Obviously the general tasks are in need of more
 work-task definition.  Those more defined work-tasks deserve
 to be time recorded.  Some of that better definition was
 provided by the figure which introduced this part of the
 dissertation (part 3).  That figure has provided a
 functional structure with work-tasks of greater detail.  The
 table below lists the tasks with a validity test of

 wholehour adaptability.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 494

 Table 66 - Dissertation's work & wholehour validity
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Act  Verb       Descriptor     Noun                    Whrs
 ____ __________ ______________ _____________           ____
 
 Mission or aim authority  /      \                     mu
                          /  good- \                    mu
                         / feelings \                   mu
                        /   growth   \                  mu
 Goals and objectives  /              \                 mu
                      /    eustress    \                mu
                     /    challenge     \               mu
                    /    relatedness     \              mu
                   /    encouragement     \             mu
                  /  respect,  existence   \            mu
                 authorship, PhD,dissertation           yes
 Implementation /                            \          yes
               quantify administration strategy         mu
              document individual     experience        mu
             document  education       experience       mu
            document   business        experience       mu
           /provide    3-sided         pyramid          mu
          / identify   24 hour daily   work             mu
         /  formulate  Theory W        hypothesis       mu
        /   illuminate organization    propositions     mu
       /    document   scholarly       process          mu
      /     clarify    theory          construction     mu
     /      identify   organization    theories         mu
    /       research   organization    structures       mu
   /        delimit    wisdom          key words        mu
  /         style      electronic      writing          mu
 /          research   writing         wisdom           mu
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Mu indicates both too general and too detailed
 attempts at validating lifetasks by the measurement with
 wholehours.  Thus wholehour measurement need not be an
 impossible choice or act.
       Both the above table and figure evidence organized
 life.  Yet the figure is obviously more rigorous in terms of
 scholarship.
       Note that growth and good-feelings appear to be the
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 495
 authority which runs those particular life organizations.
 Later in this chapter, the organization structure will
 become more personal, and thusly more rigorous and valid.
 We continue with more on the authority of the pure
 functional organization.
       Functional authority. Theory W uses any number of
 expressions of a pure functional organization's authority -
 any are acceptable - philosophy, purpose, mission, or aim.
 The terms of vision and strategy represent organization
 authority with some special connotations which will be
 narrated later in this dissertation.  Thus the simplist
 description of functional organization authority is the term
 "aim."  Aim in the sense of a target never reached, thus
 supporting the idea of organization individuals continually
 becoming something - or something else.
       To become something, the individual must continually
 choose, take action, and complete the work tasks which
 support the aim of the pure functional organization

 structure.

       Distinguish living from, on the one hand, the person
    who lives and, on the other hand, the life that is led.
    The person is a thing, the life is a product, and my
    topic is a process - a process which occurs in the person
    and form which the life issues.  To understand the
    process we have to take account of three characteristic
    interactions between the person's past, present, and
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 496

    future:  between his mental dispositions and his mental
    states:  and between the conscious, the preconscious, and
    the unconscious systems of his mind.  And these
    interactions occur at once in the mind and in the body.
    Living is an embodied mental process.  Mental phenomena
    may initially be divided into three broad categories:
    mental states, mental dispositions, and mental
    activities.  Mental states are episodic or transient
    phenomena.  They occur at a time.  More than one mental
    state may occur in the same mind at the same time, but
    there are very real limits of load on the mind, and in
    the case of certain types of mental state (for instance,
    thoughts) there cannot ordinarily be more than one such
    state at the same time in the same mind.  (47 33)
       Non-functional life. The above has stressed a
 positive functional organization - the positive structuring
 of work tasks.  Now let's examine the negative structure -
 the non-functional structuring of work tasks - the
 organization of direct-addiction-dependence or
 co-dependence.
       Organized addiction and co-dependence. In recovery
 from addiction-dependence, one is often promoted to "look
 up" to a higher meaning (authority) of life.  That higher
 meaning of life could take the form of a non-dependent life
 organization - the above table for example.
       Appendix E evidences the result of researching some
 addiction and co-dependence information.  The specific tie
 to Theory W is the reversal of the general addiction-syndrom
 characteristics.  The reversing of those negative
 characteristics provides positive non-addiction-syndrom
 characteristics.  The summary table of appendix E repeats

 below.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 497

 Table 67 - Positive non-syndrom characteristics
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Emotional Mental          Physical        Behavioral
 _________ _______________ _______________ __________________
 
 freedom   contemplative   exercise        practice strategy
 love            thinking
 joy       critical                        respect other's
                 thinking                             choice
           the mind thinks balance diet    practice intimacy
                24 hrs/day                 choose fun actions
           simply choose                   appreciate your
           practice skills recognize good   attractivenesses
           proact to aim           stress  schedule steps
            and objectives balance             not deadlines
           react to others     activities
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Positive side of the negative addiction
 characteristics of appendix E discussion - table E40.
       The above table, specifically the emotional
 characteristics of freedom, love, and joy, ties with the
 information about the self which is presented in other
 chapters.
       The mental set of table characteristics concerns the
 mental state of the individual as an organization.  The
 mind, within the body's physical organization, works 24
 hours for each day of the individual's life.  Theory W
 promotes the realization (wariness) of the mind's 24 hour
 daily work and then promotes individual knowledge of their
 24 hour daily life-time in whole hours.
       Taking the bottom lines of the mental, physical, and
 behavioral, the way of Theory W becomes - How does the
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 498
 individual "proact to aim," "balance activities," and
 "schedule steps?"

       Examples of mental states other than thoughts are
    perceptual experiences, attacks of dizziness, dreams, and
    moments of terror, amusement, lust, or despair.
    Alongside mental states we should think of partly mental
    states, which are events in a person's life that include
    but are not identical with a mental state of his:
    examples of partly mental states are actions and painful
    injuries.  Mental dispositions, by contrast, are
    persistent phenomena, which manifest themselves
    intermittently.  They do not occur, nor are they events.
    They are mutable.  Dispositions have histories, which are
    made up of events, and these histories are varied.
    Dispositions differ from one another in their beginnings,
    in their ends, and in what lies in between.  Dispositions
    differ in their beginnings, for some are innate, some
    arise in the mind, and some are acquired.  They persist
    in different ways, for some remain constant and some
    change, and they may mature or decline or fluctuate.  And
    dispositions differ in their ends, for some last out the
    person and some come to an end within his life, and they
    may do so through decay, or through consumation, or they
    may be eradicated.  Different kinds of history go with
    different kinds of disposition.  And a word on the word
    "disposition" itself.  By calling a mental phenomenon a
    disposition I am not in any way impugning its reality:  I
    am not suggesting that a dispositional property is less
    than a categorical property, or that the logical form of
    sentences attributing dispositions to persons is
    conditional.  Examples of mental dispositions are
    knowledge and belief, emotions, desires, habits, virtues
    and vices, and skills.  Mental activities are activities
    by means of which we bring about mental states or bring
    mental dispositions into being or initiate bodily
    movements.  They are not necessarily free, nor does it
    necessarily make sense to ask whether they are voluntary
    or intentional.  Examples of mental activity are thinking
    a thought, volition or trying to perform an action,
    attention, repression, introjection.  If these lists of
    examples of the different mental phenomena seem
    heterogeneous, this is so because they are, and they are
    so, in part, for a reason worth considering.  In
    compiling them I have mixed up, as happens in taxonomies
    of the mind, formal and concrete mental concepts.  Formal
    mental concepts don't pick out actual mental entities at
    all but serve as cross-headings in a more extended
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 499

    classification:  they classify mental concepts rather
    than mental entities.  Examples of formal mental concepts
    are "mental state," "mental disposition," and "mental
    activity;" also "virtue," "emotion," and, on the normal
    understanding, "perception."  Concrete mental concepts
    pick out determinable mental entities.  Examples would be
    "pain," "desire," "thought," "introjection."  And
    determinate mental entities are then arrived at by adding
    to these concrete concepts a term for an object.
    Examples would be "pain in the ankle," "the desire to
    burn down the library," "the belief that winter is upon
    us," "introjecting a parental figure."  We do not reach
    determinate mental entities by adding a term for an
    object to a formal mental concept, such as "emotion" or
    "virtue."  (47 33-5)
 Thought control
       The above example of thought as a concrete mental
 concept can be developed further using some familiar
 circumstances.

       Stewardship of time.

                   A STEALTH CHURCH VISIT:
                    A TIME FOR (RE)SEARCH
                              by
                            H.Otto
                           11-16-94
       Several times in recent years, the author found
 himself reviewing the propaganda shelves of a worthy church.
 The most recent visit collected many items(1) - the first

 pertained directly to the importance of time.

       Jesus had more to say about the stewardship of our
    material possessions than about sin, prayer and salvation
    combined.  More than a third of Jesus' teachings deal
    with the stewardship of material assets.  (1 1c1)
       The bible uses the word treasure for material assets,
 and the author's Theory W of functional organization
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 500
 emphasizes the treasure of time.  This treasure or material
 asset of time comes to all of us as 24 hours in the day - an
 absolute limitation.
       Human time absolutes can be seen as a limitation of
 encouragement loving(2) for self and others.  The
 functional organization of life and job directly addresses
 the absolute of limited time, emphasizes the individual's
 quality choice of life-task activity, and focuses attention
 to the whys of choosing.

       The following challenge came from the pulpit.

       If we invest our [treasure] in the Kingdom of God, we
    have our eyes on eternity, and [we] put a different
    [choice] on the things of this world.  (1 1c2)
       God doesn't weigh our gold, but our heart.  It's not
    so much the amount as the motive of the heart.  (1 1c3)
       What then does each of us choose as the motivation of
 our self-heart?  Why do we choose certain life activities?
 To fulfill our scientific psychology universal basic human
 needs of existence, relatedness, and growth?  And do we
 spend weekly church attendance and more life-activity adding

 ____________________
 
       (1) 1. R.H.Meneilly (09Oct1994) The sermon on the
 amount.  Prairie Village KS: The Village Church.  A pitch
 for tithe, "or even half the tithe. (1 3c3)"
       (2) John Powell,S.J., stimulated the author's love
 definition as three levels - (1) respect whereby each can
 love everyone in the world, (2) time and encouragement
 whereby each has 24 hours each day to love others, and (3)
 challenge whereby a communicated vision or aim provides
 separation of loving time - both in parallel and in
 eternity.  Tis serious business, this thing called love.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 501
 to and re-searching our experiences about being saved?  Stop
 and picture that being saved might be the process of adding
 to our experiences and re-searching our experiences so that
 our understanding can grow to a higher or greater level of
 mind - assuming that a single mind can never be a god, but
 that the mind can possess an understanding about God.  Thus

 being saved becomes personal growth.

       It is the heart's attitude toward money that
    determines whether it is good or bad.  It can bless or it
    can curse.  (1 2c2)
       The sermon continued about money, and in the quote
 below, our asset of life time is substituted for the word

 money.  It seems to fit.

       Our use of [time] is the acid test of our character.
    [Time] is more than dollars and cents; our [time] is our
    life, crystallized.  Our [time] is the extension of our
    life.  (1 2c2)
       Choices in life are then focused by the sermon unto
 God, opportunities, relative wealth, and the attitude of

 stewardship.

       All of us are quite money-conscious.  In fact, most of
    us are more money-conscious than God-conscious.  (1 2c2)
      "Do not exalt yourself, forgetting...God who affords
    you the opportunities...."  (See Deuteronomy 8:11-18.)
    (1 3c1)
       How many of us ever think of ourselves as being
    wealthy?  (1 3c1)
       When all is said and done, Christian stewardship is
    our attitude toward God and life[time].  (1 4c1)
       From the above guides then, several points emerge -
 (1) the world provides opportunities, (2) we are wealthy,
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 502
 and being alive means still another 24 hour treasure, and
 (3) our attitude can be one of choosing our timed activity
 for good reason.  Good reason can be seen as god for short.
 And blessed are we when we have organizational companions in
 life and job who re-search for good reason.
       Thus we can search for and add experiences which flow
 into our choice for the next hour of life activity.  This
 search provides the whys which motivate our life.
       Religion many times can be seen as promoting you to
 giveup your self.  One time this led to the following
 contemplative scheme.

     Giveup life?                                         Yes
     Giveup life-time?                                    Yes
     Giveup time?                                         Yes
     Giveup good-life?                                    No
            Good-life?   Lower  bad  stress?              Yes
                         Higher good stress?              Yes
     Good-feelings life? Mutual respect      (existence)? Yes
                         Time-touch-talent (relatedness)? Yes
                         Personal challenge     (growth)? Yes
       Giveup.  Life.  Life-time.  Time.  Each hour that goes
 by, a person can view themselves as giving of their life -
 an hour gone, never to be retrieved.  We must go forward,
 more ready to grasp the next hour in its potential for
 good-feelings
       Good.  Good-life.  Life is thus opportunity - a sort
 of eternal life of restarts and reflection (prayer).
       Existence.  Relatedness.  Growth.  The basic human
 needs and the way we choose to fill them.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 503
       Another thought. A personal experience.
       I just finished a dog delivery trip, driving 3100
    miles and visiting with the three kids.  I am tempted to
    expect or chase for a balanced life from the three
    involved kids.
       But I choose another route - to get my own life, to
    develop my own life.  The kids are so much a product of
    Elaine's fear, thus I still battle (choose) to separate
    my self from that co-dependency.  My kids need their
    independence.  I need my independence.
       I need mutuality greater than the kids can presently
    provide.  I dream of greatness in the eye of the
    beholder.  I dream of mutual greater-growth.
       From a base of "I feel great right now," and "I feel
    good now in my fulfillment," now on to the next task!
    Keeping in mind the limitations of resources, ability,
    and others' choices.
       Those next life tasks (or job tasks) take time, and
 deserve to be controlled.  But first some perspective on
 science.
       Science in perspective. Perhaps science can assist
 both the administrative and grass-roots views, and bring the
 two strategically together.
       Bronowski (1973) addresses the exacting limitations of

 science.

       One aim of the...sciences has been to give an exact
    picture of the...world.  One achievement of...the
    twentieth century has been to prove that that aim is
    unattainable.  (64 353)
       Science today can be seen as relegated to simple lines
 as each individual draws their picture of "the world."  For

 the scientific or non-scientific individual -

       [Each scientific] line that is added strengthens the
    picture but never makes it final.  There is no absolute
    knowledge.  And those who claim it, whether they are
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 504

    scientists or dogmatists, open the door to tragedy.  All
    information is imperfect.  We have to treat it with
    humility.  That is the human condition...(64 353)
       Time then must be studied with humility, the
 individual worker being the expert of their time.  Formal
 organization dogmatists are in a sense proclaimed

 philosophers who need to learn from history.  For example -

       Gauss was particularily bitter about philosophers who
    claimed that they had a road to knowledge more perfect
    than that of observation.  (64 358)
       In 1800 Hegel presented a thesis proving that...
    there could only be, philosophically, seven planets.
    Before the ink was dry on Hegel's dissertation, an eighth
    planet was discovered...  (64 360)
 
       Another trap can be seen as intolerance.
 
       In the engineering sense, science has progressed step
    by step, the most successful enterprise in the ascent of
    man, because it has understood that the exchange of
    information between nature and man, and man and man, can
    only take place with a certain tolerance.  All knowledge,
    all information between human beings can only be
    exchanged within a play of tolerance.  And that is true
    whether the exchange is in science, or in literature, or
    in religion, or in politics, or even in any form of
    thought that aspires to dogma [like corporative culture].
    (64 365)
       The measurement of time will continue to provide facts
 for scientific advance, but society still ignores the
 science of time.  In an essay on The Value of Science,
 Bronowski (1977) speaks of polite society's sneer toward

 science.

       It is this tyranny of the facts, not as they ought to
    be, but as they are, that distresses even intelligent
    people, who fear that the spread of science is robbing
    them of some freedom of judgement.  (65)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 505
       A full professor within a PhD program commented to the
 author that there was no way that his creative time could be
 measured or directed.  His personal judgement, the essence
 of his professoring, freed him from measuring the
 relationship between his time and his professorship -
 between time input and professorship output.  Yet with
 further thought perhaps there could be a beneficial result
 in having that professor investigate the possible
 relationship between his time spent and his output.  Theory
 W provides a frame to facilitate insight into time as a life
 essence variable.
       With personal timekeeping being so unpopular, could
 time measurement under Theory W be seen as a trapping of
 science or of philosophy?
       Theory W philosophically limits the science of human
 time to measurement by the whole hour and it promotes the
 observation of time as an independent variable applied to
 output by an expert worker.  Theory W expert workers, as
 students of their own time, "are not here to worship what is
 known but to question it."(64 360)  Theory W thus poses a
 series of questions - "Why?" being the first.  Why does the
 expert worker want to spend their time?  Other questions
 will become apparent.
       Theory W provides an organization tool which
 facilitates critical thought about the human worker's time
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 506
 and the relationship to the using organization's philosophy
 or dogma.  Thus the whole hour unit of measurement moves us
 beyond the therbleg or Methods Time Measurement study of
 factory labor.  Why the expert worker spends their whole
 hours can be seen as essential to the mission of the
 organization, both as a member of an organization and in
 running their own individual organization of human life.
       Theory W attempts to provide a practical science of
 human time likened to the expert worker being a rider of a
 horse in charge of the reins.  The expert worker of Theory W

 does not ride time likened to an incessantly flowing river.

       It is the human creature that rides the horse, and not
    the other way about.  And the rider is a very good
    example, because man was not created to ride the horse.
    There is no wiring inside the brain that makes us horse
    riders.  Riding a horse is a comparatively recent
    invention, less than five thousand years old.  And yet it
    has had an immense influence, for instance on our social
    structure.  (64 412)
       And can whole hour time measurement influence the
 individual chooser's social structure?  "Yes."  And Theory W
 attempts to provide the structuring tool which shows the
 rides way.  Thusly, the expert worker rides time, not like
 the river ride, but as the horse ride which needs to be
 learned.  The expert worker also needs to realize that they
 are not the horse.
       The science of mind is less than one hundred years
 old, and needs assistance in replacing the idea of the
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 507
 manager riding the worker as the horse.
       Theory W has each expert worker riding whole hours of
 time as the input to their productivity.  Next, if we can
 provide visibility into the way that the individual worker
 contributes to the larger organization's mission while
 accomplishing its own worker mission, then the
 organization's productivity will improve by virtue of the
 productivity of the combined individuals .
       The image is not one of the manager riding the horse
 but of humans, as work horses, teaming to pull to the
 organization mission.  That teaming can be seen as the
 linking of organization tasks - a plan of strategy.
       Format of a plan. Now the specific work tasks of the
 dissertation organization figure can be placed into a format

 more friendly to weekly time research.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 508
 
 Table 68 - Specific dissertation tasks
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Verb       Descriptor     Noun          From Who Done Whrs
 __________ ______________ _____________ ____ ___ ____ ____
 
 quantify   administration strategy      fig  hlo  no   mu
 document   individual     experience    fig  hlo  no   mu
 document   education      experience    fig  hlo  no   mu
 document   business       experience    fig  hlo  no   mu
 provide    3-sided        pyramid       fig  hlo  no   mu
 identify   24 hour daily  work          fig  hlo  no   mu
 formulate  Theory W       hypothesis    fig  hlo  no   mu
 illuminate organization   propositions  fig  hlo  no   mu
 document   scholarly      process       fig  hlo  no   mu
 clarify    theory         construction  fig  hlo  no   mu
 identify   organization   theories      fig  hlo  no   mu
 research   organization   structures    fig  hlo  no   mu
 delimit    wisdom         key words     fig  hlo  no   mu
 style      electronic     writing       fig  hlo  no   mu
 research   writing        wisdom        fig  hlo  no   mu
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: VerbDescriptorNoun (what) from prior table and figure
 (where), H.Otto's responsibility (who), not completed
 (when), and no timekeeping at this task level (wholehours).
       Combining time and a plan. Table 68 presents actual
 performance of work tasks.  Table 66 presented a plan of
 work tasks which support the organization of an aim,
 mission, or purpose.  One would think that actual
 performance could now be compared with plan.  Some practical
 considerations however must be incorporated.
       The point here is that the elements of actual time
 spending and pure functional organization structure can be
 merged.  The practical aspects of that merger are important.
 Again, the point here is that the elements of actual time
 spending and the authority of pure functional organization
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 509
 structure can be merged.
       Authority and control. Earlier in this dissertation,
 the difference between formal authority and functional
 authority was evidenced.  In either case, authority needs
 the management principle of control.
       Control is the comparison of actual performance to
 plan, resulting in a ranked variance analysis and corrective
 action.  Performance evaluation aspects will be explored
 later, where Theory W is shown to rigorously implement pure
 functional organization control, based on the pure
 functional organization structure.
       Functional control of one's lifetime. Take a look at

 an individual's lifetime in terms of a timeline display.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 510
 
 Figure 44 - The timeline of a lifetime
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Zero
 point
       0.--------------------------------------x 113 yearsa
 
 Number of three year periodsb
 
         1        10        20   25   30      38
 
       0.-------------------------x 75 yearsc
 
 What is the family history?
 
       0.---------------------x            grandfather
       0.--------------------------------x grandmother
       0.--------------------------->      mother
       0.--------------------------x       father
       0.----------------->                the author
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: a Oldest recorded lifetime (222 412).
       b The three year period was chosen because it fit on
 this page width.  Each dash being three years.
       c Life expectancy at birth (204 72).
       This timeline concept which is used to illustrate the
 historical information can be seen as one entrance into the
 functionalism of Theory W.  The author's timeline says that
 he has lived 51 years or 447,000 whole hours.  However, this
 is meaningless for functional control.
       Weekly control of our lifetime. The familiar weeks of
 our yearly calendar can provide a closer and more meaningful
 focus.  Using the week and its 168 whole hour time focus,
 individual lifetime timekeeping research takes on a more
 practical perspective.
       The practical learning perspective relative to
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 511
 individual timekeeping is that of induction - taking the
 specific whole-hour work-tasks and building to the general
 picture of the lifetime taken as a series of weeks.  The
 weeks in turn, build to quarters and then to years.  Thus
 the weekly timekeeping focus changes the timeline from
 historical years to the historical completion of functions.
 The figures below combine the thoughts of historical
 timelines and a practical proven approach to functional
 valid whole-life timekeeping.  The simple detail of the
 whole hour column can be seen and captured, in personal
 records, with the use of a computer or central database.
 (An exception would be for general ledger project
 accounting, and that would not show hours by person, only
 hour charges to projects and over or under absorbtion by
 cost or profit center.)
       Also note that the Gandt chart is graphical - good for

 concept communication but not practical in application.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 512
 
 Figure 45 - Gandt chart functional task timekeeping
 ____________________________________________________________
 
                                                Whrs
                                                ____
 Each dash represents a whole hour.
 
 Midnight ------------------------ to midnight   24
 
 slept    ------     -                            7
 wrote          --  -                             3
 walked           -                               1
 rented            -                              1
 fixed                -                           1
 washed                -                          1
                         et cetera               10
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: See Gandt chart academics elsewhere.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 513

 Figure 46 - Database functional task timekeeping
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 One day from              Whole
 figure above              hours
 ________________________  _____
 
 slept                      7
 wrote                      3
 walked                     1
 rented                     1
 fixed                      1
 washed                     1
 et cetera                  10
 
 For a week                     Prior weeks
 ________________________       ____________
 
 maintain    body/mind          80   64   56
 maintain    assets             22   27   21
 encourage   relationship       18   34   20
 pursue      exercise           16    9    7
 write       dissertation       10         2
 pursue      writing            10    5    1
 grow        together            9   11   38
 get         job                 3   18   23
 measure     lifetime          168  168  168   24 hrs 7 days
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Combination of previous materials.
       The above sets the stage for personal (expert worker)
 control of their lifetimes.
       Responsibility accounting. Tracking individual time
 within the context of functional organization provides a
 "control platform" and combines with the principles of job
 descriptions, checkbooks, dollar budget changes and
 subsequent variance analysis, productivity measurement and
 improvement, cost reduction, and profit improvement toward a
 well-rounded program of responsibility.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 514
       Open system or closed? Instead of either open or
 closed, both frames of reference are useful in working with
 
 people.

       The closed system proceeds by defining a final
    objective in the clearest possible terms, then
    establishes the machinery to reach that objective.  An
    open system, on the other hand, may begin without a
    manifest objective.  It proceeds to confront a problem,
    then searches for solutions, the nature of which cannot
    be clearly be discerned in advance.  (246 101)
       We have limited the designation of helpees to student,
    client, and patient.  However, readers should understand
    that these terms are interchangeable, and the application
    of general principles is intended to apply to all
    helpees...(246 viii)
 Tasks are self-action
       An interest in productive time, subjects itself to
 control procedures just as spending control in the common
 form of checkbook spending.
       Why do individuals act?  Actualization or growth, the
 end result of our actions, provides the feeling of
 accomplishment - of closing an activity.  For example, in
 the field of education, the activity could be "time on
 task," taking courses in a curriculum, academic degrees, an
 external dissertation, or other evidence of what can be
 called scholarly work.  The attributes of scholarship being
 "the attitudes (as curiosity, perseverance, initiative,
 originality, integrity) considered essential for
 learning.(61 sv)"76 Note that scholarship can exist
 without education, courses, curriculum, or degrees.  Some
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 515

 evidential form, however, must evidence the learning.77
       A choice of action. The life liver as expert worker
 chooses to perform their life-work tasks.
       Taking one's time. The expert workers has the
 responsibility for the quality of the time that they take in
 life.
       Argument for simple timekeeping.

       I have settled into the sabbatical routine - being
    paid to write.  A better description of my dissertation
    writing can be that of cleaning up the pieces of the last
    four years.  That work proceeds nicely yet takes so much
    time.  Time that I do now spend - "I take my time."  And
    hopefully I move from the simplicities of clothes and car
    to the complexities of thought.  Possibly more work than
    an eight-to-five job and probably of greater importance.
    The importance of mine own eyes.  Tis neat to run one's
    own life.  Whose life is it except our own?  Contrary to
    the tradition of our schools and family - all of which
    deserve respect, yet also need to be questioned.
       Perhaps we assume too much that the traditions and
 procedures of our culture are correct.  Only the questions
 of fuctional authority and functional structure make the
 correct answers possible.

       Some problems to clear reasoning derive less from
    emotional blocks than from lazy thinking.  We prefer
    simple ideas to complex ideas.  Truth always seems more
    evident if we don't bother to consider details or
    consequences.  (200 292)

 ____________________
 
       76 Also see the acknowledgement, preface, glossary,
 introduction, and other dissertation chapters for more
 information on organization scholars and scholarship.
       77 See chapter which includes natural learning and
 loop learning.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 516
       Thus the return to the two-year old child's natural
 question - "Why?"  Very often we avoid answering that
 question.  The answers are complex perhaps - because we
 choose them to be that way.  To explore the reaches of the
 mind (freedom), to lovingly confront (respect, time,
 challenge) - while enjoying one's life - these must not be
 complex.  We all deserve to freely choose our own way.
       Theory W includes the fact that people work 24 hours
 per day.  They are alive and the body works.  In the
 author's case he takes responsibility for the whole 24 hours
 each day - he tracks his time.  Weird?  You can bet on that!
 Yet whole hours are a way to measure the tasks of one's
 life.  Beyond personal interest in measuring things, why not
 start with the most handiest need for scientific discovery -
 one's own time spent?  You know, the science whose purpose
 makes our lives better.  So if we can count to 24, why not
 take interest in our life time?  And thus be scientific.
       Time tracking offers an interesting challenge if we
 include the time we spend with and for each other in our
 definition of love (Jesuit Powell's paperbacks on love).
 (He fits into the general Jesuit philosophy of service to
 others.) Like lawyers and doctors charging us by the hour -
 so I can charge you for this time because time spending on
 others supports a loving life.
       Of course, science may not really be of import to us.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 517
 And we are protected in our choice.  But what choice do we
 have if we care little to develop same?  Thus we may lament
 that life has passed and we should have....
       Rather just do.  Recognize feelings.  Differentiate
 them from possible action.  Look at and develop
 alternatives.  Choose your action.  Enjoy the ensuing work.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of your enjoyment efforts.  Plan
 for the future yet afford others the independence of their
 choice.  All interesting Theory W applications.
       Tolerance of confusion. Then there comes confusion,
 and guaranteed, each month, the promotion of confusion will
 be there in some form.  Confusion will always be with us.
 And aren't we nice in sharing our confusion with others.

 Simple weekly timekeeping
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 518
 
 Table 69 - Examples of individual timekeeping
 ____________________________________________________________
 
    Action                          Whole hours
    _____________________________   ____________
 
 WEEK 50 OF 1990:
    maintain    body/mind            87
    write       dissertation         35
    encourage   relationship         25
    pursue      exercise             18
    get         job                  12
    maintain    assets                1
    measure     lifetime            168     24 hrs for 7 days
 
 16 AUGUST 1987
                         U   M   T   W   R   F   A   SUM
    concord orientation  3   7   2       4   9   4   29
    division orientation             2       2       4
    freshmen retention               1           1   2
    computer orientation                     2       2
    CMA                              1               1
    whole hours                                      38
             accomplishments:
               1) job view
               2) retention view
             concerns:
               1) computer access
               2) division direction
               3) CMA and PhD work
             future:
               1) evidence time by day due to job description
               2) listen for more information
 ____________________________________________________________
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 519

 Table 70 - Computerized timekeeping
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 accomplishments and concerns:                   1993 WEEK 31
 21 backacheNotFindingLetter immobilized theProcessOfDiver...
 22 current mysteryHarv laplinkedT1000 conundrum
 26 930728.ku
 30 swamSunDance shoesTime mailWalk wash clothesTime
 32 fledDonnaPartyIce LpatricaGatesCloseDanced jeanenneBBQ...
    [afterthought"work"] approachedMyLovingPatriciaFrom2ta...
    tvIceLousyMst donnaPatriciaCalls tvThought
 35 jeanenne8/hr harryYelledAtMe phoneHookup
 37 squareDance[patriciaChair!] fruitWalk
                                                w1...w13
    verb      descriptor  noun         U_M_...A_w30..w18 y
 21 maintain  effective 8 body/mind    7 4 ...9  61...56 2
 32 encourage effective 2 relationship     ...   5 ...4  21
 32 challenge joint     2 growth       148 ...   26...17
 35 do        harry's   7 job            9 ...7  43...63 21
 22 pursue    systematic2 writing          ...6  12...14 27
 37 pursue    enjoyable 2 exercise       1 ...1  2 ...3  21
 30 maintain  daily     1 assets       3 2 ...1  8 ...11 21
 26 write     Theory W    dissertation     ...   11...   36
 4  measure   personal    production   1720...15 61...64 21
 future:
 *  clarify     week33    time                 R_20
                                               *26 writeTh...
 *  clarify     week34    time       21U_23T_25R_27
                                         *30renew083193lic...
                                             *leaveForMilw...
 *  clarify     week35    time       28U_30T_12R_14
                                        *leaveMilwaukee
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Todo.ttw file with automated calculation and quarter
 storage.
       Quarterly summary. Any and all of the above options
 and other variations can be kept in quarterly files with no
 other time records kept.
       Choice and time available. Now data can be compared
 for reconciling unlimited wants and limited time.  The time
 perspective of alternate choices can be seen, and the result
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 520
 of choices can be timed.  Time should be productive, not
 only for the corporation but also for the individual as an
 organization.  What better simple sign of scientific
 interest could be devised by education?  A sign of
 scientific interest in which each can be interested.  Only
 the leadership trains the orientation of ignorance -
 beginning with the negative feelings toward simple
 timekeeping.  Only leadership can find a way to peak student
 interest in science.  Theory W's way promotes simple
 timekeeping for long-term good feelings.
       Time and personal choice. The choice of time spending
 reflects individual organization productivity, just as in
 multi-individual organizations.  Individual time input
 determines both individual and multi-individual organization
 productivity.  The following table measures a productivity
 percentage as chosen by the individual.  The productivity
 measure rests not in an individual's productivity percentage
 - rather in the hours of project contribution and the amount
 of output per time period for routine tasks.  Thus the
 personal productivity measure becomes the business of only
 the individual.
       Can the school provide education in scientific
 productivity measurement in terms of personal sensibility
 and usefulness?  The answer can be seen in the design of

 course and lesson plans.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 521

 Table 71 - Individual hours & personal effectiveness
 ___________________________________________________________
 
                            Hours for    Analysis of
 Task description             weeks ago            last week
 _________________________ _____________ ____________________
 
 Action verb Noun object    1    2    3
 ___________ _____________ ___  ___  ___
 
 maintain    body/mind      77   80   82    11 hours per day
 encourage   relationship   39   22   34     4 hours per day
 write       dissertation   29   26    7   216 quarter hours
 pursue      exercise       15   10    2     1 hour  per day
 maintain    assets          7   24   21     1 hour  per day
 get         job             1    3    1    24 quarter hours
 study       writing              3   20   121 quarter hours
 facilitate  students                  1
 measure     lifetime      168  168  168   24 hrs for 7 days
 measure     effectiveness  31%  39%  31%
 
 Historical summary:
    third  quarter of 1990                24%
    second quarter of 1990                    34%
    first  quarter of 1990                        38%
    third  quarter of 1989                            20%
 ____________________________________________________________

 Routine and project difference
       The above table introduces an analysis of "hours per
 day" and "quarter hour" tasks.
       Analysis of routine tasks. For example, the routine
 "maintain body/mind" act has declined.
       Analysis of project tasks. Projects involve one-time
 expenditure of hours - a dissertation for example.  Prior to
 the 216 hour quarter time shown in the above table, prior

 quarters have additional spending.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 522

 Table 72 - Summary of project spending
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 1990 4th quarter - 216 hours
      3rd           118
      2nd            35
      1st           119
 1989 4th           134
      3rd            36
  1.5 year total of 658 hours or about 17 work weeks 40 each
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Quarterly time records.
       An additional 301 hours was spent studying writing
 style bringing the dissertation total to 959 hours or 24
 work weeks or about one-half of a work year.  Job hunt
 activity involved 168 hours.
       Function or dysfunction. Couldn't this scientific
 information be termed rational in terms of organization
 support?  Even for the independence of an individual?  The
 alternative seems to be organization members who are
 addiction dependent.  The problem being that dependent
 individuals and non-scientific thought results in less
 productive organizations.  Individuals break down,
 partnerships dissolve including marriages, and larger
 organizations partially or totally fail.
       Alternately, Theory W supports a philosophy of
 individual choice (commitment) to individual tasks - be they
 personal or larger organization oriented.
       The aim of organization support dominates the argument
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 523
 for individual timekeeping.
       Daily time log. Shown above were examples of the
 daily time log (DTL).  The purpose of the DTL varies with
 the choices of the individuals who use the DTLs for their
 business or life purpose.  A DTL is a time management
 technique (TMT).
       A TMT can be a diary, notebook, do-it list, stick-em
 note, or other form of work assignment.  Work assignment
 includes work assignment forecasting.  The usefulness of
 TMTs can be seen from the products available at the local
 office supply store or from an office supply catalog.
       TMTs supports budget accounting and subsequent
 variance analysis.  Time spending causally correlates with
 its related dollar spending - no statistical study is
 required for verification.
       A time-oriented learning contract. The following
 table shows an example of learning contracts which students

 made to themselves.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 524

 Table 73 - Student time-oriented learning contract
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Benedictine College, Harv Otto professor.
       Time tracking for a week. Quite often individuals
 show interest in their whole hour activities for a week -
 several studies are shown in the following table.  The
 reconciliation of the weekly work-tasks to the weekly
 available hours of 168 provides a certain validity.  These
 individuals have performed scientific inquiry into their

 lives.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 525

 Table 74 - Weekly time research
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Verb       Descriptor     Noun          From Who Done Whrs
 __________ ______________ _____________ ____ ___ ____ ____
 
                                                       ---
 reconcile  weekly         hours                       168
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Few if any college students seem interested in a
 trial of tracking their time for a week.
       Concord College MGT 301 student 21, 1987-88.
 choice.

       An entry in Kierkegaard's JOURNAL for the year 1843
    opens with these words:  It is perfectly true, as
    philosophers say, that life must be understood backwards.
    But they forget the other proposition, that it must be
    lived forwards.
       Kierkegaard goes on:  And if one thinks over that
    proposition it becomes more and more evident that life
    can never really be understood in time simply because at
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 526

    no particular moment can I find the necessary
    resting-place from which to understand it - backwards.
    (47 1)
       Theory W presumes otherwise - that a weekly resting
 place can provide backward understanding - and that from the
 resting place the individual can live life functionally
 forward.
       In a sense this weekly time control becomes a
 biography.  Thus I write my biography so that my kids (or
 better my children - or best my kindred friends) may
 understand me and to be better for their experience,
 "Everyday in every way to experience the love in the world."
 Through time control?  Answer - "Yes," you can bet on it!
 It's powerful.
 Spending control
       Theory W represents the whys and ways of functional
 organization - the one aspect discussed below fits into a
 strategic view of organization with reconciliation with the
 formal and informal concepts of organization.
       Hours and dollars measure spending - those measures
 apply to any organization, including the individual as an
 organization, and as the member unit of the larger
 organization.
       Time. As an example of time spending, the time spent
 writing this copy is measured and reconciled in the table

 below.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 520

 Table 75 - Time spending checkbook
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Functional task             Day of the Week      Weeks'89
 ___________________________ ____________________ ________
 
 Verb       Noun         Act m  t  w  r  f  a  u  41 40 39
 __________ ____________ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 
 slow       activity     12  12 16 14 8              94 93
 improve    literacy     13        1                 1  3
 enlarge    scope        14  1  1  1  1              17 12
 attain     rank         15
 write      syllabi      17                       1
 write      dissertation 18  2  4     2              9  13
 prep       lessons      19  4     3  2              15 21
 facilitate learning     20  3  2  3  2  3        13 14 13
 maintain   assets       21                          2  1
 facilitate learning     22  1  1  2                 6  10
 write      material     23                          9
 supervise  workstudys   24  1                       1  1
 engage     seminars     25                             1
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: The above table sets forth (1) several functional
 tasks, (2) task numbers for identification, (3) a daily
 reconciliation for the current week, and (4) some weekly
 history by week number.  Week number 52 being the last week
 of the year.
       The above table deals with actual spending and does
 not display a plan of time spending.  Act number 15,
 however, is an exception, where the mere presence of the
 task indicates a desire to spend time and thus accomplish
 that task.  That particular variance would not escape the
 interested administrator.
       For the strategic administrator, attainment of the
 organization mission can use objectives like the above.
 Zero hours spent obviously will not attain objective number
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 528
 15.
       Another section of this dissertation explains the way
 in which individual acts are linked to the organization's
 mission.
       In summary, the individual worker can control actual
 time spending relative to the organization mission.  The
 visibility of planned and actual time spending promotes the
 attainment of the organization's mission.
       Dollars. An understanding of dollar spending in our
 society appears most vividly in the form of the universally
 available personal checkbook - the check size and format has
 a recognizable standard.  The color of the checks, the
 background scene, and the form of the checkbook can vary.
 Picture yourself visiting your local bank to open a new
 checking account.  The supplies which you receive are your
 spending control tools.  One tool of primary importance
 appears in the checkbook - the check register!  Spending
 control takes place at that point.
       The process of control takes place by subtracting
 actual from plan thus arriving at a variance, ranking the
 variance, and taking corrective action.  When dealing with a
 single checkbook, ranking does not apply.
       The personal check register usually has a periodic
 inflow of deposits.  This is viewed as a spending plan.  The
 checks that are written are the outflow.  Responsible
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 529
 individuals do not write checks without prearranging for the
 funds to be there when the checks clear.  This same process
 applies to all businesses and institutions - all
 organizations.
       Using this concept, large budget variances are
 impossible.  For example, anyone who wrote a check without
 sufficient funds becomes irresponsible and subject to
 organization disciplinary policy.  Many people need to be
 taught this straight forward, non-computerized spending
 control concept.  Responsible administrations easily arrange
 for the education of its workers - present and future.
       Application of the checkbook spending control concept
 to business and institutions involves the identification of
 the numerous forms of checks - perhaps a dozen.  They come
 in countless sizes, colors, and structure.  But each
 organization has a specific number of check forms - and not
 necessarily prenumbered.  The month-end personal bank
 statement equates with the large organization's general
 ledger and/or tailored budget report.  Note well that the
 computerized report point is not the point of spending
 control.
       In summary, time and dollars are the units of spending
 control.
       Administrative reporting. To strengthen organization
 responsibility and accountability, Theory W provides job
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 530
 descriptions consisting of tasks which support the
 organization mission.  Under Theory W, the worker reports
 resource allocation and productivity to administration for
 further reconciliation.
       The following initial view of weekly or other regular
 periodic reporting disregards the connection of job tasks to
 measurable objectives and to the organization mission.  Thus
 a simple checkbook reconciliation against a 40 hour
 workweek, a 168 hour lifeweek, or a list of assigned tasks
 provides quick and uncomplicated insight into the
 individual's resource allocation.  The topic of
 reconciliation or non"instant genius" provides realism for
 an otherwise instant gratification or shortcut work ethic
 culture.  Theory W can provide realistic insight into the
 resources required to accomplish an organization mission.
       In today's job culture, manager's must be prepared to
 train white collar employees to report resource allocation
 and productivity.  Theory W recommends that the manager do
 this training by example, i.e., the manager displays their
 own time checkbook and assists the employee to understand
 their most comfortable form of checkbook.  There are many

 ways to keep checkbooks.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 531

 Table 76 - Time Spending Checkbook in Whole Hours
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Functional task description         Routine hrs      Proj
 ___________________________________ _________________ ect
 
 Verb       Desc    Noun  1989   Act 41 38 37 36 35 34 hrs
 __________ _______ ____________ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___
 
 (1)
 prep               lessons      19  21 22 26 22 29 1
 facilitate class   learning     20  13 13 12 13 8
 facilitate office  learning     22  8  16 11 6  2
 write      BC      syllabi      17  1           18 15
 supervise          workstudys   24  1     3  2
 (2)
 write              dissertation 18  15 3  4  5     1
 enlarge    job     scope        14  7  6  14 12 6
 (3)
 improve    compute literacy     13  1        3  6  6
 support    offcamp courses      25     2  6  7        16
 attain     assoc   rank         15
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: As shown above, specific tasks can be grouped for
 emphasis.  For example, faculty tasks can be looked upon as
 three relationship groupings - tasks dealing with (1)
 students, (2) other faculty, and (3) administration.
 (Otto's BC hiring committee provided this 1-2-3 priority
 input.)
       Specific evidences of performance can then be counted
 against the time spent - a basic measure of productivity, if
 you will.
       Group (1) - Act 19,20.  Changed to an exam for each
 part in response to students and faculty.  Honed finance
 focus to calculation drill - numbers, numbers, numbers.  I
 continue to push critical thinking challenge at the
 students.  Midterm grades and book orders are due.
       Group (1) - Act 22.  Setup evening study for
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 532
 struggling finance students.  An `unknown' student is
 requesting me as adviser through Georgia.  Tieing into
 Econ's Wednesday noon WSJ sessions for stronger curriculum.
       Group (1) - Act 17.  Intend to review another B-policy
 text which was accepted as a transfer to BC.
       Group (1) - Act 24.  Output of a "Welcome to BC
 computing catalog coming into focus."  The objective is
 improvement of campus-wide literacy.
       Group (2) - Act 18.  Have generated dissertation
 information for mentor consideration.  Plan to assemble
 another mentor package over Break.
       Group (2) - Act 14.  Continuing discussion w/selected
 faculty on advisee course plans.  Will implement a simple
 backlog file instead of accepting every challenge which is
 directed from administration.  Am prospecting for business
 manager position principles.
       Group (3) - Act 13.  Coping with the new and varying
 BC computer systems.
       Group (3) - Act 25.  No post-mortem yet on lost AT&T
 bid.  Apparently BC is 50% overpriced in the local
 geographic adult continuing education market.  In a sense,
 administration wasted 16 hours of faculty time.
       Group (3) - Act 15.  I am not levering my time very
 well.  I think I need a three month review now that my
 contract has been voided.  What is my future contribution to
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 533
 BC?  How does BC excite workers to its organization mission?
 I need this BC situation as the "irritant" to produce the
 "cultured pearl" of my dissertation - perhaps a life-long
 dream.
       When managers cannot or will not broach accountability
 or responsibility criterion, the Theory W type worker can
 provide a bottom-up teach-by-doing exercise in addition to
 the worker's vested CYA interest.  Warning to the work
 oriented employee!  The accountable and responsible worker
 may not be wanted in a political organization.  Typically an
 organization whose managers and leaders decide to make
 decisions based upon formal organization position, social
 informal organization consensus, etc. - rather than on just
 plain logical support of the functional (unformal)
 organization mission are understandably threatened by an
 objectives oriented system.  The managerial practice of
 measured objectives takes intestinal fortitude - the above
 table is an example.  Another example is the adviser witness
 of the advisee's sequence of courses which supports the
 student's mission of graduation.
       Administration separation. Too many times, "Never the
 twaine shall meet."  The professors were merely labor to the
 following administration - yet the functional challenge was
 addressed and not forfeited.  "Many are called but few are
 chosen."  Better to define your individual interest than to
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 534

 give up one's growth avenue.

       Please consider my name as a prospective candidate for
    business manager.  I have several interests:
       1. As a senior faculty in Business Administration
    teaching the capping courses, I wish to reconcile what I
    teach to the students, with what the college organization
    is doing with its business department.
       2. As a PhD candidate writing my dissertation, I wish
    to integrate my research of Benedictine's mission,
    measurable objectives, and implementation, with the
    structure of the future business manager's job
    description.
       3. As an interested faculty, there is a possibility
    that some business manager functions could be tied more
    closely to faculty efforts.
       As a newly hired faculty in the midst of what you
    described as "these recent difficult weeks" - I wish to
    return the thanks of the Board with a sharing of my plans
    for continued fortitude and professionalism.  Because as
    the Board prays for us as the "front line," we must
    implement to "meet the daily challenge of translating the
    mission of our college into words and deeds."  I feel
    that I have been blessed to be employed by BC.
       Even though I am "the new kid on the block" I feel the
    family spirit of BC.  And I "expect the best" from myself
    and our working together family.  A working together
    family is another way of viewing an effective
    organization - something I know well from a full range
    career in Business, and now a building career in Higher
    Education.  Hopefully both to be complimented soon with
    the completion of my dissertation.
       I enclose recent evidence of my fortitude and
    professionalism, in the form of letters to the Circuit -
    one printed and the other two merely ideas for now.
       Now I look to Dr.James for the recognition and
    refinement of measurable objectives which support our
    mission.  In a way, I generate my own recognition by
    returning your thanks in this form.  And I newly fortify
    my work in search of refined objectives.  Currently that
    takes the form of integrating the July 1987 North Central
    Self-Study's expression of BC objectives into my
    dissertation.

       Variance analysis.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 535

 Table 77 - Week 4194 activity variance analysis
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Act Noun          Pre Done Consequence
 ___ _____________ ___ ____ ________________________________
 
  1  sleep          0  yes  sensical dreams
  2  exercise       1  yes  good progress
  3  maintenance    2  yes  slime tubes
  4  relatedness    3  yes  settled
  5  writing        4  yes  co-de closed
  6  dissertation   5  yes  post-mortem
                            use continue command
  7  job            6  no   bind books
  8  productivity   1  no   eating deviation
  9  closures       8  yes  challenges
  10 missings       9  yes  piano, umpire, daily writing hrs
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Not a satisfactory format nor impact.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 536

 Table 78 - Week 4294 activity variance analysis
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Act Noun          Pre Done Consequence
 ___ _____________ ___ ____ ________________________________
 
  1  sleep          0  yes  troubled dreams vs sweet dreams
                       4194 sensical dreams
  2  exercise       1  yes  tapered off yet into poly jeans
                       4194 good progress
  3  maintenance    2  yes  apartment and car vacuumed
                       4194 slime tubes
  4  relatedness    3  yes  expanding to more friends
                       4194 settled
  5  writing        4  yes  co-de closed
                       4194 personal growth in CHALL file
  6  dissertation   5  yes  conclude with continue command
                       4194 post-mortem
                       4194 use continue command
  7  job            6  yes  business card and brief to Lois
                       no   bind books
                       4194 bind books
  8  productivity   1  no   eating deviation heightened
                       4194 eating deviation
  9  closures       8  yes  more sleep accepted as ok
                            very good exercise although less
                            wash done, shoes polished
                            Rosemary and Irene bridge ties
                            writings tied to dissertation
                            CONCLUDE and FCDO worked
                            progress worked into Lois letter
                            exercise high led to eat high
                       4194 challenges
  10 wants          9  yes  substitute for eat high, no flab
                            daily writing hrs, piano, umpire
                       4194 piano, umpire, daily writing hrs
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: Too complex - in subsequent weeks, the history idea
 was dropped.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Time                                           Theory W 537

 Table 79 - Week 4394 activity variance analysis
 ____________________________________________________________
 
 Act Noun          Pre Done Consequence
 ___ _____________ ___ ____ ________________________________
 
  1  sleep          0  yes  thought provoking dreams
  2  exercise       1  yes  progress yet marginal health
  3  maintenance    2  yes  clothes and apartment bettered
  4  relatedness    3  yes  consider couple opportunities
  5  writing        4  yes  wed essay, stress essay
  6  dissertation   5  no   wisdom review waiting
  7  job            6  no   small controllership easiest?
                       no   bind books
  8  productivity   1  no   marginal health sleep needed
  9  closures       8  yes  cold sore and teeth may be well
                            excellent exercise
                            excellent home management
                            Rosemary bridge, Irene visit
                            firm life strategy coming
                            daily writing realized
                            resume circulation ready?
                            skip exercise after bike day
  10 wants          9  yes  Nancy and Harv life strategies
 ____________________________________________________________
 Note: As of 9542 the variance analysis concept is still not
 integrated with the closing of the weekly time records.