This test consists of 15 questions worth a total of 100 points plus five bonus questions worth a total of 5 points. Point value of each question is indicated in the left margin. Please read each question carefully before answering in the space provided.

(6) 1. Advantages of Learning

a. There are three conditions under which learning is likely to occur. Describe TWO of these conditions.

b. A bird species nests in trees and builds deep nests. Only one pair of birds nests per tree. Explain whether or not the parents have the ability to learn individual eggs. Justify your answer.

(4) 2. Describe TWO of the costs associated with learning.

(4) 3. Distinguish between developmental and primer effects of hormones on behavior.

(8) 4. Umwelt

a. Define the concept.

b. Give the unusual sensory capacity for each of the following organisms:

- bats

- sharks

- rattlesnakes

(8) 5. Moths have two sensory fibers in each ear, an A1 and an A2 fiber.

a. Describe the frequency range of sensitivity of these two fibers (in terms of kilohertz).

b. Describe how the moth use the A1 fiber to fly away from bats

c. Stimulation of the A2 fiber has what effects on the central nervous system and behavior?

(8) 6. Cockroach Predator Detector

a. The Giant Interneuron innervates the leg motor neurons. If the Giant Interneuron fires 2-4 times in a short interval, the leg motor neurons fire. Even though the Giant Interneuron stops firing, the motor neurons continue to fire. Explain the ULTIMATE significance for this proximate mechanism.

b. Experiments with toad predators have shown the effectiveness of this predator detector system. Fill in the missing percentages:

(6) 7. Toads have a behavioral hierarchy in which escape is a higher priority than feeding. When presented with both escape and feeding stimuli, toads do escape behavior and not feeding behavior. Explain the PROXIMATE mechanism for this behavioral hierarchy.

(12) 8.Stimulus Filtering

a. Define the concept.

b. On the figure below is the spectrogram of male cricket frogs from New Jersey and South Dakota. Draw in the sensitivity curve of the basilar papilla of a female cricket frog from New Jersey.

c. Female cricket frogs from South Dakota, when given a choice of calling males from New Jersey and South Dakota, prefer South Dakota males. Explain the PROXIMATE reason for this preference.

(4) 9. Female red deer were kept under each of the following conditions. Indicate which of these following conditions would be

a.. slowest in reaching estrus (sexual heat) and ovulation

b. fastest in reaching estrus and ovulation.

- kept with vasectomized males

- kept isolated from males but exposed to recorded calls of males

- kept isolated from males and not exposed to any calls of males

(11) 10. Taxes and Kineses

a. Distinguish between taxes and kineses.

b. Distinguish between klinotaxis and tropotaxis.

c. What is the difference between positive and negative phototaxis?

d. Describe the body orientation of a labryinthectomized (ear removal) fish exposed to:

-light from underneath

-light from the side

(6) 11. Circadian Rhythms

a. Describe the temporal calling pattern of male crickets entrained to a 12:12 Light:Dark cycle

b. Describe the temporal calling pattern of male crickets kept in constant light.

c. Describe the temporal calling pattern of male crickets entrained to a 12:12 Light:Dark cycle and with their optic lobes severed from the rest of the CNS.

(8) 12. Social Conditions and Reproductive Physiology

a. Give the effects on reproductive physiology for each of the following social conditions in mice:

- juvenile female held with dominant male

- juvenile male held with dominant male

- adult female held in group of females without a male

b. Pregnant females exposed to the urine of strange males will resorb the embryos or spontaneously abort. Give an ULTIMATE explanation for this response.

(6) 13. Shown below is a graph of ovarian follicle growth and maturation (recrudescence) of individual female Anolis lizards plotted against time. The line drawn in represents recrudescence of individual female Anolis lizards kept in isolation. Draw and label the recrudescence curves for a female kept with a group of:

(6) 14. Dissociated Reproductive Patterns.

a. Explain what is meant by dissociated reproductive pattern.

b. Explain how the reproductive pattern of either white-crowned sparrows or red-sided garter snakes is an example of a dissociated reproductive pattern.

(3) 15. Central Pattern Generators

a. Define the concept.

b. Give one example of a central pattern generator.

BONUS (one point each)

1. The Whitten effect is named after ________________________.

2. What type of neuron lies between a receptor and the CNS?

3. Describe the role of the superchiasmatic nucleus in rats and hamsters.

4. Injection of prostaglandins will have what effect on female Anolis lizards?

5. What is the effect of human male underarm odor on female reproduction?