- Saldırgan EMPERYALİZM'i
köylü, işçi, esnaf, memur, zabit, asker omuz omuza verip nasıl MİSAK-I MİLLİ ile
yenip kovduysak; aynı EMPERYALİZM'i EKONOMİK ALANDA bir SAY MİSAK-I MİLLİSİ
İÇİNDE omuz omuza verip YENELİM VE KOVALIM!..
- KENDİ AĞIZLARINDAN SERBEST PAZAR PALAVRASI -
Bugünlerde herkesin ağzında PAZAR EKONOMİSİ-SERBEST PİYASA , hiç düşmüyor... Ama bakın, akıllı BATILI BİLİM ADAMLARI, İKTİSATÇILAR bu konuda neler diyor?... İşte PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (Clifford L. James, Barnes and Noble, New York, 1956) kitabından alıntılar:
Market Economy: In this approach existing human wants, present distribution of wealth, and current techniques of production are commonly treated as given conditions or constant factors. (Yani "pazar ekonomisi" diye yutturulan sistem, doğruluğu hiç bir zaman ispatlanmamış bir takım varsayımlar üzerine kurulmuştur!)
The analysis includes the uneconomic effects of
monopolies.
It ignores however, many of the exceptional allocation problems, such as the
provision of educational facilities, the conservation of natural resources, and
the assistance to low income groups which require governmental rather than
competitive market allocation.(pg.6-7)
Laissez Faire: Commercial class and wealthy traders found that their interests and those of the state were not always in harmony. They felt that the government should not interfere with individual activity. (pg.18)(Burada da "serbest pazar" diye yutturulan "bırakınız yapsınlar" mantıklı başıbozuk sistemin sadece zengin kesimin işine yaradığını, onların "DEVLET çalıp çırpmamıza karışmasın" demek istedikleri açıkça görülüyor!)
Reasons for Governmental Control:
Private enterprise cannot exist without the protection and aid of the
government.
Private enterprise is unable to perform some essential tasks (e.g. flood control) and fails to perform others because they are not likely to yield immediate private gains (e.g.reforestration) (Özel sektör hiç bir zaman bir ülkenin varlığı için gerekli, ancak kar bırakmayan işlerle uğraşmaz)
Although private enterprise supplies through markets certain goods and services; the government, in order to promote the general welfare, supplements the private market allocation of facilities (e.g. education) (Özel sektör bazı mal ve hizmetleri temin edebilir, ancak kaynakların tahsisi DEVLET sorumluluğunda olmalıdır)
When there is competition, the regulator of
private enterprise and markets degenerates. The government intervenes in
numerous instances to enforce fair competition by laws preventing adulteration,
fraud, unfair methods, and monopolistic combinations; on other cases to regulate
private monopolies in order to assure adequate service at reasonable prices, and
in a few cases to supply in part goods and services as a basis for comparing the
performance of private enterprise.
When private enterprise and the market process as a whole become
maladujusted, the government attempts to conserve human resources, to provide
economic security, and to correct the maladjustments. (pg.37-38)
Planning which effectively prescribed production
priorities and rationing of some consumers' items as in a war period would
eliminate some of the essential features of private enterprise. (pg.40)
The role of government in marketing has greatly increased during the last
half century and is likely to become even greater. (pg.78)
Differences in the qualities of goods are a deep mystery for most consumers... They face the almost impossible task of determining whether or not a given item is sufficiently superior to another article to justify a higher price. Since the consumer often fails to distinquish between superior and inferior purchases, many inefficient plants are virtually subsidized by ignorant buyers. If consumers were more discriminating buyers, competition would eliminate inefficient, shoddy production. (pg.84) (Görüldüğü gibi "pazar ekonomisi"nin tüketici "kötü malı ekarte eder" iddiası palavradan ibarettir!..Tüketici alacağı malın kalitesinden, teknik özelliklerinden hiç bir zaman tam haberdar olamaz. Reklamlar aklını karıştırır. BATI tipi rekabet kötü malı değil, çoğu zaman küçük işletmecilerin kaliteli malını ekarte eder!..)
Inequality in the distribution of wealth and income, is a necessary incentive for production in a system of private capitalism. (pg.88) (Görüldüğü gibi kan içici KAPİTALİZM'in örtülüsü "pazar ekonomisi"nin varlığı, ancak büyük gelir farkları ile mümkündür. Şu halde hem "pazar ekonomisi"ni, hem de "eşitliği" savunmak ancak cahillik tezahürüdür.)
In a free enterprise system the goal is perfect competition. In such markets the number of buyers and sellers is so large that no one of them can influence appreciably the price; the commodity consists of identical units; buyers and seller are completly aware of market conditions, the firms may move freely in and out of the industry. (pg.91) (Bu varsayımların hiç biri, ama hiç biri, ne gerçekçidir, ne varittir. Aslında hiç bir zaman tam REKABET esasına dayalı bir "SERBEST PAZAR" mümkün değildir!)
Loan Sharks: Pawnbrokers, chattel loan and salary loan brokers extend credit at exorbiant rates of interest and often refuse partial payments on the principal. The fact that these lenders exist may be an evidence of a defect in our loan system. (pg. 135) ("pazar ekonomisi"nin vatanı ABD'nin bile KREDİ sistemi tefecilikten başka bir şey değildir)
Money panics and numerous business failures made a new banking system imperative... Lack of central control over small independent banks continued loan funds for speculative purposes...Federal Reserve System represents the government and centralizes control over the entire banking system. Federal Open Market Committee formulates regulations for open market operations and directs the actual transactions. (Alavereli dalavereli bankacılık ve kredi işlemleri, ABD'yi bile bu sektöre DEVLET kontrolü getirmek mecburiyetinde bırakmıştır.)
Complete government ownership and operation of banks may be necessary to control effectively money and credit. Bank failures have been a serious problem... (pg. 141-142)(Bu gerçekten aklı başında yazarlar ABD'ye banka ve kredi işlerinin devletleştirilmesini tavsiye ediyorlar. Tabii "devletçi" görünen "banka fareleri"nin ekarte edilmesi şartı ile!)
Effective control of money and credit in a highly
centralized banking system alleviates greatly cyclical fluctuations. In the US,
Treasury and Federal Reserve policy affect the volume of money and credit.
(pg.170)
A program of government investment and public works broad enough to provide
competition for industries enjoying a semi-competitive or monopolistic position
would eliminate obstacles to full employment. (pg.171)
Many government investments of capital yield an intangible return which cannot be measured in monetary terms. e.g. they may promote the general welfare.(pg. 188) ( Bir BATILI bile her şeyin değerinin para ile ölçülemiyeceğini, DEVLET yatırımlarına böyle bakılmasını söylüyor)
The establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Program are evidence of a realization that American farm problems cannot be solved by domestic measures alone.(pg.225) (İşte itirafı!..İstisnasız bütün uluslararası kuruluşlar,FAO ve tabii ki Birleşmiş Milletler, BATI'nın kendi meselelerini çözmek için kurulmuştur. Bunlar geri kalmış ülkelerin yarasına merhem olamaz!)
Roosevelt administration decided that production controls were necessary to eliminate surpluses. (pg.229) (ABD'nin en aklı başında cumhurbaşkanlarından olan Roosevelt, TÜKETİM gibi ÜRETİM'in de başıboş bırakılmayacağını savunmuştur.)
Soil Conservation Act involved an extension of grass acreage, at the expense of basic crops, production control was continued in a disquised form. (pg.230) (Batı "serbest pazar", serbest ticaret" der ama, kendi hep "kontrollü" sistem uygular.)
Commodity Credit Corporation was established for
the purposes of bringing about a rise in agricultural prices. If the Market
price fell below the loan, the farmer simply turned his crop over to CCC which
bore the loss. (pg.231)
Since 1934 the State Department has pursued trade agreements with foreign
countries which involve a mutual reduction of tariff barriers. There is evidence
that American farmers have derived considerable benefit from this policy.
(pg.232)
(During World War II) price ceilings were established to prevent a repetition of the inflation of WW I. (pg.232)(ABD'de harp sırasında fiyatlar serbest değildi. Serbestlik belki ancak her şey "güllük gülistanlık" ise düşünülebilir.)
Government planning is necessary in agriculture in order that a stable framework may be established within which private enterprise may operate. In this case, at east, government planning and private enterprise are complementary rather than competitive. (pg. 233) (Tarımda DEVLET kontrolünü gene bir Amerikalı savunuyor)
The Labor Management Act of 1947 bans expenditures by unions for political purposes. (pg.243) (ABD'de sendikaların politikacılara para harcaması yasak. Bizdeki işçi ve memurları politikaya bulaştırmak istiyenler buna ne der acaba?)
Concentration of economic power, is likely to promote concentration of political power. In the US economic power has already become concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of persons. (pg.258) (İktisadi gücün belirli ellerde toplanması, politik gücün de o ellerde olması demektir. Bu sözü bir Amerikalı 1956'da söylemiş. Yani daha çokuluslu ama zenginuluslu şirketler yeni yeni ortaya çıkarken!.. Demek şimdi çok daha kötü bir durumdayız!..Peki, KUR'AN ne diyordu: Devlet (kudret) zenginler elinde dönüp dolaşan bir nimet haline gelmesin!)
High import duties frequently excluded foreign competition and permitted American firms to build up monopoly power...(pg.259) (Demek ABD de yüksek gümrük uygularmış)
Detailed studies show that concentration of economic power in the US has developed to such an extend that traditional terms like "competition" and "free enterprise" almost cease to have any significance...The economic life of the US is dominated by about 200 nonfinancial and 50 financial corporations whose policies regarding prices, production, and wages affect almost every citizen in the land. (pg.260) (İşte akıllı ve dürüst bir BATILI'nın itirafı! Araştırmalar şimdi yapılsa, herhalde gerçek REKABET ve SERBEST TEŞEBBÜS'ün çok uluslu şirketlerin dümeniyle çoktan öldüğünü ve gömüldüğünü tesbit edebilirdik.)
Problems of the Market Economy not even solved in
USA:
Price Leadership: The dominant firm acts as a price leader, and the others
follow. The result is an absence of price competition.
Price Agreements: It is illegal to conspire by means of price-fixing
agreement, but cases are constantly being unearthed.
Patent Control : These legal grants (in Us they are for 17 years) have been
used to establish and maintain a monopolistic position.
Market Sharing : Dominant firms in an industry
often agree not to compete in one another's markets.
In general, "big business" is now so well entrenched that the inventions and
innovations of a vigorous private enterprise system are likely to result in a
constant stream of monopolistic developments... The solution lies in the
direction of government ownership of monopolistic industrial enterprises of
vital interest to the public.(pg.260-267)
Public utilities are semipublic industries (in US). They are privately owned and operated, but government agencies regulate their operations with regard to rates and earnings...Railroads, electric, gas, water, telephone, telegraph, street railway, air transport, motor transport, pipe line, express, and pullman companies..(pg. 271)(Yani ABD dahi öyle "liberal ekonomi"ye, "serbest pazar"a pabuç bırakmıyor!)
Many cities and towns own their streetcar and
railway systems, gas and electricity plants, and waterworks. This type of public
ownership is so common that it no longer excites much controversy. (pg.278)
Public expenditures in 1890 was 7% of the national income, in 1926 15%, in
1932 36%, in 1941 26%, in 1949 28%. (so during periods of war and economic
problems government role in economic life increases.) (pg.285-286)
Public co-operation enables all individuals to
receive a limited amount of education. Police protection, sanitation, highways,
etc. can be provided more advantageously by means of public co-operation. The
increase in population especially urban, and the growing complexitieş of modern
industrial civilization multiply social needs. Depression necessitated welfare
services. (pg. 287)
The management of many American government enterprises has been only
moderately successful, but that is also true of many important private
enterprises. (pg.293)
International Economic Relations: In many others
(countries) including US, governments have on an increasing scale been engaging
in buying and selling, and lending and borrowing.
How did Germany got rich before WW II: Germany enforced a complete monopoly
of buying and selling in the foreign exchange market. German exporters were
forced to sell to German banks at an arbitrarily fixed rate. German importers
had to obtain a permit before foreign exchange could be purchased from German
banks. Countries selling goods to Germany were paid in "blocked marks" that
could only be spent in Germany. Germany's creditors were forced to buy goods
from her that might have been obtained more cheaply elsewhere. Foreign
investment virtually ceased since capital was not permitted to leave. Stability
of exchange rates was achieved, but only on a basis of reduced trade.
(pg.318-319)
Japanese society prevented the formation of free
labor unions (before WW II). Consequently the US felt justifed in restricting
the entry of many Japanese imports!..
Many tariffs, particularly those of the US have been imposed because of
political considerations. Lobbying has always enabled well-organized special
interest groups to achieve protection for particular products since there is no
lobby for the general welfare. (pg.337)
Imports of meat into the US from Argentina were
restricted by means of a rigid interpetation of the sanitary regulation. (pg.
338)
In 1945 the British government established o monopoly for cotton importing...
Increasingly, trade is becoming a matter of negotiation between two state
trading agencies.
Before WW II international investment was passing partially into the hands of
governments. Many loans were political in nature. ...Since WW II the bulk of
international lending has been by governments. (pg 339)
International Cartels are perhaps the most sinister form of trade regulation since control is exercised not by governments in the the interest of their citizens, but by private producers for the sole purpose of increasing profits. International cartels have usually been formed by monopolistic producers in big industrial countries and have resulted in the division of markets, price maintenance, the elimination of competition, and the restriction of production. They have been in the production of chemicals, electrical equipment, synthetic products. The control is usually exercised through the medium of the cross-licensing of patents which has in many cases resulted in the world-wide control of production and trade, by what almost amounts to a private government. (pg. 339-340)(En önemli paragraf!...TÜRKİYE'de DEVLET'in ekonomideki payını ve söz hakkını kısmak isteyen yabancı devletler, kendi ekonomilerinde söz sahibi oldukları bir yana, özel sektörleri de ayrı bir devlet gibi dünya üretim ve ticaretini kontrol ve baskı altında tutmaktadır. Bunu bir Amerikalı itiraf ediyor! Şimdiki durum 1950'lerden çok daha kötüdür, delili de kalkınmamış ülkelerin daha da fakirleşmesi, hatta açlık tehlikesine düşmesidir)
The extensive use of quotas by France, the
development of exchange ontrol by Germany, and the establishment of a
discriminating tariff system known as "imperial preference" by Britain
contributed to the decline of world trade. (pg 342)
In the late thirties, the huge expenditures on armaments, political loans,
and the use of economic policy as a military and diplomatic weapon completed the
disintegration of the world trade system. (pg. 343)
The trade Agreement Extention Act of 1955 permitted the President to impose quotas or other restrictions. (pg. 346)
KISSADAN HİSSE: Büyük devletler menfaatleri
gerektirdiğinde, veya sıkıntıya düştüklerinde ekonomilerini düzeltmek için her
türlü DEVLET müdahalesini mubah görmekte, her türlü tahdit veya teşviği meşru
saymaktadır. Şu halde TÜRKİYE de kendi menfatine uygun her türlü tedbiri alacak
güçlü bir DEVLET'e sahip olmalı ve DEVLET ekonominin her noktasına hakim
olmalıdır. Diğer devletler kendi kısıtlamalarını kaldırmadıkça, kendi kapılarını
açmadıkça, kendi mallarına teşvikleri kaldırmadıkça, patent oyunları, kartel
hilelerini önlemedikçe, TÜRKİYE de gerekli bütün tedbirleri almaktan
kaçınmamalıdır!..
Çünkü halihazırda dünyada samimi bir "serbest pazar" yoktur,
bütün pazarlar büyük devletlerin veya kartel idarelerinin kontrolu altındadır!..
Kurtlara kümesin kapısını açmanın sonu felaket olur!..
Şimdi bazıları diyecektir ki, "Bu ifadeler 1956'da yazılmış bir kitaptan!..O tarihten bu yana köprünün
altından çok su geçti!.." Bizim cevabımız hazır!.. Aşağıdaki değerlendirmeler
1993 baskısı ECONOMICS (Lipsey, Courant, Purers,
Steiner) kitabından... Dikkatle okunursa
görülecek ki, aklı başında BATILI bilim adamlarının kuşkuları azalmamış,
artmış... Dikkatle inceleyelim: Economics is a science, only in the sense that it
progresses through a sistematic confrontation of theory by evidence.
If it were not for the government-sanctioned restrictions on imports, US
markets would be full of Japanese cars, European food The dissappearance of USSR is the RELATIVE success
of MIXED capitalism. (Yani Sovyetler'in çökmesi,
sadece KARMA KAPTALİST SİSTEM'in KARMA SOSYALİST SİSTEM'e nazaran biraz daha
başarılı olduğunu gösterir. Yoksa KAPİTALİZM'in MÜKEMMEL olduğunu
DEĞİL!) Most important economic problems are inflation,
unemployment, budget deficits and economic growth. Other problems are
urbanization, education, transportation, communication, health, pollution and
environment.
Bu yazarların 20 yıl önceki eserlerinde kirlenme ve
çevre meseleleri yer almıyordu. Eğitim ve sağlığı "ekonominin problemi" olarak
görmüyorlardı. Şimdi bile "ekonomik problem" olarak görmedikleri hususları da
biz sayalım:
Toplumun dejenere olması, ahlaki değerlerin
kaybolması, fuhuş, alkol ve uyuşturucu müptelalarının artması, kumar ve şans
oyunlarının umut haline gelmesi, suç ve şiddet olaylarının yükselmesi!..
Geri kalmış ülkelerde açlık ve sefaletin inanılmaz
boyutlara ulaşması, 1945'den bu yana bir cihan harbi daha yaşanmış gibi
insanların ölmesi, tabiatın tahrip olması! Bu aklı başında yazarlar şu soruları sormakta: - What is the impact of the growth of
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS that conduct much of the business in the world?
- Are the economists right in arguing that environmental protection is best
accomplished using "market price" incentives rather than direct government
intervention?
- How is that when the average US citizen enjoys the highest standards in the
world, so many feel economically harassed?
- Why has the distribution of income in US become more unequal since 1970's?
Every economy combines significant elemants of traditional, command and
market systems. The failure of USSR points out the superiority of MIXED
economies with substantial elements of market determination over FULLY planned
command economies. It doesnot determine, as some people have claimed, the
superiority of completely FREE market economies over MIXED economies.
There is no sign that free markets will handle
problems as pollution, economic recession. In fact, free markets often fail to
do these. Mixed economies with significant degrees of government intervention
are needed to do these jobs.
Furthermore free market does not provide an excuse to ignore social issues. A
partial list includes government regulation of the functioning of the economy,
the measures needed to protect environment, health care, redistribution of
income, education, housing, subsidizing agriculture, etc. Many US citizens support government intervention
into housing market and farm production.
In 1948, 45.6% of the non-agricultral working population was in services,
12.6% in government sector, 7.1% in mining, construction and 34.7% in
manufacturing. In 1991, the figures were 61%, 16.9%, 4.9% and 16.9%
respectively. In West Europe there were similar trends. Economics is a social science. Like all social
sciences, it contains positive statements (theories or logical assertions). If a
positive statement is proved wrong, it is called "testable". There are also
normative statements based on value judgements, religious, cultural,
philosophical background. They are not testable.
Unemployment benefits have increased unemployment! Trade is necessary for every kind of excess
production, but it is essential for specialized production. Otherwise
individuals will not be able to obtain the other things they need.
Specialization still preserves its importance, but self-sufficiency is
gaining ground. Division of labor is losing ground where more trained and
skilled experts are needed. To form the Free-Market Economy, economists assume
many preconditions:
1- Households make consistent decisions as if they were an individual.(Thus
family conflicts, more and legal problems and the mentality of the individuals
who have control on decisions are ignored.) A household seeks maximum
satisfaction or utility. It is assumed to be rational and aware of all the
qualities and price rates in the market. 2- Firms make consistent decisions as if they were
single individuals. Their only goal is to maximize profits. It is assumed that
they try to do this without lowering the quality, bribery, cheating, etc.
(Firmaların sadece kar düşündüğü bir gerçektir,
ancak bunu kaliteyi düşürmeden, rüşvet, aldatma, dolandırma, hile yapmadan
sağlamaya çalıştıkları varsayımı ise tam bir palavradır. Bırakın şimdiki
"serbest pazar"ı, 1400 yıl önce bile KUR'AN teraziye hile katanları uyarmıştı!..
Piyasadaki bu kar çılgınlığı ve hile furyası ancak DEVLET kontrolü ile
önlenebilir.) 3- Government includes all public offices and
agencies. Most government officials are elected and they want to keep their
posts. So essential measures with high costs and little short-run benefits are
unlikely to find favor. (Demokrasi ile birlikte
geliştiği söylenen "serbest piyasa ekonomisi"nin toplum ihtiyaçlarını ihmal eden
"seçim ekonomisi"ne dönüştüğünü, biz biliriz dile getirmeyiz; ancak akıllı
BATILILAR itiraf etmekten kaçınmıyorlar.) 4- Income, taste, population, prices of other
commodities are assumed to remain constant when we consider Demand and Supply of
a certain commodity. (Bu da sadece bir
varsayımdan öteye geçmez. Onun içindir ki, dünyadaki hiç bir malın arzı da
talebi de tam olarak tesbit edilemez... Söylesenize ALLAH aşkına, "pazar
ekonomisi"nden geriye ne kaldı?.. Hiç!) 5- If a commodity is traded throughout the world,
the extent of one country's influence on the price will depend on how important
its demand and supply in the worldwide totals. (Yazar burada satır arasında demek istiyor ki, bütün "serbest piyasa"
palavralarına rağmen, dünya piyasasında güçlü ülkeler talep ve arz ne olursa
olsun, fiyatları kendi kontrollerinde tutarlar. Hemen örnek verelim: TÜRKİYE
dünya fındık üretiminin %75'ini gerçekleştiriyor. Dünya piyasasında fındık
fiyatlarını etkiliyebiliyor mu?..İpek, sanayi ürünü olmasına rağmen -paraşüt vs.
için çok önemli- koza fiyatları düşüyor. Neden?.. İpek üretimi mi arttı, talep
mi düştü?.. Hayır!..Sadece dünya borsaları zengin devletlerin
elinde!) If a producer or seller holds 33% of the market,
it is considered a monopoly. (Bu cümle şu
demektir: Dünya üretim ve tüketiminin yarısından
fazlasını elinde tutan zengin devletler, aslında her mal için bir TEKEL
oluşturmuşlardır!.. Bu ülkeler 7'ler diye
bilinen ABD, Japonya, Almanya, İngiltere, Fransa, Kanada ve İtalya'dır.
Benelüks'ün -Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg- eklenmesi ile bu sayı 10'a çıkar.
İsviçre'ninse her türlü kaçakçılıkta ve yolsuzlukta payı vardır. Yani "serbest pazar ekonomisi",
bütün mazlum ülkelerin hammadde kaynaklarını ucuza kapatmak, topraklarına
konmak, emeğini sömürmek için uydurulmuş bir kuyruklu yalandan
ibarettir!..) Forcing people to join trade unions actually
eliminates market competition because these unions give the LOWEST permitted
price, not the HIGHEST permitted one. So the producers are not "individuals" any
more, as the theory states. (Bu da "pazar
ekonomisi"nin aslında mevcut olmadığının bir başka ifadesi!) Governments intervene in the price system to
satisfy generally agreed upon social goals. This changes the allocation of
resources. Economies can not answer the question whether it is desirable in free
markets or not.
In 1950's direct support for agriculture was replaced by loans. In 1980's
Reagan promised "market economy" but the government continued to regulate the
agricultural sector. Underdeveloped countries found it difficult to compete with
EC and US subsidized farm products in the world market!..
Bitmedi!..
Bir de "THE OUTLINE OF
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY" (US Information Agency, 1991) adlı kitabı gözden geçirelim...
Bu kitabın özelliği, ABD DEVLET GÖRÜŞÜ'nü
yansıtmasıdır!.. Göreceğiz ki, TÜRKİYE'de unutturulmak istenen, Demirel'in "hala belini kıramadık" dediği KARMA EKONOMİ ifadesi, AMERİKA için bile geçerli: US is described as a MIXED ECONOMY, which is to
say that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately
owned, the federal government DOES play an important role in the market place.
Government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure
economic opportunities, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to
stimulate growth.
Ever since the colonial times, the government has been involved in economic
decision-making. It has made huge investments in infrastructure, provided social
welfare programs and supported the development of agriculture.
Americans are pragmatists. They accept an important role for government for
economic growth and progress. (This is because) US economy and free enterprise
system has not been without problems.
Until World War 2, most of the labor was immigrants.
Businesses can interfere with pure competition through price fixing and other
monopolistic practices to maximize their profits.
Government provides a range of services better performed by public rather
than private enterprise. Government role has ebbed and flowed, according to the
needs of the time. In 1992 the federal government regulatory officials were
around 122.000, more than that of 1980.
The government provides help to businesses. Tariffs permit domestic products
remain free from foreign competition. Imports are taxed or limited. Government
also subsidizes farm products. It also supports ailing individuals.
As the 20th century has progressed, the public has come to expect the
government to provide more services than in any other previous era. A great
number of services becomes economically feasible for the government to provide
when large numbers of people crowd into cities.
From 1960 to 1990 state and local governments increased their employees from
6.4 million to 15.2 million, federal government from 2.4 million to 3 m.
But by 1991 many observers were questioning whether government was the most
efficient provider of needed services. Many US employed private companies and
contractd 5 billion $ of city services. Yet privatization remains a highly
contraversial subject.
Alexandre Hamilton, G. Washington's secretary of treasury, advocated
subsidies and protective tariffs for infant industries. Tariffs were the policy
of US until mid 20th century.
Most US government leaders were reluctant to get involved in the private
sector. (They favored Leassez faire) This attitude changed at the end of the
19th century. Government involvement increased in 1930. New Deal (by Roosevelt)
extended federal authority in all fields (banking, agriculture, social security,
public welfare, labor problems, minimum wages, housing, etc.) During the 2nd
W.War the US government intervened in the economy as it never had
before!... Gördünüz mü "serbest pazar" ekonomisinin çirkin
yüzünü ve çaresizliğini?.. Gördünüz mü "liberal" BATI ülkelerinin nasıl DEVLET'i daima EKONOMİ'nin içinde
tuttuklarını?..
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