SEVR ANTLAŞMASI - İNGİLİZCE TAM METİN
The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920
Section I, Articles 1-226
THE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
AND TURKEY
THE BRITISH EMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY AND JAPAN,
These Powers being described in the present Treaty as the Principal
Allied Powers;
ARMENIA, BELGIUM, GREECE, THE HEDJAZ, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA,
THE SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE AND CZECHO-SLOVAKIA,
These Powers constituting, with the Principal Powers mentioned
above, the Allied Powers, of the one part;
AND TURKEY,
of the other part;
Whereas on the request of the Imperial Ottoman Government an
Armistice was granted to Turkey on October 30, 1918, by the Principal
Allied Powers in order that a Treaty of Peace might be concluded, and
Whereas the Allied Powers are equally desirous that the war in which
certain among them were successively involved, directly or indirectly,
against Turkey, and which originated in the declaration of war against
Serbia on July 28, I914, by the former Imperial and Royal
Austro-Hungarian Government, and in the hostilities opened by Turkey
against the Allied Powers on October 29, 1914, and conducted by Germany
in alliance with Turkey, should be replaced by a firm, just and durable
Peace,
For this purpose the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES have appointed as
their Plenipotentiaries:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND TIIE SEAS, EMPEROR OF
INDIA:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY:
HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN:
ARMENIA:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ROUMANIA:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS AND THE SLOVENES:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC:
TURKEY:
WHO, having communicated their full powers, found in good and due
form, have AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
From the coming into force of the present Treaty the state of war
will terminate.
From that moment and subject to the provisions of the present Treaty,
officiai relations will exist between the Allied Powers and Turkey.
PART I.
THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
ARTICLES 1 TO 26 AND ANNEX
Articles 1 - 30 and Annex
THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, In order to promote international
co-operation and to achieve international peace and security by the
acceptance of obligations not to resort to war by the prescription of
open, just and honourable relations between nations by the firm
establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual
rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice
and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
organised peoples with one another Agree to this Covenant of the League
of Nations.
ARTICLE 1.
ARTICLE 2.
ARTICLE 3.
ARTICLE 4.
ARTICLE 5.
ARTICLE 6.
ARTICLE 7.
ARTICLE 8.
ARTICLE 9.
ARTICLE 10.
ARTICLE 11.
ARTICLE 12.
ARTICLE 13.
ARTICLE 14.
ARTICLE 15.
ARTICLE 16.
Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its
covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed
to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League,
which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of
all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse
between their nations and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State,
and the prevention of all financial, commercial, or personal intercourse
between the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals
of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not. It shall be
the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several
Governments concerned what effective military, naval, or air force the
Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to
be used to protect the covenants of the League. The Members of the
League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in
the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article,
in order to minimise the loss and inconvenience resulting from the
above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in
resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the
covenant breaking State, and that they will take the necessary steps
to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the
Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants
of the League. Any Member of the League which has violated any
covenant of the League may be declared to be no longer a Member of the
League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of
all the other Members of the League represented thereon.
ARTICLE 17.
ARTICLE 18.
ARTICLE 19.
ARTICLE 20.
ARTICLE 21.
ARTICLE 22.
ARTICLE 23.
ARTICLE 24.
ARTICLE 25.
ARTICLE 26.
ANNEX.
I. ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS SIGNATORIES OF THE
TREATY OF PEACE.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, BRITISH EMPIRE,
CANADA, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA, NEW ZEALAND, INDIA, CHINA, CUBA,
ECUADOR, FRANCE, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HEDJAZ, HONDURAS, ITALY,
JAPAN, LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA,
SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, SIAM, CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, URUGUAY
STATES INVITED TO ACCEDE TO THE COVENANT.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, CHILE, COLOMBIA, DENMARK, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY,
PARAGUAY, PERSIA, SALVADOR, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, VENEZUELA.
II. FIRST SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The Honourable Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B.
PART II.
FRONTIERS OF TURKEY.
ARTICLE 27.
I. In Europe, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows:
1. The Black Sea: from the entrance of the Bosphorus to the point
described below.
2. With Greece:
From a point to be chosen on the Black Sea near the mouth of the
Biyuk Dere, situated about 7 kilometres north-west of Podima,
south-westwards to the most north-westerly point of the limit of the
basin of the Istranja Dere (about 8 kilometres northwest of Istranja),
a line to be fixed on the ground passing through Kapilja Dagh and
Uchbunar Tepe;
3. The Sea of Marmora:
from the point defined above to the entrance of the Bosphorus.
II. In Asia, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows:
1. On the West and South:
From the entrance of the Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmora to a
point described below, situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in
the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Alexandretta near Karatash Burun the
Sea of Marmora, the Dardanelles, and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea;
the islands of the Sea of Marmora, and those which are situated within
a distance of 3 miles from the coast, remaining Turkish, subject to the
provisions of Section IV and Articles 84 and 122, Part III (Political
Clauses).
2. With Syria:
From a point to be chosen on the eastern bank of the outlet of the
Hassan Dede, about 3 kilometres north-west of Karatash Bu- run,
north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak about
1 kilometre north of Babeli, a line to be fixed on the ground passing
north of Karatash; thence to Kesik Kale, the course of the Djaihun
Irmak upstream;
3. With Mesopotamia:
Thence in a general easterly direction to a point to be chosen on
the northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul,
4. On the East and the North East:
From the point above defined to the Black Sea, the existing frontier
between Turkey and Persia, then the former frontier between Turkey and
Russia, subject to the provisions of Article 89.
5. The Black Sea.
ARTICLE 28.
The frontiers described by the present Treaty are traced on the one
in a million maps attached to the present Treaty. In case of differences
between the text and the map, the text will prevail. [See Introduction.]
ARTICLE 29.
Boundary Commissions, whose composition is or will be fixed in the
present Treaty or in Treaties supplementary thereto, will have to
trace these frontiers on the ground.
They shall have the power, not only of fixing those portions which
are defined as "a line to be fixed on the ground," but also, if the
Commission considers it necessary, of revising in matters of detail
portions defined by administrative boundaries or otherwise. They shall
endeavour in all cases to follow as nearly as possible the descriptions
given in the Treaties, taking into account, as far as possible,
administrative boundaries and local economic interests.
The decisions of the Commissions will be taken by a majority, and
shall be binding on the parties concerned.
The expenses of the Boundary Commissions will be borne in equal
shares by the parties concerned.
ARTICLE 30.
In the absence of provisions to the contrary in the present Treaty,
islands and islets Iying within three miles of the coast are included
within the frontier of the coastal State.
ARTICLE 31.
The States concerned also undertake to instruct the local authorities
to communicate to the Commissions all documents, especially plans,
cadastral and land books, and to furnish on demand all details
regarding property, existing economic conditions, and other necessary
information.
ARTICLE 32.
In particular the Turkish Government undertakes to furnish to the
Principal Allied Powers such technical personnel as they may consider
necessary to assist the Boundary Commissions in the accomplishment of
their mission.
ARTICLE 33.
ARTICLE 34
ARTICLE 35.
PART III.
POLITICAL CLAUSES.
SECTION I.
CONSTANTINOPLE.
ARTICLE 36.
Nevertheless, in the event of Turkey failing to observe faithfully
the provisions of the present Treaty, or of any treaties or conventions
supplementary thereto, particularly as regards the protection of the
rights of racial, religious or linguistic minorities, the Allied Powers
expressly reserve the right to modify the above provisions, and Turkey
hereby agrees to accept any dispositions which may be taken in this
connection.
SECTION II .
STRAITS.
ARTICLE 37.
These waters shall not be subject to blockade, nor shall any
belligerent right be exercised nor any act of hostility be committed
within them, unless in pursuance of a decision of the Council of the
League of Nations.
ARTICLE 33.
The Greek Government, so far as it is concerned, delegates to the
Commission the same powers and undertakes to give it in all respects
the same facilities.
Such control shall be exercised in the name of the Turkish and Greek
Governments respectively, and in the manner provided in this Section.
ARTICLE 39.
This authority may be exercised on shore to such extent as may be
necessary for the execution of the provisions of this Section.
ARTICLE 40.
ARTICLE 41.
ARTICLE 42.
ARTICLE 43.
(a) the execution of any works considered necessary for the
improvement of the channels or the approaches to harbours;
ARTICLE 44.
ARTICLE 45.
ARTICLE 46.
The Commission will co-operate in the execution of any common policy
adopted by the League of Nations for preventing and combating disease.
ARTICLE 47.
ARTICLE 48.
ARTICLE 49.
In the portion of the said zone placed under Greek sovereignty such
infringements will be dealt with by the competent Greek judicial
authorities.
ARTICLE 50.
ARTICLE 51 .
ARTICLE 52.
ARTICLE 53.
For these purposes only and with the prior consent of the Council of
the League of Nations the Commission may also establish dues and
charges other than those now existing and fix their amounts.
ARTICLE 54.
This disposition does not affect the right of the Commission to fix
in accordance with tonnage the dues provided for by this Section.
ARTICLE 55.
ARTICLE 56.
ARTICLE 57.
(2) The passage of belligerent warships through the waters under the
control of the Commission shall be effected with the least possible
delay, and without any other interruption than that resulting from the
necessities of the service.
(3) The stay of such warships at ports within the jurisdiction of
the Commission shall not exceed twenty-four hours except in case of
distress. In such case they shall be bound to leave as soon as possible.
An interval of at least twenty-four hours shall always elapse between
the sailing of a belligerent ship from the waters under the control of
the Commission and the departure of a ship belonging to an opposing
belligerent.
(4) Any further regulations affecting in time of war the waters under
the control of the Commission, and relating in particular to the passage
of war material and contraband destined for the enemies of Turkey, or
revictualling, taking in stores or carrying out repairs in the said
waters, will be laid down by the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 58.
ARTICLE 59.
ARTICLE 60.
ARTICLE 61.
ANNEX
1. The Chairmanship of the Commission of the Straits shall be
rotatory for the period of two years among the members of the Commission
entitled to two votes.
The Commission shall take decisions by a majority vote and the Chairman
shall have a casting vote. Abstention shall be regarded as a vote
against the proposal under discussion.
Each of the Commissioners will have the right to designate a deputy
Commissioner to replace him in his absence.
2. The salary of each member of the Commission will be paid by the
Government which appointed him; these salaries will be fixed at
reasonable amounts agreed upon from time to time between the Governments
represented on the Commission.
3. The salaries of the police officers referred to in Article 48, of
such other officials and officers as may be appointed under Article 51,
and the pay of the local police referred to in Article 48, shall be
paid out of the receipts from the dues and charges levied on shipping.
The Commission shall frame regulations as to the terms and condltions
of employment of all officers and officials appointed.
4. The Commission shall have at its disposal such vessels as may be
necessary to enable it to carry out its functions as laid down in this
Section and Annex.
5. In order to carry out all the duties with which it is charged by
the provisions of this Section and Annex and within the limits therein
laid down the Commission will have the power to prepare, issue and
enforce the necessary regulations; this power will include the right
of amending so far as may be necessary or repealing the existing
regulations.
6. The Commission shall frame regulations as to the manner in which
the accounts of all revenues and expenditure of the funds under its
control shall be kept, the auditing of such accounts and the publication
every year of a full and accurate report thereof.
SECTION III.
KURDISTAN.
ARTICLE 62.
ARTICLE 63.
ARTICLE 64.
The detailed provisions for such renunciation will form the subject
of a separate agreement between the Principal Allied Powers and Turkey.
If and when such renunciation takes place, no objection will be
raised by the Principal Allied Powers to the voluntary adhesion to such
an independent Kurdish State of the Kurds inhabiting that part of
Kurdistan which has hitherto been included in the Mosul vilayet.
SECTION IV.
SMYRNA.
ARTICLE 65.
ARTICLE 66.
From the mouth of the river which flows into the Aegean Sea about
5 kilometres north of Skalanova, eastwards,
ARTICLE 67.
ARTICLE 68.
ARTICLE 69
ARTICLE 70.
ARTICLE 71.
ARTICLE 72.
The Greek Government shall be entitled to postpone the elections for
so long as may be required for the return of the inhabitants who have
been banished or deported by the Turkish authorities, but such
postponement shall not exceed a period of one year from the coming into
force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 73.
ARTICLE 74.
ARTICLE 75.
ARTICLE 76.
ARTICLE 77.
ARTICLE 78.
ARTICLE 79.
ARTICLE 80.
The provisions of Article 293, Part IX (Economic Clauses) will not
be applicable in the case of the said city and territory.
ARTICLE 8I.
If after the expiration of the period referred to in the preceding
paragraph Greece considers it opportuhe to effect changes in the
provisions above set forth, the salt marshes of Phocea will be treated
as a concession and the guarantees provided by Article 312, Part IX
(Economic Clauses) will apply, subject, however, to the provisions of
Article 246, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 82.
ARTICLE 83.
In the event of such incorporation as a result of the application
of the foregoing paragraph, the Turkish sovereignty referred to in
Article 69 shall cease. Turkey hereby renounces in that event in favour
of Greece all rights and title over the city of Smyrna and the territory
defined in Article 66.
SECTION V.
GREECE.
ARTICLE 84.
The islands of the Sea of Marmora are not included in the transfer
of sovereignty effected by the above paragraph.
Turkey further renounces in favour of Greece all her rights and
title over the islands of Imbros and Tenedos. The decision taken by
the Conference of Ambassadors at London in execution of Articles 5 of
the Treaty of London of May 17-30, 1913, and 15 of the Treaty of Athens
of November 1-14, 1913, and notified to the Greek Govermnent on
February 13, 1914, relating to the sovereignty of Greece over the other
islands of the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly Lemnos, Samothrace,
Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria, is confirmed, without prejudice to
the provisions of the present Treaty relating to the islands placed
under the sovereignty of Italy and referred to in Article 122, and to
the islands lying less than three miles fron the coast of Asia.
Nevertheless, in the portion of the zone of the Straits and the
islands, referred to in Article 178, which under the present Treaty
are placed under Greek sovereignty, Greece accepts and undertakes to
observe, failing any contrary stipulation in the present Treaty, all
the obligations which, in order to assure the freedom of the Straits,
are imposed by the present Treaty on Turkey in that portion of the
said zone, including the islands of the Sea of Marmora, which remains
under Turkish sovereignty.
ARTICLE 85.
ARTICLE 86.
Greece further accepts and agrees to embody in a separate Treaty
such provisions as may be deemed necessary to protect freedom of
transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of other nations.
ARTICLE 87.
Subsequent agreements will decide all questions which are not decided
by the present Treaty and which may arise in consequence of the transfer
of the said territories.
SECTION VI.
ARMENIA.
ARTICLE 88.
ARTICLE 89.
ARTICLE 90.
The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Turkey
which Armenia will have to assume, or of the rights which will pass to
her, on account of the transfer of the said territory will be determined
in accordance with Articles 241 to 244, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of
the present Treaty.
Subsequent agreements will, if necessary, decide all questions which
are not decided by the present Treaty and which may arise in consequence
of the transfer of the said territory.
ARTICLE 91.
ARTICLE 92.
If in either case the States concerned have failed to determine the
frontier by agreement at the date of the decision referred to in Article
89, the frontier line in question will be determined by the Pricipal
Allied Powers, who will also provide for its being traced on the spot.
ARTICLE 93.
Armenia further accepts and agrees to embody in a Treaty with the
Principal Allied Powers such provisions as these Powers may deem
necessary to protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment for the
commerce of other nations.
SECTION VII.
SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA, PALESTINE.
ARTICLE 94.
Part I (Covenant of the League of Nations), be provisionally
recognised as independent States subject to the rendering of
administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as
they are able to stand alone.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the coming
into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the frontier line
described in Article 27, II (2) and (3). This Commission will be
composed of three members nominated by France, Great Britain and Italy
respectively, and one member nominated by Turkey; it will be assisted
by a representative of Syria for the Syrian frontier, and by a
representative of Mesopotamia for the Mesopotamian frontier.
The determination of the other frontiers of the said States, and the
selection of the Mandatories, will be made by the Principal Allied Powers.
ARTICLE 95.
The Mandatory undertakes to appoint as soon as possible a special
Commission to study and regulate all questions and claims relating to
the different religious communities. In the composition of this
Commission the religious interests concerned will be taken into account.
The Chairman of the Commission will be appointed by the Council of the
League of Nations.
ARTICLE 96.
ARTICLE 97.
SECTION VIII.
HEDJAZ.
ARTICLE 98.
ARTICLE 99.
ARTICLE 100.
SECTION IX.
EGYPT, SOUDAN, CYPRUS.
I. EGYPT.
ARTICLE 101.
ARTICLE 102.
ARTICLE 103.
ARTICLE 104.
ARTICLE I05.
Option by a husband covers a wife and option by parents covers their
children under eighteen years of age.
Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must, except where
authorised to continue to reside in Egypt, transfer within the ensuing
twelve months their place of residence to the State for which they have
opted. They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in
Egypt, and may carry with them their movable property of every
description. No export or import duties or charges may be imposed upon
them in connection with the removal of such property.
ARTICLE 106.
ARTICLE 107.
ARTICLE 108.
ARTICLE 109.
ARTICLE 110.
ARTICLE 111 .
ARTICLE 112.
Great Britain undertakes to relieve Turkey of all liability in
respect of the Turkish loans secured on the Egyptian tribute.
These loans are:
The guaranteed loan of 1855;
Upon the extinction of these loans of 1894, 1891 and 1855, all
liability on the part of the Egyptian Government arising out of the
tribute formerly paid by Egypt to Turkey will cease.
2. SOUDAN.
ARTICLE 113.
ARTICLE 114.
3. CYPRUS
ARTICLE 115.
ARTICLE 116.
ARTICLE 117.
SECTION X.
MOROCCO, TUNIS.
ARTICLE 118.
ARTICLE 119.
ARTICLE 120.
Tunisian goods entering Turkey shall be subject to the same treatment
as French goods.
SECTION XI.
LIBYA, AEGEAN ISLANDS.
ARTICLE 121.
ARTICLE 122.
SECTION Xll.
NATIONALITY.
ARTICLE 123.
ARTICLE 124.
ARTICLE 125.
ARTICLE 126.
They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the
territory of the other State where they had their place of residence
before exercising their right to opt.
They may carry with them their movable property of every description.
No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in connection with
the removal of such property.
ARTICLE 127.
In particular, Turkey undertakes to facilitate by every means in her
power the voluntary emigration of persons desiring to avail themselves
of the right to opt provided by Article 125, and to carry out any
measures which may be prescribed with this object by the Council of
the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 128.
In particular, persons who before the coming into force of the
present Treaty have acquired the nationality of one of the Allied
Powers in accordance with the law of such Power shall be recognised by
the Turkish Government as nationals of such Power and as having lost
their Turkish nationality, notwithstanding any provisions of Turkish
law to the contrary. No confiscation of property or other penalty
provided by Turkish law shall be incurred on account of the acquisition
of any such nationality.
ARTICLE 129.
ARTICLE 130.
ARTICLE 131.
SECTION XIII.
GENERAL PROVISIONS.
Turkey undertakes to recognise and conform to the measures which may
be taken now or in the future by the Principal Allied Powers, in
agreement where necessary with third Powers, in order to carry the above
stipulation into effect.
ARTICLE 133.
ARTICLE 134.
ARTICLE 135.
Turkey acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent and inalienable
the independence of the said States.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 259, Part VIII
(Financial Clauses), and Article 277, Part IX (Economic Clauses), of
the present Treaty, Turkey accepts definitely the abrogation of the
Brest-Litovsk Treaties and of all treaties conventions and agreements
entered into by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia.
ARTICLE 136.
The scheme prepared by the Commission will be submitted to the
Governments of the Allied and neutral Powers concerned. As soon as the
Principal Allied Powers have approved the scheme they will inform the
Turkish Government, which hereby agrees to accept the new system.
The Principal Allied Powers reserve the right to agree among
themselves, and if necessary with the other Allied or neutral Powers
concerned, as to the date on which the new system is to come into force.
ARTICLE 137.
ARTICLE 138.
ARTICLE 139.
No power shall be exercised directly or indirectly by any Turkish
authority whatever in any territory detached from Turkey or of which
the existing status under the present Treaty is recognised by Turkey.
PART IV.
PROTECTION OF MINORITIES.
ARTICLE 140.
ARTICLE 141.
All inhabitants of Turkey shall be entitled to the free exercise,
whether public or private, of any creed, religion or belief.
The penalties for any interference with the free exercise of the
right referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the same
whatever may be the creed concerned.
ARTICLE 142.
In order to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on
individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey during
the war, the Turkish Government undertakes to afford all the assistance
in its power or in that of the Turkish authorities in the search for
and deliverance of all persons, of whatever race or religion, who have
disappeared, been carried off, interned or placed in captivity since
November 1, 1914.
The Turkish Government undertakes to facilitate the operations of
mixed commissions appointed by the Council of the League of Nations to
receive the complaints of the victims themselves, their families or
their relations, to make the necessary enquiries, and to order the
liberation of the persons in question.
The Turkish Government undertakes to ensure the execution
of the decisions of these commissions, and to assure the security and
the liberty of the persons thus restored to the full enjoyment of their
rights.
ARTICLE 143
Turkey renounces any right to avail herself of the provisions of
Article I6 of the Convention between Greece and Bulgaria relating to
reciprocal emigration, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine on November 27, 19l9.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty,
Greece and Turkey will enter into a special arrangement relating to
the reciprocal and voluntary emigration of the populations of Turkish
and Greek race in the territories transferred to Greece and remaining
Turkish respectively.
In case agreement cannot be reached as to such arrangement, Greece
and Turkey will be entitled to apply to the Council of the League of
Nations, which will fix the terms of such arrangement.
ARTICLE 144.
The Turkish Government solemnly undertakes to facilitate to the
greatest possible extent the return to their homes and re-establishment
in their businesses of the Turkish subjects of non-Turkish race who have
been forcibly driven from their homes by fear of massacre or any other
form of pressure since January 1, 1914. It recognises that any immovable
or movable property of the said Turkish subjects or of the communities
to which they belong, which can be recovered, must be restored to them
as soon as possible, in whatever hands it may be found. Such property
shall be restored free of all charges or servitudes with which it may
have been burdened and without compensation of any kind to the present
owners or occupiers, subject to any action which they may be able to
bring against the persons from whom they derived title.
The Turkish Government agrees that arbitral commissions shall be
appointed by the Council of the League of Nations wherever found
necessary. These commissions shall each be composed of one representative
of the Turkish Government, one representative of the community which
claims that it or one of its members has been injured, and a ehairman
appointed by the Council of the League of Nations. These arbitral
commissions shall hear all claims covered by this Article and decide
them by summary procedure.
The arbitral commissions will have power to order:
(1) The provision by the Turkish Government of labour for any work
of reconstruction or restoration deemed necessary. This labour shall
be recruited from the races inhabiting the territory where the arbitral
commission considers the execution of the said works to be necessary;
(2) The removal of any person who, after enquiry, shall be recognised
as having taken an active part in massacres or deportations or as having
provoked them; the measures to be taken with regard to such person's
possessions will be indicated by the commission;
(3) The disposal of property belonging to members of a community who
have died or disappeared since January 1, 1914, without leaving heirs;
such property may be handed over to the community instead of to the
State,
(4) The cancellation of all acts of sale or any acts creating rights
over immovable property concluded after January 1, I914. The
indemnification of the holders will be a charge upon the Turkish
Government, but must not serve as a pretext for delaying the restitution.
The arbitral commission will, however have the power to impose equitable
arrangements between the interested parties, if any sum has been paid
by the present holder of such property.
The Turkish Government undertakes to facilitate in the fullest
possible measure the work of the commissions and to ensure the execution
of their decisions, which will be final. No decision of the Turkish
judicial or administrative authorities shall prevail over such decisions.
ARTICLE 145.
Difference of religion, creed or confession shall not prejudice any
Turkish national in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or
political rights, as for instance admission to public employments,
functions and honours, or the exercise of professions and industries.
Within a period of two years from the coming into force of the
present Treaty the Turkish Government will submit to the Allied Powers
a scheme for the organisation of an electoral system based on the
principle of proportional representation of racial minorities.
No restriction shall be imposed on the free use by any Turkish
national of any language in private intercourse, in commerce, religion,
in the press or in publications of any kind, or at public meetings.
Adequate facilities shall be given to Turkish nationals of non-Turkish
speech for the use of their language, either orally or in writing,
before the courts.
ARTICLE 146.
This provision will apply equally to nationals of Allied powers who
are resident in Turkey.
ARTICLE 147.
ARTICLE 148.
The sums in question shall be paid to the qualified representatives
of the communities concerned.
ARTICLE 149.
All laws, decrees, regulations and circulars issued by the Turkish
Government and containing abrogations, restrictions or amendments of
such prerogatives and immunities shall be considered to such extent
null and void.
Any modification of the Turkish judical system which may be
introduced in accordance with the provisions of the present Treaty
shall be held to override this Article, in so far as such modification
may affect individuals belonging to racial minorities.
ARTICLE 150.
ARTICLE 151.
PART V.
MILITARY, NAVAL AND AIR CLAUSES.
In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation
of the armaments of all nations, Turkey undertakes strictly to observe
the military, naval and air clauses which follow.
SECTION I.
MILITARY CLAUSES.
CHAPTER I. GENERAL CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 152.
(I) The Sultan's bodyguard;
(2) Troops of gendarmerie, intended to maintain order and security
in the interior and to ensure the protection of minorities;
(3) Special elements intended for the reinforcement of the troops
of gendarmerie in case of serious trouble, and eventually to ensure
the control of the frontiers.
ARTICLE 153.
CHAPTER II.
EFFECTIVES, ORGANISATION AND CADRES OF THE TURKISH ARMED FORCE.
ARTICLE 154.
ARTICLE 155.
ARTICLE 156.
A legion of gendarmerie, composed of mounted and unmounted troops,
provided with machine guns and with administrative and medical services
will be organised in each territorial region, it will supply in the
vilayets, sandjaks, cazas, etc., the detachments necessary for the
organisation of a fixed protective service, mobile reserves being at
its disposal at one or more points within the region.
On account of their special duties, the legions shall not include
either artillery or technical services.
The total strength of the legions shall not exceed 35,000 men, to
be included in the total strength of the armed force provided for in
Article 155.
The maximum strength of any one legion shall not exceed one quarter
of the total strength of the legions.
The elements of any one legion shall not be employed outside the
territory of their region, except by special authorisation from the
Inter-Allied Commission provided for in Article 200.
ARTICLE 157.
The number of such reinforcements for any one legion shall not
exceed one third of the whole strength of these elements without the
special authority of the Inter-Allied Commission provided for in
Article 200.
The proportion of the various arms and services entering into the
composition of these special elements is laid down in Table II annexed
to this Section.
Their quartering will be fixed as provided in Article 200.
ARTICLE 158.
ARTICLE 159.
ARTICLE 160.
ARTICLE 161.
ARTICLE 162.
The various formations, staffs and administrative services shall
not, in any case, include supplementary cadres.
ARTICLE 163.
ARTICLE 164.
The suppression of existing formations which are in excess of the
authorised strength of 50,000 men (not including the Sultan's
bodyguard) shall be effected progressively from the date of the
signature of the present Treaty, in such manner as to be completed
within six months at the latest after the coming into force of the
Treaty, in accordance with the provisions of Article 158.
The number of offficers, or persons in the position of offficers,
in the War Ministry and the Turkish General Staff, as well as in the
administrations attached to them, shail, within the same period, be
reduced to the establishment considered by the Commission referred to
in Article 200 as strictly necessary for the good working of the general
services of the armed Turkish force, this establishment being included
in the maximum figure laid down in Article 158.
CHAPTER III.
RECRUITING.
ARTICLE 165.
Enlistment shall be open to all subjects of the Turkish State equally,
without distinction of race or religion.
As regards the legions referred to in Article 156, their system of
recruiting shall be in principle regional, and so regulated that the
Moslem and non-Moslem elements of the population of each region may be,
so far as possible, represented on the strength of the corresponding
legion.
The provisions of the preceding paragraphs apply to offficers as well
as to men.
ARTICLE 166.
The annual replacement of men released from service for any reason
whatever before the expiration of their term of engagement shall not
exceed five per cent. of the total effectives fixed hy Article 155.
ARTICLE 167.
Officers at present serving in the army or the gendarmerie who are
retained in the new armed force must undertake to serve at least up to
the age of forty-five.
Offficers at present serving in the army or the gendarmerie who are
not admitted to the new armed force shall be definitely released from
all military obligations, and must not take part in any military
exercises, theoretical or practical.
Officers newly-appointed must undertake to serve on the active list
for at least twenty-five consecutive years.
The annual replacement of officers leaving the service for any cause
before the expiration of their term of engagement shall not exceed five
per cent. of the total effectives of officers provided by Article 158.
CHAPTER IV.
SCHOOLS, EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, MILITARY CLASS AND SOCIETIES
ARTICLE 168.
school for officers;
ARTICLE 169.
CHAPTER V.
CUSTOMS OFFICIALS, LOCAL URBAN AND RURAL POLICE, FOREST GUARDS.
ARTICLE 170.
The number of these officials may only be increased in the future
in proportion to the increase of population in the localities or
municipalities which employ them.
These employees and officials, as well as those employed in the
railway service, must not be assembled for the purpose of taking part
in any military exercises.
CHAPTER VI.
ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS AND MATERIAL
ARTICLE 171 .
ARTICLE 172
ARTICLE 173.
The Principal Allied Powers will decide what is to be done with this
material.
ARTICLE 174.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
all other establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage or
design of arms, munitions or any war material shall be abolished or
converted to purely commercial uses.
The same will apply to all arsenals other than those utilised as
depots for the authorised stocks of munitions.
The plant of establishments or arsenals in excess of that required
for the authorised manufacture shall be rendered useless or converted
to purely commercial uses, in accordance with the decisions of the
Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control referred to in Article 200.
ARTICLE 175
The manufacture for foreign countries and the exportation of arms,
munitions and war material of any description is also forbidden.
ARTICLE 176.
Material specially intended for the manufacture, storage or use of
the said products or processes is equally forbidden.
The manufacture and importation into Turkey of armoured cars, tanks
or any other similar machines suitable for use in war are equally
forbidden.
CHAPTER VII.
FORTIFICATIONS
ARTICLE 177.
Outside this zone, and subject to the provisions of Article 89, the
existing fortified works may be preserved in their present condition,
but will be disarmed within the same period of three months.
CHAPTER VIII.
MAINTENANCE OF THE FREEDOM OF THE STRAITS
ARTICLE 178.
(I) Within three months from the coming into force of the present
Treaty, all works, fortifications and batteries within the zone defined
in Article 179 and comprising the coast and islands of the Sea of
Marmora and the coast of the Straits, also those in the Islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, Tenedos and Mitylene, shall be disarmed and
demolished.
The reconstruction of these works and the construction of similar
works are forbidden in the above zone and islands. France, Great
Britain and Italy shall have the right to prepare for demolition any
existing roads and railways in the said zone and in the islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, and Tenedos which allow of the rapid
transport of mobile batteries, the construction there of such roads and
railways remaining forbidden.
In the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace and Tenedos the
construction of new roads or railways must not be undertaken except
with the authority of the three Powers mentioned above.
(2) The measures prescribed in the first paragraph of (I) shall be
executed by and at the expense of Greece and Turkey as regards their
respective territories, and under control as provided in Article 203.
(3) The territories of the zone and the islands of Lemnos, Imbros,
Samothrace, Tenedos, and Mitylene shall not be used for military
purposes, except by the three Allied Powers referred to above, acting
in concert. This provision does not exclude the employment in the said
zone and islands of forces of Greek and Turkish gendarmerie, who will
be under the Inter-Allied command of the forces of occupation, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 161, nor the maintenance of
a garrison of Greek troops in the island of Mitylene, nor the presence
of the Sultan's bodyguard referred to in Article 152.
(4) The said Powers, acting in concert, shall have the right to
maintain in the said territories and islands such military and air
forces as they may consider necessary to prevent any action being taken
or prepared which might directly or indirectly prejudice the freedom of
the Straits.
This supervision will be carried out in naval matters by a
guard-ship belonging to each of the said Allied Powers.
The forces of occupation referred to above may, in case of necessity,
exercise on land the right of requisition, subject to the same
conditions as those laid down in the Regulations annexed to the Fourth
Hague Convention, 1907, or any other Convention replacing it to which
all the said Powers are parties. Requisitions shall, however, only be
made against payment on the spot.
ARTICLE 179.
(I) In Europe:
From Karachali on the Gulf of Xeros north-eastwards,
(2) In Asia:
From a point to be determined by the Principal Allied Powers between
Cape Dahlina and Kemer Iskele on the gulf of Adramid east-north-eastwards,
a line passing south of Kemer Iskele and Kemer together with the road
joining these places;
ARTICLE 180.
SECTION II.
NAVAL CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 181.
Turkey will, however, retain the right to maintain along her coasts
for police and fishery duties a number of vessels which shall not
exceed:
7 sloops,
SLOOPS
Aidan Reis. Hizir Reis. Burock Reis. Kemal Reis.
Sakis. Issa Reis. Prevesah.
TORPEDO-BOATS
Sisri Hissar. Moussoul.
Sultan Hissor. Ack Hissar. Drach.
Younnous.
The authority established for the control of customs will be entitled
to appeal to the three Allied Powers referred to in Article 178 in order
to obtain a more considerable force, if such an increase is considered
indispensable for the satisfactory working of the services concerned.
Sloops may carry a light armament of two guns inferior to 77 m /m.
and two machine guns. Torpedo-boats (or patrol launches) may carry a
light armament of one gun inferior to 77 m/m. All the torpedoes and
torpedo-tubes on board will be removed.
ARTICLE 182.
The vessels intended for replacement purposes shall not exceed: 600
tons in the case of sloops;
l00 tons in the case of patrol launches.
Except where a ship has been lost, sloops and torpedo-boats shall
only be replaced after a period of twenty years, counting from the
launching of the ship.
ARTICLE 183.
Rechid Pasha (late Port Antonio).
Bosphorus ferry-boats Nos. 60, 61, 63 and 70.
ARTICLE 184.
The work of breaking up these vessels shall be commenced on the
coming into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 185.
ARTICLE 186.
ARTICLE 187.
The manufacture of these articles in Turkish territory for, and their
export to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.
All other stocks, depots or reserves of arms, munitions or naval war
material of all kinds are forbidden.
ARTICLE 188.
Within two months from the time when the above number is fixed, the
personnel of the former Turkish Navy in excess of this number shall be
demobilised.
No naval or military corps or reserve force in connection with the
Turkish Marine may be organised in Turkey without being included in
the above strength.
ARTICLE 189.
The number engaged to replace those discharged for any reason other
than the expiration of their term of service must not exceed five per
cent. per annum of the total personnel fixed by the Naval Inter-Allied
Commission of Control.
The personnel discharged from the former Turkish Navy must not
receive any kind of naval or military training.
Officers belonging to the former Turkish Navy and not demobilised
must undertake to serve till the age of forty-five, unless discharged
for sufficient reason.
Officers and men belonging to the Turkish mercantile marine must not
receive any kind of naval or military training.
ARTICLE 190.
SECTION III.
AIR CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 19l.
No dirigible shall be kept.
ARTICLE 192.
ARTICLE 193.
ARTICLE 194.
ARTICLE 195.
Delivery must be completed within six months and must be effected
at such places as may be appointed by the Aeronautical Inter-Allied
Commission of Control. The Governments of the Principal Allied Powers
will decide as to the disposal of this material.
In particular, this material will include all items under the
following heads which are or have been in use or were designed for
warlike purposes.
Complete aeroplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured,
repaired or assembled.
Dirigibles able to take the air, being manufactured, repaired or
assembled.
Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.
Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Turkey be
maintained inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of
hydrogen, as well as the sheds for dirigibles, may, at the discretion
of the said Powers, be left to Turkey until the dirigibles are handed
over.
Engines for aircraft.
SECTION IV.
INTER-ALLIED COMMISSIONS OF CONTROL AND ORGANISATION.
ARTICLE 196.
The above-mentioned Commissions will represent the Principal Allied
Powers in dealing with the Turkish Government in all matters relating
to the execution of the military, naval or air clauses. They will
communicate to the Turkish authorities the decisions which the
Principal Allied Powers have reserved the right to take, or which the
execution of the said clauses may necessitate.
ARTICLE 197.
ARTICLE 198.
The Turkish Government shall attach a qualified representative to
each Commission for the purpose of receiving all communications which
the Commission may have to address to the Turkish Government, and of
supplying or procuring for the Commission all information or documents
which may be required.
ARTICLE 199.
ARTICLE 200.
(l) As the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control it will be
its special duty:
(a) To fix the number of customs officials, local urban and rural
police, forest guards and other like officials which Turkey will be
authorised to maintain in accordance with Article 170.
(b) To receive from the Turkish Government the notifications relating
to the location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the armament of
the fortified works, fortresses and forts, the situation of the works
or factories for the production of arms, munitions and war material and
their operations.
(c) To take delivery of the arms, munitions, war material and plant
intended for manufacture of the same, to select the points where such
delivery is to be effected, and to supervise the works of rendering
things useless and of conversion provided for by the present Treaty.
(2) As the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Organisation it will
be its special duty:
(a) To proceed, in collaboration with the Turkish Government, with
the organisation of the Turkish armed force upon the basis laid down
in Chapters I to IV, Section I of this Part, with the delimitation of
the territorial regions provided for in Article 156, and with the
distribution of the troops of gendarmerie and the special elements for
reinforcement between the different territorial regions;
(b) To control the conditions for the employment, as laid down in
Articles 156 and I57, of these troops of gendarmerie and these elements,
and to decide what effect shall be given to requests of the Turkish
Government for the provisional modification of the normal distribution
of these forces determined in conformity with the said Articles;
(c) To determine the proportion by nationality of the Allied and
neutral officers to be engaged to serve in the Turkish gendarmerie
under the conditions laid down in Article 159, and to lay down the
conditions under which they are to participate in the different duties
provided for them in the said Article.
ARTICLE 201.
The Turkish Government must furnish to the Naval Inter-Allied
Commission of Control all such information and documents as the latter
may deem necessary to ensure the complete execution of the naval clauses
, in particular the designs of the warships, the composition of their
armaments, the details and models of the guns, munitions, torpedoes,
mines, explosives, wireless telegraphic apparatus and in general
everything relating to naval war material, as well as all legislative
or administrative documents and regulations.
ARTICLE 202.
The Turkish Government must furnish to the Aeronautical Inter-Allied
Commission of Control all such information and legislative,
administrative or other documents as the Commission may consider
necessary to ensure the complete execution of the air clauses, and in
particular a list of the personnel belonging to all the Turkish air
services and of the existing material as well as of that in process of
manufacture or on order, and a complete list of all establishments
working for aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing
grounds.
ARTICLE 203.
ARTICLE 204.
ARTICLE 205.
The same will apply to the section of the Military Inter-Allied
Commission entrusted with the functions of control prescribed in Article
200 (1).
The section of the said Commission entrusted with the organisation
of the new Turkish armed force as provided in Article 200 (2) will
operate for five years from the coming into force of the present
Treaty. The Principal Allied Powers reserve the right to decide, at
the end of this period, whether it is desirable to maintain or suppress
this section of the said Commission.
SECTION V.
GENERAL PROVISIONS.
ARTICLE 206.
ARTICLE 207.
The Allied Powers undertake on their part that from the coming into
force of the present Treaty they will neither enlist in their armies,
fleets or air services nor attach to them any Turkish national with the
object of helping in military training, or in general employ any
Turkish national as a military, naval or air instructor.
The present provision does not, however, affect the right of France
to recruit for the Foreign Legion in accordance with French military
laws and regulations.
PART VI.
PRISONERS OF WAR AND GRAVES.
>p>SECTION I.
PRISONERS OF WAR.
ARTICLE 208.
ARTICLE 209.
Those among them who, before the war, were habitually resident in
territory occupied by the troops of the Allied Powers are likewise to
be sent to their homes, subject to the consent and control of the
military authorities of the Allied armies of occupation.
ARTICLE 210.
ARTICLE 211.
This stipulation shall not apply to prisoners of war and interned
civilians punished for offences committed subsequent to June 15, 1920.
During the period pending their repatriation, all prisoners of war
and interned civilians shall remain subject to the existing regulations,
more especially as regards work and discipline.
ARTICLE 212.
ARTICLE 213.
Prisoners of war or Turkish nationals who do not desire to be
repatriated may be excluded from repatriation; but the Allied Governments
reserve to themselves the right either to repatriate them or to take
them to a neutral country or to allow them to reside in their own
territories.
The Turkish Government undertakes not to institute any exceptional
proceedings against these persons or their families nor to take any
repressive or vexatious measures of any kind whatsoever against them
on this account.
ARTICLE 214.
ARTICLE 2I5.
(I) To give every facility to Commissions entrusted by the Allied
Powers with the search for the missing or the identification of Allied
nationals who have expressed their desire to remain in Turkish territory;
to furnish such Commissions with all necessary means of transport; to
allow them access to camps, prisons, hospitals and all other places;
and to place at their disposal all documents whether public or private
which would facilitate their enquiries;
(2) To impose penalties upon any Turkish officials or private persons
who have concealed the presence of any nationals of any of the Allied
Powers, or who have neglected to reveal the presence of any such after
it had come to their knowledge;
ARTICLE 217.
SECTION II.
GRAVES.
ARTICLE 218.
The Greek Government undertakes to fulfil the same obligation so far
as concerns the portion of the zone of the Straits and the islands
placed under its sovereignty.
ARTICLE 219.
The said land will include in particular the land in the Gallipoli
Peninsula shown on map No. 3 [see Introduction]; the limits of this
land will be notified to the Greek Government as provided in the
preceding paragraph. The Government in whose favour the transfer is
made undertakes not to employ the land, nor to allow it to be employed,
for any purpose other than that to which it is dedicated. The shore may
not be employed for any military, marine or commercial purpose.
ARTICLE 220.
ARTICLE 221.
These Commissions or organisations shall be officially recognised
by the Turkish Government and the Greek Government respectively. They
shall have the right to undertake any exhumations or removal of bodies
which they may consider necessary in order to concentrate the graves
and establish cemeteries; the remains of soldiers or sailors may not be
exhumed, on any pretext whatever, without the authority of the
Commission or organisation of the Government concerned.
ARTICLE 222.
The Turkish Government and the Greek Government respectively
undertake to afford to the British, French and Italian Governments all
necessary facilities for obtaining a sufficient water supply for the
requirements of the staff engaged in the maintenance or protection of
the said cemeteries or memorials, and for the irrigation of the land.
ARTICLE 223.
ARTICLE 224.
ARTICLE 225.
(1) A complete list of those who have died, together with all
information useful for identification
(2) All information as to the number and position of the graves of
all those who have been buried without identification.
TO BE CONTINUED
> SEVR ANTLAŞMASI / 2 - İNGİLİZCE TAM METİN < >NUTUK'TA LOZAN BARIŞI < > LOZAN BARIŞI < >1. DÜNYA SAVAŞI ANTLAŞMALARI - İNGİLİZCE TAM METİNLER < > İÇİNDEKİLER <
(from: The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Vol. II, Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, New York, 1924.)
SIGNED AT SÈVRES , AUGUST 10, 1920
Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of
His Britannic Majesty at Paris;
for the DOMINION of CANADA:
The Honourable Sir George Halsey PERLEY, K.C. M. G
High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom;
for the COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA:
The Right Honourable Andrew FISHER, High Commissioner for Australia
in the United Kingdom;
for the DOMINION of NEW ZEALAND:
Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of
His Britannic Majesty at Paris;
for the UNION of SOUTH AFRICA:
Mr. Reginald Andrew BLANKENBERG, O. B. E., Acting High Commissioner
for the Union of South Africa in the United Kingdom;
for INDIA:
Sir Arthur HIRTZEL, K. C. B., Assistant Under Secretary of State for
India;
Mr. Alexandre MILLERAND, President of the Council, Minister for
Foreign Affairs
Mr. Frederic FRANÇOIS-MARSAL, Minister of Finance
Mr. Auguste Paul-Louis ISAAC, Minister of Commerce and Industry;
Mr. Jules CAMBON, Ambassador of France
Mr. Georges Maurice PALÉOLOGUE, Ambassador of France,
Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
Count LELIO BONIN LONGARE, Senator of the Kingdom
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Italy at Paris
General Giovanni MARIETTI, Italian Military Representative on the Supreme War Council;
Viscount CHINDA, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London;
Mr. K. MATSUI, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris;
Mr. Avetis AHARONIAN, President of the Delegation of the Armenian
Republic;
Mr. Jules VAN DEN HEUVEL, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary, Minister of State;
Mr. ROLIN JAEQUEMYNS, Member of the Institute of Private
International Law, Secretary-General of the Belgian Delegation;
Mr. Eleftherios K. VENIZELOS, President of the Council of Ministers;
Mr. Athos ROMANOS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of H. M. the King of the Hellenes at Paris;
Count Maurice ZAMOYSKI, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of the Polish Republic at Paris;
Mr. Erasme PILTZ;
Dr. Affonso da COSTA, formerly President of the Council of
Ministers;
Mr. Nicolae TITULESCU, Minister of Finance;
Prince DIMITRIE GHIKA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Roumania at Paris;
Mr. Nicolas P. PACHITCH, formerly President of the Council of
Ministers;
Mr. Ante TRUMBIC, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Mr. Edward BENES, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Mr. Stephen OSUSKY, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of the Czecho-Slovak Republic at London;
General HAADI Pasha, Senator;
RIZA TEVFIK Bey, Senator;
RECHAD HALISS Bey, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of Turkey at Berne;
The Covenant of the League of Nations
The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the
Signatories which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also
such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede without
reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a
Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the
coming into force of the Covenant Notice thereof shall be sent to all
other Members of the League. Any fully self- governing State, Dominion,
or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of the League if
its admission is agreed to by two- thirds of the Assembly provided that
it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe
its international obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may
be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval, and air
forces and armaments. Any Member of the League may, after two years'
notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League, provided
that all its international obligations and all its obligations under
this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected
through the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a
permanent Secretariat.
The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the
League. The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to
time as occasion may require at the Seat of the League or at such other
place as may be decided upon. The Assembly may deal at its meetings
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the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the
League shall have one vote, and may not have more than three
Representatives.
The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers, together with Representatives of four
other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be
selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the
appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League
first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil,
Spain, and Greece shall be members of the Council. With the approval
of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional
Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of
the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of
Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation
on the Council. The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion
may require, and at least once a year, at the Seat of the League, or
at such other place as may be decided upon. The Council may deal at
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League represented on the Council shall have one vote, and may have not
more than one Representative.
Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the
terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly
or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of the
League represented at the meeting. All matters of procedure at meetings
of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of
Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the
Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the
Members of the League represented at the meeting. The first meeting of
the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by
the President of the United States of America.
The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the
League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such
secretaries and staff as may be required. The first Secretary General
shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary
General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the
majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat
shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the
Council. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all
meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. The expenses of the
Secretariat shall be borne by the Members of the League in accordance
with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of
the Universal Postal Union.
The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. The Council may
at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established
elsewhere. All positions under or in connection with the League,
including he Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.
Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the
League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy
diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property
occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives attending
its meetings shall be inviolable.
The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace
requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point
consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action
of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the
geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate
plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the
several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration
and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have
been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments
therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the
Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by
private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave
objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant
upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the
necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to
manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their
safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and
frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military,
naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries
as are adaptable to war-like purposes.
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council
on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military,
naval, and air questions generally.
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as
against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing
political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any
such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression
the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall
be fulfilled.
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the
Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern
to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be
deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case
any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the
request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the
Council. It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member
of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the
Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations
which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding
between nations upon which peace depends.
The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between
them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the
matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they
agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award
by the arbitrators or the report by the Council. In any case under this
Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable
time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months
after the submission of the dispute.
The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall
arise between them which they recognise to be suitable for submission
to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy,
they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration. Disputes as
to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international
law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would
constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
extent and nature of the reparation to be made or any such breach, are
declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
to arbitration. For the consideration of any such dispute the court of
arbitration to which the case is referred shall be the Court agreed on
by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing
between them. The Members of the League agree that they will carry out
in full good faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will
not resort to war against a Member of the League which complies
therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award, the
Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.
The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League
for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of
International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and
determine any dispute of an international character which the parties
thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon
any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the
Assembly.
If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute
likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in
accordance with Article 13, the Members of the League agree that they
will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may
effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute
to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary arrangements for
a full investigation and consideration thereof. For this purpose the
parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as
promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant
facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication
thereof. The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the
dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made
public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the
terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate. If
the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by
a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement
of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed
just and proper in regard thereto Any Member of the League represented
on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute
and of its conclusions regarding the same. If a report by the Council
is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the
Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the
Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any
party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the
report. If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously
agreed to by the members thereof, other than the Representatives of
one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League
reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall
consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. If the
dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found
by the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is
solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council
shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.
The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to
the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either
party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within
fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council. In
any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article
and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the Council
shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a
report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives
of those Members of the League represented on the Council and of a
majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in each case of
the Representatives of the parties to the dispute shall have the same
force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members
thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties
to the dispute.
In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a
State which is not a Member of the League, or between States not
Members of the League, the State or States, not Members of the League
shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League
for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council
may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of
Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications
as may be deemed necessary by the Council. Upon such invitation being
given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the
circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best
and most effectual in the circumstances. If a State so invited shall
refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the
purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of
the League, the provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as against
the State taking such action. If both parties to the dispute when so
invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League
for the purpose of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and
make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result
in the settlement of the dispute.
Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by
any Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the
Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such
treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.
The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by
Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and
the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might
endanger the peace of the world.
The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is
accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which
are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that
they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with
the terms thereof. In case any Member of the League shall, before
becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations
inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of
such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such
obligations.
Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of
international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional
understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the maintenance
of peace.
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the
late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which
formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able
to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and
development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and
that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied
in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this
principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to
advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience
or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility,
and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be
exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. The character
of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development
of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its
economic conditions, and other similar circumstances. Certain communities
formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of
development where their existence as independent nations can be
provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative
advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able
to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal
consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. Other peoples,
especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the
Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory
under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion,
subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the
prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic, and
the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of
fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of
the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory,
and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce
of other Members of the League. There are territories, such as
South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which,
owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or
their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their
geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other
circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory
as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above
mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population. In every case
of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report
in reference to the territory committed to its charge. The degree of
authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory
shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be
explicitly defined in each case by the Council. A permanent Commission
shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the
Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the
observance of the mandates.
Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international
conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the
League:
(a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane
conditions of labour for men, women, and children, both in their own
countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial
relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the
necessary international organisations;
(b) undertake to secure just
treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control;
(c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over the
execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and
children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;
(d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the
trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control
of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce
of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special
necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918
shall be borne in mind;
(f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international
concern for the prevention and control of disease.
There shall be placed under the direction of the League all
international bureaux already established by general treaties if the
parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and
all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest
hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the
League. In all matters of international interest which are regulated
by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of
international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League
shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the
parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall
render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. The
Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the
expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the
direction of the League.
The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the
establishment and co-operation of duly authorised voluntary national
Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of health,
the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout
the world.
Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the
Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by
a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose
the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League
which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease
to be a Member of the League.
thence south-south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the railway
from Chorlu to Chatalja about 1 kilometre west of the railway station of
Sinekli, a line following as far as possible the western limit of the
basin of the Istranja Dere;
thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen between Fener and
Kurfali on the watershed between the basins of those rivers which flow
into Biyuk Chekmeje Geul, on the north-east, and the basin of those
rivers which flow direct into the Sea of Marmora on the south-west, a
line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Sinekli;
thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Sea of
Marmora about 1 kilometre south-west of Kalikratia, a line following
as far as possible this watershed.
thence north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak
about 15 kilometres east-southeast of Karsbazar, a line to be fixed
on the ground passing north of Kara Tepe;
thence to the bend in the Djaihun Irmak situated west of Duldul
Dagh, the course of the Djaihun Irmak upstream;
thence in a general south-easterly direction to a point to be
chosen on Emir Musi Dagh about 15 kilometres south-south-west of Giaour
Geul a line to be fixed on the ground at a distance of about 18
kilometres from the railway, and leaving Duldul Dagh to Syria;
thence eastwards to a point to be chosen about 5 kilometres north
of Urfa a generally straight line from west to east to be hxed on the
ground passing north of the roads connecting the towns of Bagh- che,
Aintab, Biridjik, and Urfa and leaving the last three named towns to
Syria;
thence eastwards to the south-western extremity of the bend in the
Tigris about 6 kilometres north of Azekh (27 kilometres west of
Djezire-ibn-Omar), a generally straight line from west to east to be
fixed on the ground leaving the town of Mardin to Syria;
thence to a point to be chosen on the Tigris between the point of
confluence of the Khabur Su with the Tigris and the bend in the Tigris
situated about 10 kilometres north of this point,
the course of the Tigris downstream, leaving the island on which
is situated the town of Djezire-ibn-Omar to Syria.
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence eastwards to the point where it meets the frontier between
Turkey and Persia,
the northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul, modified, however,
so as to pass south of Amadia.
In so far as frontiers defined by a waterway are concerned, the
phrases "course" or "channel" used in the descriptions of the present
Treaty signify, as regards non-navigable rivers, the median line of the
waterway or of its principal branch, and, as regards navigable rivers,
the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest
with the Boundary Commissions provided for by the present Treaty to
specify whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the
course or channel which may take place, or whether it shall be
definitely fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time
when the present Treaty comes into force.
The various States concerned undertake to furnish to the Commissions
all documents necessary for their tasks, especially authentic copies of
agreements fixing existing or old frontiers, all large scale maps in
existence, geodetic data, surveys completed but unpublished, and
information concerning the changes of frontier watercourses. The maps,
geodetic data, and surveys, even if unpublished, which are in the
possession of the Turkish authorities must be delivered at
Constantinople, within thirty days from the coming into force of the
present Treaty, to such representative of the Commissions concerned as
may be appointed by the principal Allied Powers.
The various States interested undertake to give every assistance
to the Boundary Commissions, whether directly or through local
authorities, in everything that concerns transport, accommodation,
labour, materials (sign-posts, boundary pillars) necessary for the
accomplishment of their mission.
The various States interested undertake to safeguard the trigonometrical
points, signals, posts or frontier marks erected by the Commissions.
The pillars will be placed so as to be intervisible; they will be
numbered, and their position and their number will be noted on a
cartographic document.
The protocols defining the boundary and the maps and documents
attached thereto will be made out in triplicate, of which two copies
will be forwarded to the Governments of the limitrophe States, and the
third to the Government of the French Republic, which will deliver
authentic copies to the Powers who sign the present Treaty.
Subject to the provisions of the present Treaty, the High
Contracting Parties agree that the rights and title of the Turkish
Government over Constantinople shall not be affected, and that the said
Government and His Majesty the Sultan shall be entitled to reside there
and to maintain there the capital of the Turkish State.
The navigation of the Straits, including the Dardanelles, the Sea
of Marmora and the Bosphorus, shall in future be open, both in peace
and war, to every vessel of commerce or of war and to military and
commercial aircraft, without distinction of flag.
The Turkish Government recognises that it is necessary to take
further measures to ensure the freedom of navigation provided for in
Article 37, and accordingly delegates, so far as it is concerned, to a
Commission to be called the "Commission of the Straits," and
hereinafter referred to as 'the Commission," the control of the waters
specified in Article 39.
The authority of the Commission will extend to all the waters
between the Mediterranean mouth of the Dardanelles and the Black Sea
mouth of the Bosphorus, and to the waters within three miles of each
of these mouths.
The Commission shall be composed of representatives appointed
respectively by the United States of America (if and when that
Government is willing to participate), the British Empire, France,
Italy, Japan, Russia (if and when Russia becomes a member of the League
of Nations), Greece, Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey (if and when
the two latter States become members of the League of Nations). Each
Power shall appoint one representative. The representatives of the
United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and
Russia shall each have two votes. The representatives of Greece,
Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey shall each have one vote. Each
Commissioner shall be removable only by the Government which appointed
him.
The Commissioners shall enjoy, within the limits specified in
Article 39, diplomatic privileges and immunities.
The Commission will exercise the powers conferred on it by the
present Treaty in complete independence of the local author ity. It
will have its own flag, its own budget and its separate organisation.
Within the limits of its jurisdiction as laid down in Article 39
the Commission will be charged with the following duties:
(b) the lighting and buoying of the channels;
(c) the control of pilotage and towage;
(d) the control of anchorages;
(e) the control necessary to assure the application in the ports
of Constantinople and Haidar Pasha of the regime prescribed in Articles 335
to 344, Part XI (Ports, Waterways and Railways) of the present Treaty;
(f) the control of all matters relating to wrecks and salvage;
(g) the control of lighterage.
In the event of the Commission finding that the liberty of passage
is being interfered with, it will inform the representatives at
Constantinople of the Allied Powers providing the occupying forces
provided for in Article 178. These representatives will thereupon
concert with the naval and military commanders of the said forces such
measures as may be deemed necessary to preserve the freedom of the
Straits. Similar action shall be taken by the said representatives in
the event of any external action threatening the liberty of passage
of the Straits.
For the purpose of the acquisition of any property or the execution
of any permanent works which may be required, the Commission shall be
entitled to raise such loans as it may consider necessary. These loans
will be secured, so far as possible, on the dues to be levied on the
shipping using the Straits, as provided in Article 53.
The functions previously exercised by the Constantinople Superior
Council of Health and the Turkish Sanitary Administration which was
directed by the said Council, and the functions exercised by the
National Life-boat Service of the Bosphorus will within the limits
specified in Article 39 be discharged under the control of the
Commission and in such manner as it may direct.
Subject to the general powers of control conferred upon the
Commission, the rights of any persons or companies now holding
concessions relating to lighthouses, docks, quays or similar matters
shall be maintained; but the Commission shall be entitled if it thinks
it necessary in the general interest to buy out or modify such rights
upon the conditions laid down in Article 311 Part IX (Economic Clauses)
of the present Treaty, or itself to take up a new concession.
In order to facilitate the execution of the duties with which it
is entrusted by this Section, the Commission shall have power to
organise such a force of special police as may be necessary. This force
shall be drawn so far as possible from the native population of the
zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178, Part V
(Military, Naval and Air Clauses), excluding the islands of Lemnos,
Imbros, Samothrace, Tenedos and Mitylene. The said force shall be
commanded by foreign police officers appointed by the Commission.
In the portion of the zone of the Straits, including the islands
of the Sea of Marmora, which remains Turkish, and pending the coming
into force of the reform of the Turkish judicial system provided for
in Article I36, all infringements of the regulations and by-laws made
by the Commission, committed by nationals of capitulatory Powers,
shall be dealt with by the Consular Courts of the said Powers. The
Allied Powers agree to make such infringements justiciable before their
Consular Courts or authorities. Infringements committed by Turkish
nationals or nationals of non-capitulatory Powers shall be dealt with
by the competent Turkish judicial authorities.
The officers or members of the crew of any merchant vessel vwithin
the limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission who may be arrested on
shore for any offence committed either ashore or afloat within the
limits of the said jurisdiction shall be brought before the competent
judicial authority by the Commission's police. If the accused was
arrested otherwise than by the Commission's police he shall immediately
be handed over to them.
The Commission shall appoint such subordinate officers or officials
as may be found indispensable to assist it in carrying out the duties
with which it is charged.
In all matters relating to the navigation of the waters within the
limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission all the ships referred to
in Article 37 shall be treated upon a footing of absolute equality.
Subject to the provisions of Article 47 the existing rights under
which dues and charges can be levied for various purposes, whether
direct by the Turkish Government or by international bodies or private
companies, on ships or cargoes within the limits of the jurisdiction of
the Commission shall be transferred to the Commisssion The Commission
shall fix these dues and charges at such amounts only as may be
reasonably necessary to cover the cost of the works executed and the
services rendered to shipping, including the general costs and expenses
of the administration of the Commission, and the salaries and pay
provided for in paragraph 3 of the Annex to this Section.
All dues and charges imposed by the Commission shall be levied
without any discrimination and on a footing of absolute equality between
all vessels, whatever their port of origin, destination or departure,
their flag or ownership, or the nationality or ownership of their
cargoes.
The Turkish and Greek Governments respectively undertake to
facilitate the acquisition by the Commission of such land and buildings
as the Commission shall consider it necessary to acquire in order to
carry out effectively the duties with which it is entrusted.
Ships of war in transit through the waters specified in Article 39
shall conform in all respects to the regulations issued by the
Commission for the observance of the ordinary rules of navigation and
of sanitary requirements.
(1) Belligerent warships shall not revictual nor take in stores
except so far as may be strictly necessary to enable them to complete
the passage of the Straits and to reach the nearest port where they can
call, nor shall they replenish or increase their supplies of war
material or their armament or complete their crews, within the waters
under the control of the Commission. Only such repairs as are absolutely
necessary to render them seaworthy shall be carried out, and they shall
not add in any manner whatever to their fighting force. The Commission
shall decide what repairs are necessary, and these must be carried out
with the least possible delay.
Prizes shall in all respects be subjected to the same conditions
as belligerent vessels of war.
No belligerent shall embark or disembark troops, munitions of war
or warlike materials in the waters under the control of the Commission,
except in case of accidental hindrance of the passage, and in such
cases the passage shall be resumed with all possible despatch.
Nothing in Articles 57, 58 or 59 shall be deemed to limit the powers
of a belligerent or belligerents acting in pursuance of a decision by
the Council of the League of Nations.
Any differences which may arise between the Powers as to the
interpretation or execution of the provisions of this Section, and as
regards Constantinople and Haidar Pasha of the provisions of Articles
335 to 344, Part Xl (Ports, Waterways, and Railways) shall be referred
to the Commission. In the event of the decision of the Commission not
being accepted by any Power, the question shall, on the demand of any
Power concerned, be settled as provided by the League of Nations,
pending whose decision the ruling of the Commission will be carried out.
A Commission sitting at Constantinople and composed of three members
appointed by the British, French and Italian Governments respectively
shall draft within six months from the coming into force of the present
Treaty a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly Kurdish areas
lying east of the Euphrates, south of the southern boundary of Armenia
as it may be hereafter determined, and north of the frontier of Turkey
with Syria and Mesopotamia, as defined in Article 27, II (2) and (3).
If unanimity cannot be secured on any question, it will be referred by
the members of the Commission to their respective Governments. The
scheme shall contain full safeguards for the protection of the
Assyro-Chaldeans and other racial or religious minorities within these
areas, and with this object a Commission composed of British, French,
Italian, Persian and Kurdish representatives shall visit the spot to
examine and decide what rectifications, if any, should be made in the
Turkish frontier where, under the provisions of the present Treaty,
that frontier coincides with that of Persia.
The Turkish Government hereby agrees to accept and execute the
decisions of both the Commissions mentioned in Article 62 within three
months from their communication to the said Government.
If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty
the Kurdish peoples within the areas defined in Article 62 shall
address themselves to the Council of the League of Nations in such a
manner as to show that a majority of the population of these areas
desires independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers that
these peoples are capable of such independence and recommends that it
should be granted to them, Turkey hereby agrees to execute such a
recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these areas.
The provisions of this Section will apply to the city of Smyrna and
the adjacent territory defined in Article 66, until the determination
of their final status in accordance with Article 83.
The geographical limits of the territory adjacent to the city of
Smyrna will be laid down as follows:
the course of this river upstream;
then south-eastwards, the course of the southern branch of this
river;
then south-eastwards, to the western point of the crest of the
Gumush Dagh;
A line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Chinar K, and
east of Akche Ova;
thence north-eastwards, this crest line;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from
Ayasoluk to Deirmendik about 1 kilometre west of Balachik station,
a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the road and railway from
Sokia to Balachik station entirely in Turkish territory;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the southern boundary
of the Sandjak of Smyrna,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood of Bos Dagh
situated about 15 kilometres north-east of Odemish,
the southern and eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from
Manisa to Alashehr about 6 kilometres west of Salihli,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence northwards to Geurenez Dagh,
a line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Mermer Geul west
of Kemer, crossing the Kum Chai approximately south of Akshalan, and
then following the watershed west of Kavakalan;
thence north-westwards to a point to be chosen on the boundary
between the Cazas of Kirkagach and Ak Hissar about 18 kilometres east
of Kirkagach and 20 kilometres north of Ak Hissar,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence westwards to its junction with the boundary of the Caza of
Soma,
the southern boundary of the Caza of Kirkagach,
thence northwards to its junction with the boundary of the vilayet
of Smyrna,
the north-eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna;
thence westwards to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood
of Charpajik (Tepe).
the northern boundary of the vilayet of Smyrna;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the ground about
4 kilometres southwest of Keuiluje,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence westwards to a point to be selected on the ground between
Cape Dahlina and Kemer Iskele,
a line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Kemer and Kemer
Iskele together with the road joining these places.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the
coming into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the
boundaries of the territories described in Article 66. This Commission
shall be composed of three members nominated by the British, French and
Italian Governments respectively, one member nominated by the Greek
Government, and one nominated by the Turkish Government.
Subject to the provisions of this Section, the city of Smyrna and
the territory defined in Article 66 will be assimilated, in the
application of the present Treaty, to territory detached from Turkey.
The city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 remain
under Turkish sovereignty. Turkey, however, transfers to the Greek
Government the exercise of her rights of sovereignty over the city of
Smyrna and the said territory. In witness of such sovereignty the
Turkish flag shall remain permanently hoisted over an outer fort in the
town of Smyrna. The fort will be designated by the Principal Allied
Powers.
The Greek Government will be responsible for the administration of
the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66, and will
effect this administration by means of a body of officials which it
will appoint specially for the purpose.
The Greek Government shall be entitled to maintain in the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 the military forces
required for the maintenance of order and public security.
A local parliament shall be set up with an electoral system
calculated to ensure proportional representation of all sections of the
population, including racial, linguistic and religious minorities.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the
Greek Government shall submit to the Council of the League of Nations
a scheme for an electoral system complying with the above requirements;
this scheme shall not come into force until approved by a majority of
the Council.
The relations between the Greek administration and the local
parliament shall be determined by the said administration in accordance
with the principles of the Greek Constitution.
Compulsory military service shall not be enforced in the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 pending the final
determination of their status in accordance with Article 83.
The provisions of the separate Treaty referred to in Article 86
relating to the protection of racial, linguistic and religious
minorities, and to freedom of commerce and transit, shall be applicable
to the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66.
The Greek Government may establish a Customs boundary along the
frontier line defined in Article 66, and may incorporate the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in the said Article in the Greek
customs system.
The Greek Government engages to take no measures which would have
the effect of depreciating the existing Turkish currency, which shall
retain its character as legal tender pending the determination, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 83, of the final status of
the territory.
The provisions of Part XI (Ports, Waterways and Railways) relating
to the regime of ports of international interest, free ports and transit
shall be applicable to the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in
Article 66.
As regards nationality, such inhabitants of the city of Smyrna and
the territory defined in Article 66 as are of Turkish nationality and
cannot claim any other nationality under the terms of the present
Treaty shall be treated on exactly the same footing as Greek nationals.
Greece shall provide for their diplomatic and consular protection abroad.
The provisions of Article 24I, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) will
apply in the case of the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in
Article 66.
Until the determination, in accordance with the provisions of
Article 83, of the final status of Smyrna and the territory defined in
Article 66, the rights to exploit the salt marshes of Phocea belonging
to the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt, including all plant
and machinery and materials for transport by land or sea, shall not be
altered or interfered with. No tax or charge shall be imposed during
this period on the manufacture, exportation or transport of salt
produced from these marshes. The Greek administration will have the
right to regulate and tax the consumption of salt at Symrna and within
the territory defined in Article 66.
Subsequent agreements will decide all questions which are not
decided by the present Treaty and which may arise from the execution
of the provisions of this Section.
When a period of five years shall have elapsed after the coming
into force of the present Treaty the local parliament referred to in
Article 72 may, by a majority of votes, ask the Council of the League
of Nations for the definitive incorporation in the King dom of Greece
of the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66. The
Council may require, as a preliminary, a plebiscite under conditions
which it will lay down.
Without prejudice to the frontiers of Bulgaria laid down by the
Treaty of Peace signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine on November 27, 1919,
Turkey renounces in favour of Greece all rights and title over the
territories of the former Turkish Empire in Europe situated outside
the frontiers of Turkey as laid down by the present Treaty.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the
coming into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the
frontier line described in Article 27, 1 (2). This Commission shall be
composed of four members nominated by the Principal Allied Powers, one
member nominated by Greece, and one member nominated by Turkey.
Greece accepts and agrees to embody in a separate Treaty such
provisions as may be deemed necessary, particularly as regards
Adrianople, to protect the interests of inhabitants of that State who
differ from the majority of the population in race, language or
religion.
The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Turkey
which Greece will have to assume on account of the territory placed
under her sovereignty will be determined in accordance with Articles
241 to 244, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of the present Treaty.
Turkey, in accordance with the action already taken by the Allied
Powers, hereby recognises Armenia as a free and independent State.
Turkey and Armenia as well as the other High Contracting Parties
agree to submit to the arbitration of the President of the United
States of America the question of the frontier to be fixed between
Turkey and Armenia in the vilayets of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van and
Bitlis, and to accept his decision thereupon, as well as any stipulations
he may prescribe as to access for Armenia to the sea, and as to the
demilitarisation of any portion of Turkish territory adjacent to the
said frontier.
In the event of the determination of the frontier under Article 89
involving the transfer of the whole or any part of the territory of the
said Vilayets to Armenia, Turkey hereby renounces as from the date of
such decision all rights and title over the territory so transferred.
The provisions of the present Treaty applicable to territory detached
from Turkey shall thereupon become applicable to the said territory.
In the event of any portion of the territory referred to in Article
89 being transferred to Armenia, a Boundary Commission, whose composition
will be determined subsequently, will be constituted within three months
from the delivery of the decision referred to in the said Article to
trace on the spot the frontier between Armenia and Turkey as established
by such decision.
The frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan and Georgia respectively
will be determined by direct agreement between the States concerned.
Armenia accepts and agrees to embody in a Treaty with the Principal
Allied Powers such provisions as may be deemed necessary by these
Powers to protect the interests of inhabitants of that State who
differ from the majority of the population in race, language, or
religion.
The High Contracting Parties agree that Syria and Mesopotamia shall,
in accordance with the fourth paragraph of Article 22.
The High Contracting Parties agree to entrust, by application of
the provisions of Article 22, the administration of Palestine, within
such boundaries as may be determined by the Principal Allied Powers,
to a Mandatory to be selected by the said Powers. The Mandatory will
be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made
on November 2, 1917, by the British Government, and adopted by the
other Allied Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights
and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
The terms of the mandates in respect of the above territories will
be formulated by the Principal Allied Powers and submitted to the
Council of the League of Nations for approval.
Turkey hereby undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of
Article 132, to accept any decisions which may be taken in relation to
the questions dealt with in this Section.
Turkey, in accordance with the action already taken by the Allied
Powers, hereby recognises the Hedjaz as a free and indepedent State,
and renounces in favour of the Hedjaz all rights and titles over the
territories of the former Turkish Empire situated outside the frontiers
of Turkey as laid down by the present Treaty, and comprised within the
boundaries which may ultimately be fixed.
In view of the sacred character attributed by Moslems of all
countries to the cities and the Holy Places of Mecca and Medina His
Majesty the King of the Hedjaz undertakes to assure free and easy
access thereto to Moslems of every country who desire to go there on
pilgrimage or for any other religious object, and to respect and ensure
respect for the pious foundations which are or may be established there
by Moslems of any countries in accordance with the precepts of the law
of the Koran.
His Majesty the King of the Hedjaz undertakes that in commercial
matters the most complete equality of treatment shall be assured in
the territory of the Hedjaz to the persons, ships and goods of
nationals of any of the Allied Powers, or of any of the new States set
up in the territories of the former Turkish Empire, as well as to the
persons, ships and goods of nationals of States, Members of the League
of Nations.
Turkey renounces all rights and title in or over Egypt. This
renunciation shall take effect as from November 5, 1914. Turkey
declares that in conformity with the action taken by the Allied Powers
she recognises the Protectorate proclaimed over Egypt by Great Britain
on December 18, 1914.
Turkish subjects habitually resident in Egypt on December 18, 1914,
will acquire Egyptian nationality ipso facto and will lose their
Turkish nationality, except that if at that date such persons were
temporarily absent from, and have not since returned to, Egypt they
will not acquire Egyptian nationality without a special authorisation
from the Egyptian Government.
Turkish subjects who became resident in Egypt after December 18, 1914,
and are habitually resident there at the date of the coming into force
of the present Treaty may, subject to the conditions prescribed in
Article 105 for the right of option, claim Egyptian nationality, but
such claim may in individual cases be refused by the competent Egyptian
authority.
For all purposes connected with the present Treaty, Egypt and
Egyptian nationals, their goods and vessels, shall be treated on the
same footing, as from August I, 1914, as the Allied Powers, their
nationals, goods and vessels, and provisions in respect of territory
under Turkish sovereignty, or of territory detached from Turkey in
accordance with the present Treaty, shall not apply to Egypt.
Within a period of one year after the coming into force of the
present Treaty persons over eighteen years of age acquiring Egyptian
nationality under the provisions of Article 102 will be entitled to
opt for Turkish nationality. In case such persons, or those who under
Article 103 are entitled to claim Egyptian nationality, differ in race
from the majority of the population of Egypt, they will within the same
period be entitled to opt for the nationality of any State in favour
of which territory is detached from Turkey, if the majority of the
population of that State is of the same race as the person exercising
the right to opt.
The Egyptian Government shall have complete liberty of action in
regulating the status of Turkish subjects in Egypt and the conditions
under which they may establish themselves in the territory.
Egyptian nationals shall be entitled, when abroad, to British
diplonlatic and consular protection.
Egyptian goods entering Turkey shall enjoy the treatment accorded
to British goods.
Turkey renounces in favour of Great Britain the powers conferred
upon His Imperial Majesty the Sultan by the Convention signed at
Constantinople on October 29, 1888, relating to the free navigation of
the Suez Canal.
All property and possessions in Egypt belonging to the Turkish
Government pass to the Egyptian Government without payment.
All movable and immovable property in Egypt belonging to Turkish
nationals (who do not acquire Egyptian nationality) shall be dealt with
in aecordance with the provisions of Part IX (Economie Clauses) of the
present Treaty.
Turkey renounces all claim to the tribute formerly paid by Egypt.
The loan of 1894 representing the converted loans of 1854 and
1871;
The loan of 1891 representing the converted loan of 1877.
The sums which the Khedives of Egypt have from time to time
undertaken to pay over to the houses by which these loans were issued
will be applied as heretofore to the interest and the sinking funds of
the loans of 1894 and 1891 until the final extinction of those loans.
The Government of Egypt will also continue to apply the sum hitherto
paid towards the interest on the guaranteed loan of 1855.
The High Contracting Parties declare and place on record that they
have taken note of the Convention between the British Government and
the Egyptian Government defining the status and regulating the
administration of the Soudan, signed on January I9, I899, as amended
by the supplementary Convention relating to the town of Suakin signed
on July 10, 1899.
Soudanese shall be entitled when in foreign countries to British
diplomatic and consular protection.
The High Contracting Parties recognise the annexation of Cyprus
proclaimed by the British Government on November 5, 1914.
Turkey renounces all rights and title over or relating to Cyprus,
including the right to the tribute formerly paid by that island to the
Sultan.
Turkish nationals born or habitually resident in Cyprus will
acquire British nationality and lose their Turkish nationality, subject
to the conditions laid down in the local law.
Turkey recognises the French Protectorate in Morocco, and accepts
all the consequences thereof. This recognition shall take effect as
from March 30, 1912.
Moroccan goods entering Turkey shall be subject to the same
treatment as French goods.
Turkey recognises the French Protectorate over Tunis and accepts
all the consequences thereof. This recognition shall take effect as
from May 12, 1881.
Turkey definitely renounces all rights and privileges which under
the Treaty of Lausanne of October 18, 1912, were left to the Sultan
in Libya.
Turkey renounces in favour of Italy all rights and title over the
following islands of the Aegean Sea; Stampalia (Astropalia), Rhodes
(Rhodos), Calki (Kharki), Scarpanto, Casos (Casso) Pscopis (Tilos),
Misiros (Nisyros), Calymnos (Kalymnos) Leros, Patmos, Lipsos (Lipso),
Sini (Symi), and Cos (Kos), which are now occupied by Italy, and the
islets dependent thereon, and also over the island of Castellorizzo.
Turkish subjects habitually resident in territory which in
accordance with the provisions of the present Treaty is detached from
Turkey will become ipso facto, in the conditions laid down by the local
law, nationals of the State to which such territory is transferred.
Persons over eighteen years of age losing their Turkish nationality
and obtaining ipso facto a new nationality under Article 123 shall be
entitled within a period of one year from the coming into force of the
present Treaty to opt for Turkish nationality.
Persons over eighteen years of age habitually resident in territory
detached from Turkey in accordance with the present Treaty and differing
in race from the majority of the population of such territory shall
within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty be
entitled to opt for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Greece, the Hedjaz,
Mesopotamia, Syria, Bulgaria or Turkey, if the majority of the population
of the State selected is of the same race as the person exercising the
right to opt.
Persons who have exercised the right to opt in accordance with the
provisions of Articles 124 or 125 must within the succeeding twelve
months transfer their place of residence to the State for which they
have opted.
The High Contracting Parties undertake to put no hindrance in the
way of the exercise of the right which the persons concerned have under
the present Treaty, or under the Treaties of Peace concluded with
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria or Hungary or under any treaty concluded by
the Allied Powers, or any of them, with Russia, or between any of the
Allied Powers themselves, to choose any other nationality which may be
open to them.
Turkey undertakes to recognise any new nationality which has been
or may be acquired by her nationals under the laws of the Allied Powers
or new States and in accordance with the decisions of the competent
authorities of these Powers pursuant to naturalisation laws or under
Treaty stipulations, and to regard such persons as having, in consequence
of the acquisition of such new nationality, in all respects severed
their allegiance to their country of origin.
Jews of other than Turkish nationality who are habitually resident,
on the coming into force of the present Treaty, within the boundaries
of Palestine, as determined in accordance with Article 95 will ipso
facto become citizens of Palestine to the exclusion of any other
nationality.
For the purposes of the provisions of this Section, the status of
a married woman will be governed by that of her husband and the status
of children under eighteen years of age by that of their parents.
The provisions of this Section will apply to the city of Smyrna and
the territory defined in Article 66 as from the establishment of the
final status of the territory in accordance with Article 83.
ARTICLE 132.
Outside her frontiers as fixed by the present Treaty Turkey hereby
renounces in favour of the Principal Allied Powers all rights and title
which she could claim on any ground over or concerning any territories
outside Europe which are not otherwise disposed of by the present
Treaty.
Turkey undertakes to recognise the full force of the Treaties of
Peace and Additional Conventions concluded by the Allied Powers with
the Powers who fought on the side of Turkey, and to recognise whatever
dispositions have been or may be made concerning the territories of
the former German Empire, of Austria, of Hungary and of Bulgaria, and
to recognise the new States within their frontiers as there laid down.
Turkey hereby recognises and accepts the frontiers of Germany,
Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Roumania, the
Serb-Croat-Slovene State and the Czecho-Slovak State as these frontiers
may be determined by the Treaties referred to in Article 133 or by any
supplementary conventions.
Turkey undertakes to recognise the full force of all treaties or
agreements which may be entered into by the Allied Powers with States
now existing or coming into existence in future in the whole or part
of the former Empire of Russia as it existed on August 1, 1914, and
to recognise the frontiers of any such States as determined therein.
A Commission composed of four members, appointed by the British
Empire, France, Italy and Japan respectively, shall be set up within
three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, to
prepare, with the assistance of technical experts representing the
other capitulatory Powers, Allied or neutral, who with this object
will each be invited to appoint an expert, a scheme of judicial reform
to replace the present capitulatory system in judicial matters in
Turkey. This Commission may recommend, after consultation with the
Turkish Government, the adoption of either a mixed or an unified
judicial system.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Part VII (Penalties), no
inhabitant of Turkey shall be disturbed or molested, under any pretext
whatever, on account of any political or military action taken by him,
or any assistance of any kind given by him to the Allied Powers, or
their nationals, between August 1, 1914, and the coming into force of
the present Treaty; all sentences pronounced against any inhabitant
of Turkey for the above reasons shall be completely annulled, and any
proceedings already instituted shall be arrested.
No inhabitant of territory detached from Turkey in accordance with
the present Treaty shall be disturbed or molested on account of his
political attitude after August 1, 1914, or of the determination of his
nationality effected in accordance with the present Treaty.
Turkey renounces formally all rights of suzerainty or jurisdiction
of any kind over Moslems who are subject to the sovereignty or
protectorate of any other State.
Turkey undertakes that the stipulations contained in Articles 141,
I45 and I47 shall be recognised as fundamental laws, and that no
civil or military law or regulation, no Imperial Iradeh nor official
action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall
any law, regulation, Imperial Iradeh nor official action prevail over
them.
Turkey undertakes to assure full and complete protection of life
and liberty to all inhabitants of Turkey without distinction of birth,
nationality, language, race or religion.
Whereas, in view of the terrorist regime which has existed in
Turkey since November 1, 1914, conversions to Islam could not take
place under normal conditions, no conversions since that date are
recognised and all persons who were non-Moslems before November 1, 1914,
will be considered as still remaining such, unless, after regaining
their liberty, they voluntarily perform the necessary formalities for
embracing the Islamic faith.
Turkey undertakes to recognise such provisions as the Allied Powers
may consider opportune with respect to the reciprocal and voluntary
emigration of persons belonging to racial minorities.
The Turkish Government recognises the injustice of the law of 1915
relating to Abandoned Properties (Emval-i-Metroukeh), and of the
supplementary provisions thereof, and declares them to be null and void,
in the past as in the future.
All Turkish nationals shall be equal before the law and shall enjoy
the same civil and political rights without distinction as to race,
language or religion.
The Turkish Government undertakes to recognize the validity of
diplomas granted by recognised foreign universities and schools, and
to admit the holders thereof to the free exercise of the professions
and industries for which such diplomas qualify.
Turkish nationals who belong to racial, religious or linguistic
minorities shall enjoy the ame treatment and security in law and in
fact as other Turkish nationals. In particular they shall have an equal
right to establish, manage and control at their own expense, and
independently of and without interference by the Turkish authorities,
any charitable, religious and social institutions, schools for primary,
secondary and higher instruction and other educational establishments,
with the right to use their own language and to exercise their own
religion freely therein.
In towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of
Turkish nationals belonging to racial, linguistic or religious
minorities, these minorities shall be assured an equitable share in the
enjoyment and application of the sums which may be provided out of
public funds under the State, municipal or other budgets for educational
or charitable purposes.
The Turkish Government undertakes to recognise and respect the
ecclesiastical and scholastic autonomy of all racial minorities in
Turkey. For this purpose, and subject to any provisions to the contrary
in the present Treaty, the Turkish Government confirms and will uphold
in their entirety the prerogatives and immunities of an ecclesiastical,
scholastic or judicial nature granted by the Sultans to non-Moslem
races in virtue of special orders or imperial decrees (firmans, hattis,
berats, etc.) as well as by ministerial orders or orders of the Grand
Vizier.
In towns and districts where there is resident a considerable
proportion of Turkish nationals of the Christian or Jewish religions
the Turkish Government undertakes that such Turkish nationals shall not
be compelled to perform any act which constitutes a violation of their
faith or religious observances, and shall not be placed under any
disability by reason of their refusal to attend courts of law or to
perform any legal business on their weekly day of rest. This provision,
however, shall not exempt such Turkish nationals (Christians or Jews)
from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other Turkish
nationals for the preservation of public order.
The Principal Allied Powers, in consultation with the Council of
the League of Nations, will decide what measures are necessary to
guarantee the execution of the provisions of this Part. The Turkish
Government hereby accepts all decisions which may be taken on this
subject.
The armed force at the disposal of Turkey shall only consist of:
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty,
the military forces other than that provided for in Article 152 shall
be demobilised and disbanded.
The Sultan's bodyguard shall consist of a staff and infantry and
cavalry units, the strength of which shall not exceed 700 offirers
and men. This strength is not included in the total force provided for
in Article 155.
The total strength of the forces enumerated in paragraphs (2) and
(3) of Article 152 shall not exceed 50,000 men, including staffs,
offficers, training personnel and depot troops.
The troops of gendarmerie shall be distributed over the territory
of Turkey, which for this purpose will be divided into territorial
areas to be delimited as provided in Article 200.
The special elements for reinforcements may include details of
infantry, cavalry, mountain artillery, pioneers and the corresponding
technical and general services; their total strength shall not exceed
15,000 men, to be included in the total strength provided for in
Article 155.
In the formations referred to in Articles 156 and 157, the proportion
of officers, including the personnel of staffs and special services,
shall not exceed one twentieth of the total effectives with the colours,
and that of non-commissioned officers shall not exceed one twelfth of
the total effectives with the colours.
Offficers supplied by the various Allied or neutral Powers shail
collaborate, under the direction of the Turkish Government, in the
command, the organisation and the training of the gendarmerie officers
authorised by Article 158, but their number shall not exceed fifteen
per cent. of that strength. Special agreements to be drawn up by the
Inter-Allied Commission mentioned in Article 200 shall fix the
proportion of these offficers according to nationality, and shall
determine the conditions of their participation in the various missions
assigned to them by this Article.
In any one territorial region all officers placed at the disposal
of the Turkish Government under the conditions laid down in Article
159 shall in principle be of the same nationality.
In the zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178,
excluding the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace Tenedos and
Mitylene, the forces o Turkish, will be under the Inter-Allied Command
of the forces in occupation of that zone.
All measures of mobilisation, or appertaining to mobilisation or
tending to an increase of the strength or of the means of transport of
any of the forces provided for in this Chapter are forbidden.
Within the period fixed by Article 153, all existing forces of
gendarmerie shall be amalgamated with the legions provided for in
Article 156.
The formation of any body of troops not provided for in this
Section is forbidden.
The Turkish armed force shall in future be constituted and recruited
by voluntary enlistment only.
The length of engagement of non-commissioned officers and men shall
be twelve consecutive years.
All officers must be regulars (officers de carrière).
On the expiration of three months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty there must only exist in Turkey the number of military
schools which is absolutely indispensable for the recruitment of
offficers and non-commissioned officers of the units allowed, i.e.:
1 school per territorial region for non-commissioned officers.
The number of students admitted to instruction in these schools
shall be strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in the
cadres of officers and non-commissioned officers.
Educational establishments, other than those referred to in Article
168, as well as all sporting or other societies, must not occupy
themselves with any military matters.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 48, Part III
(Political Clauses), the number of customs officials, local urban or
rural police, forest guards or other like officials shall not exceed
the number of men employed in a similar capacity in 1913 within the
territorial limits of Turkey as fixed by the present Treaty.
On the expiration of six months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty, the armament which may be in use or held in reserve for
replacement in the various formations of the Turkish armed force shall
not exceed the figures fixed per thousand men in Table III annexed to
this Section.
The stock of munitions at the disposal of Turkey shall not exceed
the amounts fixed in Table III annexed to this Section.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
all existing arms, munitions of the various categories and war material
in excess of the quantities authorised shall be handed over to the
Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control provided for in Article
200 in such places as shall be appointed by this Commission.
The manufacture of arms, munitions and war material, including
aircraft and parts of aircraft of every description, shall take place
only in the factories or establishments authorised by the Inter-Allied
Commission referred to in Article 200.
The importation into Turkey of arms, munitions and war materials,
including aircraft and parts of aircraft of every description, is
strictly forbidden, except with the special authority of the
Inter-Allied Commission referred to in Article 200.
The use of flame-throwers, asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases
and all similar liquids, materials or processes being forbidden, their
manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden in Turkey.
In the zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178
the fortifications will be disarmed and demolished as provided in that
Article.
For the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom of the Straits, the
High Contracting Parties agree to the following provisions:
The zone referred to in Article 178 is defined as follows:
a line reaching and then following the southern boundary of the
basin of the Beylik Dere to the crest of the Kuru Dagh;
then following that crest line,
then a straight line passing north of Emerli, and south of Derelar,
then curving north-north-eastwards and cutting the road from
Rodosto to Malgara 3 kilometres west of Ainarjik and then passing
6 kilometres south-east of Ortaja Keui,
then curving north-eastwards and cutting the road from Rodosto to
Hairobolu 18 kilometres northwest of Rodosto,
then to a point on the road from Muradli to Rodosto about kilometre
south of Muradli,
a straight line;
thence east-north-eastwards to.Yeni Keui,
a straight line, modified, however, so as to pass at a minimum
distance of 2 kilometres north of the railway from Chorlu to Chatalja;
thence north-north-eastwards to a point west of Istranja,
situated on the frontier of Turkey in Europe as defined in Article
27,1 (2),
a straight line leaving the village of Yeni Keui within the zone;
thence to the Black Sea,
the frontier of Turkey in Europe as defined in Article 27, 1 (2).
then to a point immediately south of the point where the Decauville
railway from Osmanlar to Urchanlar crosses the Diermen Dere,
a straight line;
thence north-eastwards to Manias Geul,
a line following the right bank of the Diermen Dere, and Kara Dere
Suyu;
thence eastwards, the southern shore of Manias Geul;
then to the point where it is crossed by the railway from Panderma
to Susighirli, the course of the Kara Dere upstream;
thence eastwards to a point on the Adranos Chai about kilometres
from its mouth near Kara Oghlan,
a straight line;
thence eastwards, the course of this river downstream then the
southern shore of Abulliont Geul;
then to the point where the railway from Mudania to Brusa crosses
the Ulfer Chai, about 5 kilometres northwest of Brusa,
a straight line;
thence north-eastwards to the confluence of the rivers about 6
kilometres north of Brusa,
the course of the Ulfer Chai downstream;
thence eastwards to the southernmost point of Iznik Geul, a straight line;
thence to a point 2 kilometres north of Iznik,
the southern and eastern shores of this lake;
thence north-eastwards to the westernmost point of Sbanaja Geul,
a line following the crest line Chirchir Chesme, Sira Dagh,
Elmali Dagh, Kalpak Dagh, Ayu Tepe, Hekim Tepe; thence northwards to a
point on the road from Ismid to Armasha, 8 kilometres southwest of
Armasha,
a line following as far as possible the eastern boundary of the
basin of the Chojali Dere;
thence to a point on the Black Sea, 2 kilometres east of the mouth
of the Akabad R, a straight line.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the
coming into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the
boundaries of the zone referred to in Article 178, except in so far as
these boundaries coincide with the frontier line described in Article
27,1(2). This Commission shall be composed of three members nominated
by the military authorities of France, Great Britain and Italy
respectively, with, for the portion of the zone placed under Greek
sovereignty, one member nominated by the Greek Government, and, for
the portion of the zone remaining under Turkish sovereignty, one
member nominated by the Turkish Government. The decisions of the
Commission, which will be taken by a majority, shall be binding on the
parties concerned. The expenses of this Commission will be included in
the expenses of the occupation of the said zone.
From the coming into force of the present Treaty all warships
interned in Turkish ports in accordance with the Armistice of October
30, 1918, are declared to be finally surrendered to the Principal
Allied Powers.
6 torpedo boats.
These vessels will constitute the Turkish Marine, and will be
chosen by the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control referred to in
Article 201 from amongst the following vessels:
Turkey is forbidden to construct or acquire any warships other than
those intended to replace the units referred to in Article 181.
Torpedo-boats shall be replaced by patrol launches.
The Turkish armed transports and fleet auxiliaries enumerated below
shall be disarmed and treated as merchant ships:
Tir-i-Mujghion (late Pembroke Castle).
Kiresund (late Warwick Castle).
Millet (late Seagull).
Akdeniz.
All warships, including submarines, now under construction in Turkey
shall be broken up, with the exception of such surface vessels as can
be completed for commercial purposes.
Articles, machinery and material arising from the breaking up of
Turkish warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or submarines,
may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial purposes.
They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.
The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even for
commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Turkey.
The vessels of the Turkish Marine enumerated in Article 181 must
have on board or in reserve only the allowance of war material and
armaments fixed by the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control
referred to in Article 201. Within a month from the time when the above
quantities are fixed all armaments rmunitions or other naval war
material including mines and torpedoes, belonging to Turkey at the time
of the signing of the Armistice of October 30, 1918, must be definitely
surrendered to the Principal Allied Powers.
The Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control will fix the number of
officers and men of all grades and corps to be admitted in accordance
with the provisions of Article 189, into the Turkish Marine. This
number will include the personnel for manning the ships left to Turkey
in accordance with Article 181, and the administrative personnel of the
police and fisheries protection services and of the semaphore stations.
The personnel of the Turkish Marine shall be recuited entirely by
voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of twenty-five
consecutive years for officers, and twelve consecutive years for petty
officers and men.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty all the wireless
stations in the zone referred to in Article 178 shall be handed over
to the Principal Allied Powers. Greece and Turkey shall not construct
any wireless stations in the said zone.
The Turkish armed forces must not include any military or naval air
forces.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
the personnel of the air forces on the rolls of the Turkish land and
sea forces shall be demobilised.
Until the complete evacuation of Turkish territory by the Allied
troops, the aircraft of the Allied Powers shall have throughout Turkish
territory freedom of passage through the air, freedom of transit and
of landing.
During the six months following the coming into force of the present
Treaty the manufacture, importation and exportation of aircraft of every
kind, parts of aircraft, engines for aircraft and parts of engines for
aircraft shall be forbidden in all Turkish territory.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty all military and
naval aeronautical material must be delivered by Turkey, at her own
expense, to the Principal Allied Powers.
Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.
Nacelles and fuselages.
Armament (guns, machine-guns, light machine-guns, bombdropping
apparatus, torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronising apparatus, aiming
apparatus).
Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs loaded or unloaded, stocks of
explosives or of material for their manufacture).
Instruments for use on aircraft.
Wireless apparatus and photographic and cinematographic apparatus
for use on aircraft.
Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.
All aeronautical material of whatsoever description in Turkey
shall be considered primdfocie as war material, and as such may not be
exported, transferred, lent, used or destroyed, but must remain on the
spot until such time as the Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of
Control referred to in Article 202 has given a decision as to its
nature; this Commission will be exclusively entitled to decide all
such points.
Subject to any special provisions in this Part, the military, naval
and air clauses contained in the present Treaty shall be executed by
Turkey and at her expense under the control of Inter-Allied Commissions
appointed for this purpose by the Principal Allied Powers.
The Inter-Allied Commissions of Control and Organisation may
establish their organisations at Constantinople, and will be entitled,
as often as they think desirable, to proceed to any point whatever in
Turkish territory, or to send sub-commissions, or to authorise one or
more of their members to go, to any such point.
The Turkish Government must furnish to the Inter-Allied Commissions
of Control and Organisation all such information and documents as the
latter may deem necessary for the accomplishment of their mission, and
must supply at its own expense all labour and material which the said
Commissions may require in order to ensure the complete execution of
the military, naval or air clauses.
The upkeep and cost of the Inter-Allied Commissions of Control and
Organisation and the expenses incurred by their work shall be borne by
Turkey.
The Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control and Organisation
will be entrusted on the one hand with the supervision of the execution
of tbe military clauses relating to the reduction of the Turkish forces
within the authorised limits, the delivery of arms and war material
prescribed in Chapter VI of Section I and the disarmament of the
fortified regions prescribed in Chapters VII and VIII of that Section,
and on the other hand with the organisation and the control of the
employment of the new Turkish armed force.
It will be the special duty of the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of
Control to visit the building yards and to supervise the breaking-up
of the ships, to take delivery of the arms, munitions and naval war
material and to supervise their destruction and breaking up.
It will be the special duty of the Aeronautical Inter-Allied
Commission of Control to make an inventory of the aeronautical material
now in the hands of the Turkish Government, to inspect aeroplane,
balloon and motor manufactories and factories producing arms, munitions
and explosives capable of being used by aircraft, to visit all
aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds, parks and depots on Turkish
territory, to arrange, if necessary, for the removal of material and
to take delivery of such material.
The Military, Naval and Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commissions of
Control will appoint representatives who will be jointly responsible
for controlling the execution of the operations provided for in
paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 178.
Pending the definitive settlement of the political status of the
territories referred to in Article 89, the decisions of the Inter-Allied
Commissions of Control and Organisation will be subject to any
modifications which the said Commissions may consider necessary in
consequence of such settlement.
The Naval and Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commissions of Control will
cease to operate on the completion of the tasks assigned to them
respectively by Articles 201 and 202.
The following portions of the Armistice of October 30, 1918:
Articles 7, 10, 12, 13 and 24 remain in force so far as they are not
inconsistent with the provisions of the present Treaty.
Turkey undertakes from the coming into force of the present Treaty
not to accredit to any foreign country any military, naval or air
mission, and not to send or allow the departure of such mission; she
undertakes, moreover, to take the necessary steps to prevent Turkish
nationals from leaving her territory in order to enlist in the army,
fleet or air service of any foreign Power, or to be attached thereto
with the purpose of helping in its training, or generally to give any
assistance to the military, naval or air instruction in a foreign
country.
The repatriation of Turkish prisoners of war and interned civilians
who have not already been repatriated shall continue as quickly as
possible after the coming into force of the present Treaty.
From the time of their delivery into the hands of the Turkish
authorities, the prisoners of war and interned civilians are to be
returned without delay to their homes by the said authorities.
The whole cost of repatriation from October 30, 1918, shall be
borne by the Turkish Government.
Prisoners of war and interned civilians awaiting disposal or
undergoing sentence for offences against discipline shall be
repatriated irrespective of the completion of their sentence or of the
proceedings pending against them.
Prisoners of war and interned civilians who are awaiting trial or
undergoing sentence for offences other than those against discipline
may be detained.
The Turkish Government undertakes to admit to its territory without
distinction all persons liable to repatriation.
The Allied Governments reserve the right to make the repatriation
of Turkish prisoners of war or Turkish nationals in their hands
conditional upon the immediate notification and release by the Turkish
Government of any prisoners of war and other nationals of the Allied
Powers who are still held in Turkey against their will.
The Turkish Government undertakes:
The Turkish Govermnent undertakes to restore without delay from
the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty all articles,
equipment, arms, money, securities, documents and personal effects of
every description which have belonged to officers, soldiers or sailors
or other nationals of the Allied Powers and which have been retained
by the Turkish authorities.
The High Contracting Parties waive reciprocally all repayment of
sums due for the maintenance of prisoners of war in their respective
territories.
The Turkish Government shall transfer to the British, French and
Italian Governments respectively full and exclusive rights of ownership
over the land within the boundaries of Turkey as fixed by the present
Treaty in which are situated the graves of their soldiers and sailors
who fell in action or died from wounds, accident or disease, as well
as over the land required for laying out cemeteries or erecting memorials
to these soldiers and sailors, or providing means of access to such
cemeteries or memorials.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
the British, French and Italian Governments will respectively notify
to the Turkish Government and the Greek Government the land of which
the ownership is to be transferred to them in accordance with Article
218. The British, French and Italian Governments will each have the
right to appoint a Commission, which shall be exclusively entitled to
examine the areas where burials have or may have taken place, and to
make suggestions with regard to the re-grouping of graves and the
sites where cemeteries are eventually to be established. The Turkish
Government and the Greek Government may be represented on these
Commissions, and shall give them all assistance in carrying out their
mission.
Any necessary legislative or administrative measures for the
transfer to the British, French and Italian Governments respectively
of full and exclusive rights of ownership over the land notified in
accordance with Article 219 shall be taken by the Turkish Government
and the Greek Government respectively within six months from the date
of such notification. If any compulsory acquisition of the land is
necessary it will be effected by, and at the cost of, the Turkish
Government or the Greek Government, as the case may be.
The British, French and Italian Governments may respectively
entrust f gendarmerie, Greek and Turkish, will be under the I deem fit
the establishment, arrangement, maintenance and care of the cemeteries,
memorials and graves situated in the land referred to in Article 218.
The land referred to in this Section shall not be subjected by
Turkey or the Turkish authorities, or by Greece or the Greek
authorities, as the case may be, to any form of taxation. Representatives
of the British, French or Italian Governments, as well as persons
desirous of visiting the cemeteries, memorials and graves, shall at
all times have free access thereto. The Turkish Government and the
Greek Government respectively undertake to maintain in perpetuity the
roads leading to the said land.
The provisions of this Section do not affect the Turkish or Greek
sovereignty, as the case may be, over the land transferred. The Turkish
Government and the Greek Government respectively shall take all the
necessary measures to ensure the punishment of persons subject to their
jurisdiction who may be guilty of any violation of the rights
conferred on the Allied Governments, or of any desecration of the
cemeteries, memorials or graves.
Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Section, the
Allied Governments and the Turkish Government will cause to be
respected and maintained the graves of soldiers and sailors buried in
their respective territories, including any territories for which they
may hold a mandate in conformity with the Covenant of the League of
Nations.
The graves of prisoners of war and interned civilians who are
nationals of the different belligerent States and have died in captivity
shall be properly maintained in accordance with
the Allied Governments on the one hand and the Turkish Government
on the other reciprocally undertake also to furnish to each other: