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Slovak Declension

Slovak declension (Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Numerals)
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Last update: September 4 2004 (CET)

1. Introduction

2. Legend

3. Nouns
-The Masculine Gender
- -Paradigms
- -Notes on chlap
- -Notes on hrdina
- -Notes on dub
- -Notes on stroj
- The Feminine Gender
- -Paradigms
- -Notes on žena
- -Notes on ulica
- -Notes on dlaň
- -Notes on kosť
- The Neuter Gender
- -Paradigms
- -Notes on mesto
- -Notes on srdce
- -Notes on vysvedčenie
- -Notes on dievča
-Indeclinable nouns

4. Adjectives
- Paradigms
- -Pekný
- -Cudzí
- -Otcov
-The Comparative and Superlative
- -The Comparative
- -The Superlative
- -The Comparative and Superlative of Adverbs

5. Pronouns
-Personal Pronouns
-Demonstrative Pronouns
-Interrogative (and Relative) and Indefinite Pronouns
-Possessive Pronouns

6. Numerals
-Cardinal Numerals
- -Paradigms
- -Compound Numerals
- -The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Numeral
- -Indefinite Cardinal Numerals
-Ordinal Numerals
-Group Numerals
-Generic Numerals
-Multiplicative Numerals
- -Indefinite Multiplicative Numerals
-Indefinite Numerals
-Fractions

1.Introduction

The Slovak language, like most Slavic languages, is an inflected language, meaning that the endings (and sometimes also the stems) of most words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals) change depending on the given combination of the grammatical gender, the grammatical number and the grammatical case of the particular word in the particular sentence:

a)Gender: All Slovak nouns and adjectives, as well as some pronouns and numerals are either masculine, feminine, or neuter

b)Number: Like in English, there is the singular and the plural

c)Cases:

the nominative case (N) = the subject; the basic form of the word; answers the question Who / What; e. g. father (sg) , fathers (pl)

the genitive case (G) =

(1) in English ”of x” or ”x’s” ; answers the questions Of whom / Of what; e. g. father’s (sg. ) , fathers’ (pl);

(2) is used after the prepositions bez, blízko, do, doprostred, mimo, namiesto, okolo, od, podľa, pomimo, pomocou, pozdĺž, u, uprostred, vedľa, vnútri, vyše, z, *za

the dative case (D) =

(1) in English ”to x”; answers the question To whom / To what; e. g. to the father (sg), to the fathers (pl);

(2) is used after the prepositions k, kvôli, napriek, naproti, oproti, voči

the accusative case (A) =

(1) the direct object; answers the question Whom / What; e. g. [I see the] father (sg) , fathers (pl);

(2) is used after the prepositions: cez, *medzi, *na, *nad, *po, *o, *pod, pre, *pred, *v, vzhľadom na, *za

the locative case (L) = used after the prepositions *na, *po, *o, pri, *v

the instrumental case (I) =

(1) in English ”by (means of) x”; answers the question By (means of) whom / By (means of) what; e. g. [written] by the father;

(2) is used after the prepositions: medzi, *nad, *pod, *pred, s, *za

The ancient vocative case (V) does not exist anymore in modern Slovak (unlike in modern Czech). It was used when addressing another person (e. g. the word Peter in the following sentence was in the vocative case in ancient times: What are you doing, Peter?) Today it is replaced by the nominative, often combined with the word my (like in English), e. g. Come here, my friend. However, the ancient vocative has survived (mostly in fairy tales or in an ironic sense) in the following masculine words, mostly denoting family members: syn (V: synku), brat (V: brat(k)u), chlapec (V:chlapče), švagor (V: švagre or N), kmotor (V:kmotre or N), chlap (V: chlape), priateľ (V: priateľu or N), pán (V: pane or N), majster (V: majstre or N). Officially, these forms are considered variants of the nominative.

* in certain contexts

2. Legend

”ends in” in the following refers to the ending in the nominative singular (N sg), unless stated differently

Soft consonants are: all consonants with the diacritic mark ˇ (e.g. š, ľ) + c, dz, j. Hard and neutral consonants are all the remaining consonants

For masculine nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals it is necessary to distinguish between animate and inanimate ones. An animate noun is a person (e. g. father, Peter) and an inanimate noun is any other noun (e. g. table, fear, democracy). Animals are usually viewed as persons only in sg. For the animate nouns, the G is identical with the A (both in sg. and in pl.), and for the inanimate nouns, the N is identical with the A (both in sg. and in pl. ). Animate/Inanimate adjectives, pronouns and numerals are those referring to an animate/inanimate noun respectively (e. g. in ”my father” the ”my” is animate, because father is animate).

sg = singular, pl = plural

N, G, D, A, L, I are abbreviations of grammatical cases (see above)

3. Nouns

For each gender, there are four basic declension paradigms (i. e. declension models).

3. 1. The Masculine Gender

3. 1. 1. Paradigms

	animate and ends in anything except -a		animate and ends in -a		inanimate and ends in a hard or neutral consonant		inanimate and ends in a soft consonant
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
N	chlap	chlapi	hrdina	hrdinovia	dub	duby	stroj	stroje
G	chlapa	chlapov	hrdinu	hrdinov	duba	dubov	stroja	strojov
D	chlapovi	chlapom	hrdinovi	hrdinom	dubu	dubom	stroju	strojom
A	chlapa	chlapov	hrdinu	hrdinov	dub	duby	stroj	stroje
L	chlapovi	chlapoch	hrdinovi	hrdinoch	dube	duboch	stroji	strojoch
I	chlapom	chlapmi	hrdinom	hrdinami	dubom	dubmi	strojom	strojmi

There is also a 5th paradigm for foreign nouns ending in .-i , -y, -e, -í, -é, -ě, -ä (e. g. pony, kuli, Tököli, Goethe, Krejčí, abbé, Poupě) and foreign personal names ending in -ü, -ö (e. g. Jenö), which goes as follows:

Sg: N: pony, G: ponyho, D: ponymu, A: ponyho, L and I: ponym

Pl: like hrdina.
Exceptions:

French and English personal and geographical names ending in an unpronounced -e (e. g. Shakespeare) are declined like chlap (if personal), and dub or stroj (if geographical).

surnames ending in -ai / -ay / -ey (Révai, Vey) and the word jockey are declined like chlap; if the name is a Hungarian name, declension like pony is also possible.

Hungarian names ending in - gy, -ly, -ny, -ty (pronounced -ď, -j, -ň, -ť) are declined like chlap

Some foreign surnames ending in -ü are declined like chlap

Those Czech personal names ending in -ě, with which a connection is seen with a normal feminine noun, are officially declined like hrdina, but in reality like pony (e. g. Večeře (means lunch), Purkyně). Those Czech names in -ě / -e, with which a connection is seen with normal neuter (!) nouns, are declined like chlap (e. g. Bičiště-Bičišťovi, Srdce)

Romanian names in -ci (pronounced č) are declined like chlap

Slavic names in -ki, -ski, -cki, -čki (etc. ) are declined like adjectives (paradigm: pekný)

Masculine animal nouns are declined like chlap in the singular, but in plural:

like chlap if :

like hrdina, if they belong to the paradigm pony (e.g. pony, grizly)
otherwise like dub if they end in a hard or neutral consonant (e. g. slon, kamzík); in the nouns pes, vlk, vták however the declension like chlap is also possible (pes - pl: psy / psi)

otherwise like stroj (e. g. mravec, tuleň).

Slovak nouns ending in -y / -ý / -i / -í and whose form is identical with that of the corresponding adjective (or participle), i. e. substantivized adjectives, are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný or cudzí), e. g. triedny, Tajovský, starejší, cestujúci. However, many personal names in -í are declined like pony in reality (e. g. Dolejšího (not Dolejšieho like in cudzí))

The noun peniaz (peace of money) is regularly declined like dub, but takes: -i in L sg, -e in N pl, and -í in G pl and Apl. The G pl peniazov is used if single pieces of money (i. e. coins) are meant.

The noun deň (day) is regularly declined like stroj, but takes: -i in N pl (Apl) and -í in Gpl

3. 1. 2. Notes on chlap:

Further masculine nouns declined like chlap are:

foreign surnames ending in -o /-u / -ó / -ú (also some in -ü, see also pony), French and English personal names ending in an unpronounced -e , Italian personal names ending in -e , and Romanian names ending in -ci (eg. Makarenko, Enescu, Rousseau, Szabó, Hajdú, Pierre, Garrone, Petrovici), e. g. Shakespeare - Shakespeara - Shakespearovi . . . . ;the Italian personal names ending in -e however are declined like pony in everyday speech (e. g. Garrone).

surnames ending in -ai / -ay / -ey (Révai, Vey) and the word jockey; if the name is a Hungarian name, declension like pony is also possible.

Hungarian names ending in - gy, -ly, -ny, -ty (pronounced -ď, -j, -ň, -ť) and Romanian names in -ci (pronounced č)

those Czech names in -ě / -e, with which a connection is seen with normal neuter (!) nouns (e. g. Bičiště-Bičišťovi, Srdce)

some foreign surnames ending in -ü

Masculine nouns not declined like chlap:

Slavic names in -kij, -skij, -ckoj, -oj, -čij are declined like adjectives (paradigm: pekný or cudzí), not like chlap, e. g. Tolstoj - Tolstého

For the nouns ending in a vowel (e. g. -o, -u) the vowel is not part of the stem, but the ending in N sg: e. g. dedo has G/D sg. . . deda/dedovi etc. (not dedoa/dedoovi etc. ). An exception are cases where the -e changes the pronunciation of the preceding letters - then the vowel is part of the stem, e. g. in (1) the French and English endings -che, -ge, -ce (pronounced š , ž/dž, s respectively) and (2)Rumanian names in -ci.

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the stem:

most nouns ending in -ec, -ek, -ok lose the e/o in all cases except N sg (e. g. vrabec - vrabca); some nouns ending in -čik can also lose the i (e. g. chudáčik -chudáčka/chudáčika, but only kováčik - kováčika); all Czech surnames ending in -něk lose the ě in all cases except N sg and the n changes in ň (e. g. Vaněk - Vaňka)

some foreign nouns in -er, -el (e. g. snajper - snajpra) lose the e in all cases except N sg, but if it is a surname there are usually no changes in the stem (e. g. Herder - Herdera)

in some short nouns, the -e- changes its position in all cases except N sg (e. g. žnec - ženca)

nouns ending in -k / -ch change the k / ch in c / s in N pl, unless the ending in Npl. is -ovia (see Deviations from the paradigm conc. the ending) , e. g. žiak - žiaci, valach - valasi, Čech-Česi (but sok- sokovia)

most Latin and Greek nouns in -us, -as, -es, -os lose the us / as / es / os in all cases except N sg (e. g. génius - génia; but e. g. fiškus - fiškusa); today however, especially if the nouns are personal names, the ending is often kept (e. g. Pytagoras- Pytagora / Pytagorasa, Ovídius - Ovídia / Ovídiasa )

French personal names ending in -es lose the es in all cases except N sg ; however, if they end in -ges, -ches, -ces, they lose only the -s (e. g. Georges-Georgea)

total stem changes : človek (man) changes the stem in ľud- in plural; the following stem changes occur in some Greek and Latin names in all cases except N sg: Cicero: Cicer- in Cicerón-, Paris: Paris- in Parid-, Noe: Noe- in Noem-, Nero: Nero- in Nerón-, Zeus: Zeus- in Di-, Anakreón: Anakreón- in Anakreont- . . .

in French names ending in an unpronounced consonant, the consonant remains unpronounced in N sg, but is pronounced in all other cases (eg. Dumas [düma] - Dumasa [dümasa])

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the ending:

G sg and A sg: alternative ending -u if the noun is a Slovak surname ending in -o (e. g. Kňažko)

D sg and L sg : ending - u if the noun:

L sg: ending -i (after a -k/-g ending -u) after the preposition na , if the noun represents any form of a horse or donkey (such as mustang, žrebec, somár etc. incl. all derivatives), eg. na mustangu, na somári

N pl: ending -ovia if the noun:
- ends in -o/- g / -h / -ek/ -ok/ -ij and foreign nouns in -ius
- is a diminutive ending in -ek, -ček, -ik, -čik (e. g. chlapček)
- is a monosyllabic noun and ends in -k (e. g. sok) or is a compound noun ending in such a noun (e. g. hrdopysk (from pysk))
- is a foreign noun ending in -ch (e. g. eunuch- eunuchovia), or in some cases a monosyllabic Slovak noun ending in -ch or a compound noun ending in such a noun (e. g. duch - duchovia, zloduch-zloduchovia), except the noun Čech
- is a family member (e. g. otec (father), švagor (brother-in-law), syn, svokor, kmotor, zať, pobratim)
- is a personal name (Štefan, Peter, Newton, Fero, Botto); note that if the ending -ovci is added to surnames, the plural takes the special meaning ”the family of . . .” , e. g. Newtonovci = the Newtons (the Newton family), but Newtonovia = the Newtons (e. g. two persons called Newton)
- is a foreign word, usually denoting a title, a religious function or so and usually ending in -f, -m and usually monosyllabic (e. g. šéf, kalif, mím, moslim, princ, anonym), see however below N pl ending -i or -ovia
- is a foreign name ending in -u / -ú / -ü / -ü / -ó (e. g. Rousseau, Szabó, Lenau, Néhrú)

N pl: ending -ia if the noun
- ends in -teľ, -(č)an (but -(č)an only if the noun is an inhabitant of something, e. g. Slovan (Slav), or the member of a religion, e. g. kresťan (Christian)), unless the ending is -man
- is rodič, brat, dedič, manžel, sused, hosť, človek, Žid
N pl. ending -i or -ovia:
- in most foreign nouns ending in -nóm, -graf, -fil, -fób, (e. g. agronóm, ekonóm, choreograf); examples where only -i is possible: fotograf, typograf, xylograf
- in few foreign nouns ending in -ik (e. g. cynik, stoik, epik); examples where only -i is possible: fyzik, chemik, technik, lyrik, dramatik, historik, akademik
- in some monosyllabic names of nations or tribes (e. g. Nór, Ír, Brit, Gal, Búr)
- in some other nouns, e. g. posol, muž, cár, bán, buržuj, apoštol

G pl and A pl ending -í if the noun is hosť, človek

I pl ending - ami if the noun:
- ends in -o / -ius / - #t / -#ť (where # is p, t, ť, k, č, c, s, š, ch, f) , or in -m+ consonant(s) (e. g. ujo, génius, hosť, Kopt, lump)
- is a noun that loses an e / o / i from its stem in all cases except for N sg (these are e. g. otec, herec, poslanec, svedok, lotor ), e.g. otec - otcami
- is a foreign name ending in -u / -ú / -ü / -ü / -ó

3. 1. 3. Notes on hrdina:

Further masculine nouns declined like hrdina are:

those Czech personal names ending in -ě, with which a connection is seen with a normal feminine noun, are officially declined like hrdina (e. g. Večeře (means lunch), Purkyně); but in reality they are declined like pony.

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the ending:

N pl: ending in -i if the noun is a foreign noun ending in -ta (e. g. turista), and alternatively in výherca and záujemca

I pl: ending in - mi if the noun is a foreign noun ending in -vowel+ta

3. 1. 4. Notes on dub:

Further masculine nouns declined like dub are:

French and English masculine geographical names ending in an unpronounced -e (e. g. Guise) - see also stroj -, provided, of course, that they are declined at all.

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the stem:

some nouns (especially those ending in -íček, -ok, -ík) lose the e/ o / i / í /ie/ á in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. výmysel - výmysla, chrbát - chrbta, ohníček - ohníčka, dnešok - dneška, ocot - octa )

some Greek and Latin nouns in -us, -es, -os lose the us / es / os in all cases except N sg and A sg (e.g. komunizmus - komunizmu; but e.g. autobus - autobusu, cirkus - cirkusu)

some nouns in -er, -el, -or, mostly foreign ones, lose the e/o in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. liter - litra, kufor- kufra, ker -kra, uzol-uzla, živel-živla); examples of foreign nouns that keep the e/o: hotel, fotel, revolver, zeler, propeler, éter, duel, model, majer (e. g. hotel - hotela)

in French and English geographical names ending in an unpronounced -e, the e disappears in all cases except N sg and A sg, e. g. Guise - Guisa

some Slovak words lose the acute or the i/u from a diphthong in all cases except N sg and Asg :, e. g. mráz - mraza, chlieb - chleba, vietor - vetra (here at the same time loss of o), stôl - stola, bôr - bora

nouns (mostly geographical names that are plurale tantum) that have the G pl without ending (see below) , change the a/e/i/o/u (without an acute or a preceding i) in the stem in á/é/í/ó/ú (raz - ráz, Vojany - Voján, Krompachy - Krompách) or in some cases in ia/ie/iu/ô (e. g. čas -čias, Margecany - Margecian, Žabokreky - Žabokriek) in the G pl, unless the preceding syllable in the stem already contains a vowel with an acute or a diphthong (e. g. Hájniky - Hájnik)

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the ending:

G sg: ending -u if the noun:
- is an abstract noun or uncountable noun, e. g. vrh, pozdrav, cukor, piesok , senát, hmyz (and compound nouns if they end in such an abstract or uncountable noun, e. g. vodopád), except chlieb, syr, ovos, národ; compare also: papier - papiera (1 piece) / papieru (material), hrášok - hráška (1 piece) / hrášku (many pieces)
- ends in -m (except for some geographical names, such as Ostrihom - Ostrihoma)
- is a foreign noun (esp. if it ends in -x, -izmus, -cons. +us ), e. g. parlament, festival, text, index, komunizmus, cyklus; in some cases both -a and -u is possible, e. g. autobus (-autobusu/autobusa), trolejbus, Alžír
- is a geographical name ending in -z, -hrad, -grad, .-horod, -gorod
- in some other words, esp. obraz, sad, hrad, vinohrad, diel, druh, vrch, vlak, breh, petržlen, cesnak, prístav, stan, zámotok, vodovod.; in some cases both a and u is possible, e. g. kolok, schodok, bok, rok, oštep, tlakomer, teplomer, and in the masculine names of the days of the week, but in some cases the forms in a and in u have different meanings (e. g. kolok, schodok) and the word rok is used in some contexts with -a, in others with -u.

L sg: ending -u if the noun ends in -k /-g /-h /-ch or (in foreign nouns) in - vowel + us

L sg ending -i in:
- any nouns ending in -ár / - iar / -ier (except pár, svár, nesvár, nešvár, suchopár)
- foreign nouns ending in -ál / -(i)ér (except bál, šál, paušál, paškál) and some foreign nouns in -ír (e. g. klavír, Alžír, revír) and the nouns apríl, jún, júl
- foreign nouns in -er, -el, -or that lose the e/o in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. liter, kufor)

N pl: ending in -e if the noun:
- ends in -ár, -iar, -ier
- is a foreign noun in -er, -el, -or that lose the e/o in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. liter, kufor)
- is pedál, sandál, cól and alternatively also kanál

G pl: is without ending in:
- most masculine geographical names that are plurale tantum, esp. names in -any, -íky and -áky, e. g. Piešťany, Vlachy, Kordíky
- the words: čas and raz (čas however takes the G pl časov in some contexts)

I pl: ending -ami if the noun
- ends in -m or in 2 consonants (dom -domami, test - testami, fakt-faktami); but if the noun ends in -st then usually both -ami and - mi is possible (e. g. most - most(a)mi)
- ends in -vowel+ us/es/os if the us/es/os is omitted in the given noun (e. g. skarabeus-skarabeami)
- animal nouns (eg zajko - zajkami)
- is a noun that loses the e/o/i/ie/á from the stem in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. liter - litrami, sviatok -sviatkami, vtáčik- vtáčkami, chrbát-chrbtami)
- in some idioms (e. g. za horami za dolami) and (usually alternatively) in nouns that are often used in plural, e. g. hora, zub, paroh, schod

3. 1. 5. Notes on stroj:

Further masculine nouns declined like stroj:

French and English masculine geographical names ending in an -ge, -che (pronounced ž / dž, š) (e. g. Cambridge) - see also dub -, provided, of course, that they are declined at all.

Masculine nouns not declined like stroj:

Slavic names in -nyj, -kij, -skij, -ckoj, -oj, -čij are declined like adjectives (paradigm: pekný or cudzí), not like stroj

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the stem:

some nouns (especially those ending in -(i)ec) lose the e/ o / i / í /ie/ á in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. marec - marca, delenec- delenca, veniec- venca, deň- dňa, stupeň - stupňa, lakeť - lakťa )

some nouns lose the acute or the i/u from a diphthong in all cases except N sg and Asg :, e. g. dážď - dažďa, nôž - noža

Serbian and Croatian geographical names ending in -ac lose the a in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. Karlovac - Karlovci)

geographical names in pl. (plurale tantum) change the a/e/i/o/u (without an acute or a preceding i) in the stem in á/é/í/ó/ú (e. g. Tlmače - Tlmáč) or in some cases in ia/ie/iu/ô (e. g. Ladce - Ladiec) in the G pl, unless the preceding syllable in the stem already contains an acute or a diphthong ; the G pl of Vráble is Vrábeľ

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the ending:

G sg: ending -u if the noun is a (clearly) abstract or material noun

D sg: alternative ending -ovi in čitateľ, deliteľ, menšiteľ, mocniteľ, násobiteľ, ukazovateľ

A sg: ending -a in delenec, násobenec, sčítanec, mocnenec; čitateľ, deliteľ, menšiteľ, mocniteľ, násobiteľ, ukazovateľ

N pl: alternative ending -ia in čitateľ, deliteľ, menšiteľ, mocniteľ, násobiteľ, ukazovateľ

G pl. takes no ending in some geographical names (which are plurale tantum), esp. names in -áre, -iare, -le, -soft cons.+e, e. g. Dechtáre, Psiare, Vráble (Gpl: Vrábeľ), Tlmače, Ladce

I pl: ending -ami if the noun:
- ends in 2 consonants (dážď - dážďami)
- is a noun that loses the e/ie from the stem in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. veniec - vencami , deň - dňami)

3. 2. The Feminine Gender

3. 2. 1. Paradigms

	ends in -hard or neutral consonant + a		ends in -soft consonant + a (or in -ia / -ya)		ends in a consonant other then for kosť (next column).		ends in -c /s / p / v / sť
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
N	žena	ženy	ulica	ulice	dlaň	dlane	kosť	kosti
G	ženy	žien	ulice	ulíc	dlane	dlaní	kosti	kostí
D	žene	ženám	ulici	uliciam	dlani	dlaniam	kosti	kostiam
A	ženu	ženy	ulicu	ulice	dlaň	dlane	kosť	kosti
L	žene	ženách	ulici	uliciach	dlani	dlaniach	kosti	kostiach
I	ženou	ženami	ulicou	ulicami	dlaňou	dlaňami	kosťou	kosťami

There is also a 5th paradigm for feminine nouns ending in -ná or -ovná (e. g. princezná), where the singular and N pl and A pl are like pekná (see under adjectives) and the remaining plural is like žena. In the G pl, there are changes in the stem: if the noun ends in -vowel + ná, then this vowel receives an acute (e. g. švagriná - švagrín), but otherwise an -ie- is inserted (e. g. princezná - princezien). However, the nouns chyžná, komorná and starká are declined like pekná (see under adjectives) in all cases.

There is also a 6th paradigm for the feminine nouns ending in -ea (idea, Kórea), which goes like žena, except that D sg and Lsg are idei, and G pl is ideí without change in the stem.
The rare feminine nouns ending in - ua or -oa go like žena, except that G pl. ends in -í without change in the stem (e. g. aloa - aloí)

The important noun pani (lady, Mrs.) is irregular: the singular is like cudzia (see under adjectives), and the plural is basically like ulica - except that there is always an i at the beginning of the ending (e. g. ulice - panie, ulicami- paniami) and that G pl is paní. However, the noun pani is not declined, if it is followed by another noun (e. g. pre pani Albrightovú), unless the other noun is in G (e. g. pre paniu domu).

The noun mať (mother) is totally irregular.

Sg: N mať / mati / mater, G: matere, D materi, A mať / mater, L materi, I materou

Pl: N matere, G materí, D materiam, A matere, L materiach, I materami

3. 2. 2. Notes on žena:

Further feminine nouns declined like žena:

The (rare) Greek and Latin names ending in -o or a consonant (the consonant is then the end of the stem, not an ending);usually the stem is changed in these nouns at the same time (see below)

Czech nouns ending in a hard or neutral consonant + e
Foreign nouns ending in -ca in which the c is pronounced k (e. g. Costarica)

Feminine nouns not declined like žena:

The following nouns are declined like ulica instead of žena: večera, rozopra, konopa, Hybe, (the plurale tantum) dvere, Italian names ending in -gna which is pronounced -ňa (e. g. Bologna), and Hungarian nouns ending in -nya which is pronounced -ňa (e. g. Tatabanya). However, Portuguese names ending in -nha and -cha which is pronounced -ňa and -ša respectively (e. g. Minha, Pichinche) are declined like žena or like ulica, and Italian names ending in -za (e. g. Pizza) are declined like žena, although they are pronouced -ca or -dza.

Slovak nouns ending in -a / -á /-ia and whose form is identical with that of the corresponding adjective, i. e. substantivized adjectives (or participles), are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný or cudzí), e. g. triedna, Tajovská, Staršia

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

the following stem changes occur in some Greek and Latin names in all cases except N sg: Juno: Jun- in Junón-, Ceres: Ceres- in Cerer-, Izis: Izis- in Izid- . . .

Details on the changes of the stem in G pl:

In nouns
- (1) ending in - consonant+#+a (where # is m / n /l / r ) except for nouns ending in -consonant+r+consonant + a or in - consonant + l + consonant+a (unless the G pl is formed using -í , see below), and in nouns
- (2) ending in -consonant+#+a (where # is k / b /v),
an ie/ e / o / á / ô is inserted in the last syllable of the stem. The exact rules are as follows:
- ie is inserted if (1) the word is monosyllabic, or (2) the word has at least 2 syllables and the last but one syllable does not contain an acute or a diphthong (e. g. hra-hier, voľba - volieb, farba - farieb), but not after a j, because then e or o is inserted (see below); in the case (2) an ô can be inserted alternatively after a labial consonant [i. e. p/b/m/f/v] (e. g. jamka - jamiek / jamôk, čipka - čipiek /čipôk), and an á can be inserted alternatively in some cases (e. g. karta - kariet /karát, slivka - sliviek /slivák), and an ô or á can be inserted alternatively in some cases (e. g. kvapka - kvapiek / kvapák /kvapôk)
- e or ie is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and ends in -#a (where # stands for n, m, l, r, v) and the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. výhra - výhier / výher, húžva - húžiev / húžev)
- only e is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and ends in -j#a (where # stands for n, m, l, r, v) (e. g. vojna - vojen)
- o is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and (1) ends in -j#a (where # stands for a consonant other than n, m, l, r, v) (e. g. spojka -spojok), or (2) ends in -#a (where # stands for a consonant other than n, m, l, r, v) and the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. látka - látok)

In the remaining nouns (unless the G pl is formed using -í , see below), especially those ending in -consonant+r+consonant + a or in - consonant + l + consonant+a , in the last syllable of the stem the a / i / y / u / ä / e / o /syllabic r / syllabic l (without an acute or a preceding i) is changed into á (or ia) / í / ý / ú /ia / ie / ô/ ŕ/ ĺ respectively (sila - síl, skala - skál, chyba - chýb, ruka - rúk, fakulta - fakúlt, päta - piat, slza - sĺz, črta-čŕt, brzda - bŕzd, slza-sĺz); the a is changed into á after a hard or neutral consonant, otherwise in ia (skala - skál, šťava - štiav). However the stem does not change:
- if the preceding syllable in the stem already contains an acute or a diphthong (záhrada - záhrad, priehrada - priehrad)
- if the noun ends in -ova (bodova-budov)
- in some foreign nouns with e /o in the stem, e. g. paralela, metafora, eskorta, silueta. konzerva, plomba
- in some words, ending in - consonant+vo+. . . +a , e. g. potvora, stvora
- in words ending in - jo+. . . +a, e. g. obhajoba, jota

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

G pl: ending -í in nouns ending in -nva /-nsa and some other nouns, e. g. kanva, skepsa, medaila (e. g. medaila - medailí); very often -í or the form according to žena are possible, e. g. nuansa (-nuáns / nuansí), pera (- pier / perí), astma (-astiem / astmí)

N pl and Apl : ending -e in zora, žiara, žiabra

D pl and L pl lose the acute in the ending, if the preceding syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. čiara - čiaram -čiarach, vláda - vládam- vládach)

3. 2. 3. Notes on ulica:

Further feminine nouns declined like ulica:

The following nouns are declined like ulica instead of žena: večera, rozopra, konopa, Hybe, (the plurale tantum) dvere, Italian names ending in -gna which is pronounced -ňa (e. g. Bologna), and Hungarian nouns ending in -nya which is pronounced -ňa (e. g. tatabanya). However, Portuguese names ending in -nha and -cha which is pronounced -ňa and -ša respectively (e. g. Minha, Pichinche) are declined like žena or like ulica, and Italian names ending in -za (e. g. Pizza) are declined like žena, although they are pronouced -ca or -dza.

Czech feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant + e

Feminine nouns not declined like ulica:

Slavic names ending in -aja, -čaja (etc. ) are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný or cudzí), eg. Cimľanskaja - v Cimľanskej
foreign nouns ending in -ca in which the c is pronounced k (e. g. Costarica)

Details on the changes of the stem in G pl:

In nouns
- (1) ending in - consonant+#+a (where # is ň /ľ ) except mrľa, and
- (2) in plurale tantum ending in -consonant + ce, and in
- (3) the word ovca,
in the last syllable of the stem an ie inserted. In most cases of (1) however the form in -í (see below) is also possible (e. g. jedľa - jedieľ / jedlí, sukňa - sukní/sukieň)

In nouns ending in -ca (incl. plurale tantum in -vowel + ce; except liace, pasca, ovca and nouns in -nca) or in -yňa/ -iňa , the nouns hrča, papuča, priča, paprča, in the plurale tantum in -še, in some nouns in -vowel+ľa and in some other nouns (e. g. garniža, dvere, fľaša, čaša), in the last syllable of the stem the a / i / y / u / e / o /syllabic r (without an acute or a preceding i) is changed into á (or ia)/ í / ý / ú /ie / ô/ ŕ respectively (e. g. ulica -ulíc, sudkyňa -sudkýň, Krkonoše, Krkonôš, košeľa - košieľ, guľa - gúľ, hoľa - hôľ, fľaša - fliaš); the a is changed into á after a hard or neutral consonant, otherwise in ia. However the stem does not change if the preceding syllable in the stem already contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. pláca - plác, sietnica - sietnic); in some cases forms in -í (see below) are also possible (e. g. guľa - gúľ /gulí, dvere - dvier / dverí, moruša - morúš/moruší, hrča - hŕč/hrčí, paprča - papŕč/paprčí )

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

G pl: ending -í in:
- nouns ending in in -ia / -ya / -ja/ -ťa /-ďa / -dza / -dža / -ža (except garniža)/ - ša (except moruša, fľaša, čaša) / -ča (except hrča, papuča, priča, paprča), -ňa (except -yňa , -iňa)/-nca (e. g.funkcia-funkcií, bója-bójí, kaďa -kadí, hrádza-hrádzí, koža-koží, duša-duší, baganča-bagančí, ošetrovňa-ošetrovní) ; however the words in -ňa (except -yňa/-iňa/-ovňa) usually have alternative forms like žena (e. g. sukňa - sukní/sukieň)
- some nouns in - ľa (e. g. mandľa, moľa, pištoľa, džungľa, roľa, vôľa, mrľa); many nouns have alternative forms like žena (e. g. jedľa - jedieľ / jedlí)
- the nouns pasca, liace (pl), večera, rozopra, konopa and dvere

D pl: ending - am / -ám:
- am is used (1) if the preceding syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. dieľňa - dieľňam), or (2) after -j- (e. g. kopija - kopijam)
- ám is used in (1) foreign nouns in -ia, -ya (e. g. akcia - akciám, harpya - harpyách), and (2) in the (plurale tantum) noun dvere

L pl.: ending - ach / -ách : see analogously D pl.

3. 2. 4. Notes on dlaň:

Further feminine nouns declined like dlaň:

The following nouns are declined like dlaň, not like kosť: obec, päsť, čeľusť, päsť.

Feminine nouns not declined like dlaň:

The following feminine nouns are not declined like dlaň, but like kosť: jar, zver, chuť, ortuť, pamäť, smrť, pleť, sneť, rukoväť, smeť, púť, spleť, svojeť, reč, seč, meď, soľ, hluš, myš, voš, lož, bel, Sereď, Sibír, Budapešť, Bukurešť, Lešť and a few other nouns.

The words myseľ, chuť, raž, tvár, hneď can be declined like dlaň or like kosť in the singular, but only like dlaň in the plural. The word hrsť is declined like dlaň in the singular, but like kosť in the plural.

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the stem:

most nouns in -eň lose the e in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. úroveň - úrovne)

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

D pl and L pl lose the acute in the ending (1) if the preceding syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. báseň - básňam - básňach), or (2) after -j- (e. g. esej - esejam - esejach)

I pl: ending -iami only in zbraň and zem

3. 2. 5. Notes on kosť:

see the first three notes under dlaň

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the stem:

some nouns lose the e / o in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. ves - vsi, lož - lži, cirkev-cirkvi); the nouns česť and lesť change their stem in ct- and ľst- instead (e. g. česť - cti - cťou), lesť can alternatively stay unchanged (lesť - lsti / lesti - ľsťou/ lesťou)

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

D pl and L pl: endings -ám and -ách respectively in the noun cirkev

G sg: in -e in the noun pamäť (memory) if the computer memory is meant

3. 3. The Neuter Gender

3. 3. 1. Paradigms

	ends in - o		ends in - e (except -ie)		ends in - ie		ends in - a or -ä
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
N	mesto	mestá	srdce	srdcia	vysvedčenie	vysvedčenia	dievča	dievčatá / dievčence
G	mesta	miest	srdca	sŕdc	vysvedčenia	vysvedčení	dievčaťa	dievčiat/ dievčeniec
D	mestu	mestám	srdcu	srdciam	vysvedčeniu	vysvedčeniam	dievčaťu	dievčatám/ dievčencom
A	mesto	mestá	srdce	srdcia	vysvedčenie	vysvedčenia	dievča	dievčatá/ dievčence
L	meste	mestách	srdci	srdciach	vysvedčení	vysvedčeniach	dievčati	dievčatách / dievčencoch
I	mestom	mestami	srdcom	srdcami	vysvedčením	vysvedčeniami	dievčaťom	dievčatami / dievčencami

For (any) neuter nouns ending in -vowel+um/on (e. g. štúdium, ganglion) there is actually a 5th paradigm (štúdium), which is declined like mesto except that the -um- / -on- is omitted in all cases except N sg and A sg. , L sg ends in -u (štúdiu),and G pl in -í (štúdií).

The nouns oko (eye) and ucho (ear) are irregular in the plural. Their stem changes in oč- / uš- and the endings are:

Pl: N -i, G: -í or -ú, D -iam, A -i, L -iach, I -ami
In their metaphorical meaning (e. g. noose, handle), however, they are regularly declined according to mesto.

The noun dieťa (child) is regular in singular (paradigm dievča), but irregular in plural, where the forms are:

Pl: N deti, G:detí, D deťom, A deti, L deťoch, I deťmi

The noun knieža (prince, duke) is a neuter noun (paradigm dievča), but it can be used and declined as a masculine noun alternatively in the singular.

3. 3. 2. Notes on mesto:

Further neuter nouns declined like mesto:

Latin and Greek neuter nouns ending in -consonant +um/on (e. g. fórum, epiteton) are declined like mesto, except that the -um- / -on- is omitted in all cases except N sg and A sg (e. g. N sg and A sg: publikum, G sg: publika, D sg: publiku etc. ).

Some Latin nouns ending in -e are not declined in the singular, but are declined like mesto in the plural and their stem receives an -i at the end (e. g. faksimile - pl: faksimiliá - faksimiliami etc. )

Details on the changes of the stem in G pl:

In nouns :
-(1) ending in - consonant+#+o (where # is m / n / ň /l / ľ /r /j ), except for nouns ending in -consonant +r +consonant+ o or -consonant+l+consonant+o, (unless the G pl is formed using -í , see below), and in
- (2) ending in -consonant+ko,
an ie/ e / o / á /(rarely é) is inserted in the last syllable of the stem. The exact rules are as follows:
- ie is inserted if (1) the word is monosyllabic, or (2) the word has at least 2 syllables and the last but one syllable does not contain an acute or a diphthong (e. g. clo-ciel, mydlo-mydiel, zvieratko-zvieratiek), but not after a j, because then e or o is inserted (see below), or (3) in nouns ending in -stvo, -ctvo; in the case (2) an á is inserted in some rather rare cases instead (e. g. jedlo - jedál) and sometimes the á can be inserted alternatively (vrecko-vrecák/vreciek)
- e or ie is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and ends in -#o (where # stands for n, m, l, r, v) - except for -stvo/-ctvo - and the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. vlákno - vláken / vlákien, číslo - čísel / čísiel)
- only e is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and ends in -j#o (where # stands for n, m, l, r, v) (e. g. lajno - lajen)
- o is inserted if the word has at least 2 syllables and (1) ends in -j#o (where # stands for a consonant other than n, m, l, r, v) (e. g. ojko -ojok), or (2) ends in -#o (where # stands for a consonant other than n, m, l, r, v) and the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. lýtko - lýtok, teliesko - teliesok)

In the remaining nouns (unless the G pl is formed using -í , see below), especially those ending in - vowel +consonant +o/ - consonant +r +consonant+ o / -consonant+l+consonant+o, in the last syllable of the stem the a / i / y / u / ä / e / o /syllabic r / syllabic l (without an acute or a preceding i) is changed into á / í / ý / ú /ia / ie / ô/ ŕ/ ĺ respectively (kladivo - kladív, zrno - zŕn). However the stem does not change:
- if the preceding syllable in the stem already contains an acute or a diphthong (zámeno - zámen, priezvisko - priezvisk)
- if the noun ends in -ovo (slovo-slov)
- in some foreign nouns with e /o in the stem, e. g. percento, konto, dueto, eso, gesto, korzo, tempo, epiteton
- in words ending in - voj+. . . +o , e. g. vojsko

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

Nsg and Asg: ending -ä: The nouns bremeno, plemeno, rameno, semeno, slemeno, temeno, vemeno can alternatively take the (ancient) ending -ä instead of -eno (e. g. bremeno - bremä)

L sg: ending -u if the noun ends in -k /-g /-h / -ch / -vowel+o (e. g. ucho - uchu, rádio - rádiu)

L sg: ending -i in vnútro and nebo

N pl., D pl. , A pl. and L pl lose the acute in the ending, if the preceding syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. vlákno- vlákna - vláknam - vlákna -vláknach)

G pl: ending -í: if the noun ends in -vowel+o / - soft consonant+o (rádio - rádií, jojo- jojí, capriccio [pronounced kapričo] - capricií])

3. 3. 3. Notes on srdce:

Neuter nouns not declined like srdce are:

Slovak nouns ending in -é/ -e and whose form is identical with that of the corresponding adjective (or participle), i. e. substantivized adjectives, are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný or cudzí), e. g. poistné

Details on the changes of the stem in G pl:

In nouns ending in -consonant+ce (except -consonant+r+consonant+ce / - consonant+l+consonant+ce), an ie/ e is inserted in the last syllable of the stem. The exact rules are as follows:
- ie is inserted if the last but one syllable does not contain an acute or a diphthong (e. g. citoslovce-citosloviec), but not after a j, because then an e is inserted (see below)
- e is inserted if (1) the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. okience - okienec), or (2) the noun ends in -jce (e. g. vajce - vajec)

In nouns ending in -vowel +ce /- consonant+r+consonant+ce / -consonant+l+consonant+ce/ -ište,
in the last syllable of the stem the a / i / y / u / ä / e / o /syllabic r / syllabic l (without an acute or a preceding i) is changed into á / í / ý / ú /ia / ie / ô/ ŕ/ ĺ respectively (plece-pliec, srdce-sŕdc, slnce-sĺnc). However the stem does not change:if the preceding syllable in the stem already contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. riečište-riečišť)

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

L sg. and I sg - í and -ím respectively in the noun chvoje

N pl., D pl. , A pl. and L pl lose the i in the ending, if the preceding syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. čielce-čielca-čielcam-čielce-čielcach)

G pl: ending -í: in other nouns then listed above under ”Details on the change of the stem in Gpl” (basically only the nouns pole, more, oje, lože)

I pl: ending -iami in colloquial speech

3. 3. 4. Notes on vysvedčenie:

Neuter nouns not declined like vysvedčenie:

Slovak nouns ending in -ie and whose form is identical with that of the corresponding adjective (or participle), i. e. substantivized adjectives, are declined like adjectives (paradigm cudzí)

3. 3. 5. Notes on dievča:

The -a- at the beginning of all endings is replaced by ä in nouns, where a p/b/m/f/v precedes the a (e. g. žriebä - žriebäťa - žriebäťu. . . ). Note however that the words bremä, plemä, ramä, semä, slemä, temä, vemä are declined like mesto (see there).

Deviations from the paradigm concerning the endings:

most nouns can take both the -at- endings and the -enc- endings in the plural (e. g. dievča, húsa, bábä), some nouns however take only the -at- endings (e. g. knieža, zviera, mláďa) and some nouns only the -enc- endings (e. g. kura)

the following nouns do not take the -en- in the alternative plural endings : prasa (- prasatá / prasce - prasiat / prasiec), teľa , šteňa

G pl: ending -iat (instead of -at), if the last syllable of the stem does not contain an acute or a diphthong (e. g. dvojča - dvojčiat/dvojčeniec)

3. 4. Indeclinable nouns

A very small number of foreign nouns is not declined (i. e. the stem and ending never change). They are nouns whose ending is not compatible with any paradigm that would normally be applied for their gender, e. g. the masculine nouns atašé, kakadu, chargé d’affaires, Ra, Czech names in -ů, the feminine nouns miss, lady, madam, Manon, Rút, Inge, Sapfo, Labe, jury, whisky, avenue, and the neuter nouns paré, kupé, hašé, defilé, dražé, dementi, taxi, harakiri, alibi, kiwi, menu, Nantes, Marseille, Sydney, Waterloo, Bordeaux, Santa Fé, Capri, Dillí. However:

some of such foreign nouns are (1) declined only in some cases, eg. revue, or (2) in only one case, usually in I sg and I pl and L sg, e.g. skóre, promile, penále, Meziříčí.

some Latin nouns ending in -e are not declined in the singular, but are declined like mesto in the plural and an i is added at the end of the stem (e. g. faksimile - pl: faksimiliá).
The first names of French origin and first names declined like the paradigm pony can be alternatively indeclinable, when standing in front of the surname, e. g. François Villon - Françoisa Villona / François Villona, André Stilo - Andrého Stila / André Stila.

4. Adjectives

4. 1. Paradigms

4. 1. 1. Pekný

This paradigm is used for adjectives ending in -a hard or neutral consonant + ý [in the masculine gender] and for the pronoun žiaden = žiadny (for details see under Demonstrative pronouns).

Note: The paradigm is also used for non-adjectives that have the same ”look” as pekný:

(1) past participles (e. g. zatvorený (closed)),

(2) some pronouns, especially aký (which), taký (such a), nejaký (some), nijaký (none), ktorý (which), niktorý (none), samý (only) , koľký (having what number), toľký (that many). . . + žiaden (see above)

(3) nouns derived from adjectives (e. g. vrchný = headwaiter), including feminine surnames (e. g. Albrightová, Nováková) and geographical names (e. g. Košolná, Suchá)

(4) ordinal numerals (except for tretí (third) and tisíci (thousandth))

	masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
N	pekný	pekné	pekná	pekné (masc. animate: pekní)
G	pekného	pekného	peknej	pekných
D	peknému	peknému	peknej	pekným
A	pekný (animate: pekného)	pekné	peknú	pekné (masc. animate: pekných)
L	peknom	peknom	peknej	pekných
I	pekným	pekným	peknou	peknými

Note on the forms: The acute (e.g. in é) disappears in all endings, if the adjective is such that the last syllable before the ending itself contains an acute or ia/ie/iu/ô (e. g. the G of krásny is krásneho, not krásného; the G of triezvy is triezveho, not triezvého).

4. 1. 2. Cudzí

This paradigm is used for adjectives ending in -a soft consonant + í [in the masculine gender] (, including the comparative and superlative, which are formed using -(ej)ší (e. g. cudzejší) and naj-. . . -(ej)ší (e. g. najcudzejší) respectively )

Note: The paradigm is also used for non-adjectives which have the same ”look” as cudzí:

(1) present active particles (e. g. píšuci (who is writing)) and past active particles (e. g. píšivší (who was writing))

(2) some pronouns, especially čí (whose), niečí (someone’s), ničí (nobody’s) . . . ,

(3) some nouns derived from adjectives (e. g. domáca = housewife), and

(4) the ordinal numerals tretí (third) and tisíci (thousandth) (and the composita, such as 23th)

Forms: They are like with pekný, but within the endings (i. e. in what follows after pekn-) always replace ý by í, é by ie, á by ia, and ú by iu., e.g.: pekný - cudzí, pekné(ho) - cudzie(ho), pekný(m) - cudzí(m), pekná - cudzia, peknú - cudziu.

Note on the forms: The acute (e.g. in í) disappears and ie is replaced by e, ia by a, and iu by u
within all endings, if the adjective is such that the last syllable before the ending itself contains an acute or ia/ie/iu/ô (e. g. the G of rýdzi is rýdzeho, not rýdzého; the G of robiaci is robiaceho, not robiacého). Exception: the endings are exactly like in cudzí, if the adjective is formed from an animal noun (e. g. the G of páví is pávieho, not páveho).

4. 1. 3. Otcov

This paradigm is used for adjectives ending in -ov / -in [in the masculine gender] (e. g. otcov (”father’s” ), mamin (”mather’s”)). All of them are, by the way, possessive adjectives ( adjectives in -ov for masculine persons, adjectives in -in for feminine persons)

	masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
N	otcov	otcovo	otcova	otcove (masc. animate: otcovi)
G	otcovho	otcovho	otcovej	otcových
D	otcovmu	otcovmu	otcovej	otcovým
A	otcov (animate: otcovho)	otcovo	otcovu	otcove (masc. animate: otcových)
L	otcovom	otcovom	otcovej	otcových
I	otcovým	otcovým	otcovou	otcovými

4. 2. The Comparative and Superlative

4. 2. 1. The Comparative (i. e. bigger, more difficult etc. )

The comparative is formed in two ways:

by replacing the ending -ý/y/i/í by -ejší for adjectives:

ending in -2 or more consonants+ý/y/i/í (e. g. hrozný - hroznejší)

ending in - only 1 consonant + ý/y/i/í, if the last but one syllable contains an acute or a diphthong (e. g. sýty - sýtejší); but this does not hold always

derived from present or past participles (e. g. obľúbený -obľúbenejší, čulý - čulejší)

ending in -a sibilant+y/ý/i/í (where sibilant = s, z, c, dz, š, ž, č, dž) (e. g. horúci - horúcejší)

ending in -atý / - itý / -istý /- vý / -vy/ -avý / -ľavý / -ivý /- livý/ -ovatý / -astý if the adjective is more-syllabic (e. g. svedomitý - svedomitejší); exception: bohatý - bohatší

by replacing the ending -ý/y/i/í by -ší for other adjectives

Irregularities:

veľký - väčší, malý - menší, dobrý - lepší, zlý - horší, pekný - krajší, čierny - černejší, hrdý - hrdší, tvrdý - tvrdší, svätý - svätejší

all adjectives ending in - eký, -oký, -iký and many others in -ký (note above all that the whole -eký / oký / iký / ký is replaced in these adjectives): blízky-bližší, ďaleký - ďalší, hlboký - hlbší, krátky - kratší, ľahký - ľahší, mäkký - mäkší, nízky - nižší, riedky - redší, sladký - sladší, široký - širší, tenký - tenší, ťažký - ťažší, úzky - užší, vysoký - vyšší

Note 1: If the syllable preceding -ší (not however -ejší) contains an acute or a diphthong, the acute disappears or the diphthong turns into a normal vowel (e. g. biely - belší)
Note 2: The comparative forms are declined like cudzí
Note 3: Some adjectives do not have a comparative (and superlative) because it would make no sense, e. g. otcov (father’s), horský (mountain), denný (daily), písací (writing) etc. . Theoretically, however, they could be formed according to the above rules.

4. 2. 2. The Superlative (i. e. biggest, most difficult etc. )

The superlative is: naj+comparative (e. g. pekný - krajší - najkrajší, hrozný- hroznejší - najhroznejší)

4. 2. 3. The Comparative and Superlative of Adverbs

For adverbs (which by the way end in -o, -e or -y in the basic form), the comparative and superlative is formed by simply replacing the -(ej)ší from the adjective by -(ej)šie (e. g. pekne - krajšie - najkrajšie, hrozne - hroznejšie - najhroznejšie, teplo - teplejšie - najteplejšie, pomaly - pomalšie - najpomalšie)

5. Pronouns

5. 1. Personal pronouns

	I	you (sg)	he	she	it	we	you (pl. or polite form)	they (masculine animate, or mixed genders)	they (otherwise)
N	ja	ty	on	ona	ono	my	vy	oni	ony
G	ma (mňa)	ťa (teba)	ho (jeho, neho,-ňho, -ň)	ju	ho (jeho, neho, -ňho, -ň)	nás	vás	ich (nich)	ich (ne)
D	mne (mi)	tebe (ti)	mu (jemu, nemu,-ňmu)	jej (nej)	mu (jemu, nemu,-ňmu)	nám	vám	im (nim)	im (nim)
A	ma (mňa)	ťa (teba)	ho (jeho, neho, -ňho, -ň, -eň)	ju	ho (-ň, -eň)	nás	vás	ich (nich)	ich (ne)
L	mne	tebe	ňom	nej	ňom	nás	vás	nich	nich
I	mnou	tebou	ním	ňou	ním	nami	vami	nimi	nimi

There is also the reflexive pronoun sa, which is declined as follows:
N: -, G: seba , D: sebe /si, A: seba/sa, L: sebe, I: sebou

Notes:

the N of personal pronouns is usually omitted before finite verb forms ( e. g. (ja) som = I am), unless we want to emphasize the grammatical person

the long forms mňa, teba, seba, mne, tebe, sebe in G, D and A are used after prepositions (e. g. pre mňa) or
when emphasized, especially always at the beginning of the sentence (e. g. Vidíš len seba. , Teba vidím. )

the forms jeho, jemu in G, D and A are used when emphasized, especially always at the beginning of the sentence (e. g. Vidím jeho. Jeho vidím = It is him that I see)

the forms in n- (i. e. neho, nemu, nej, ňu, nich, nim, ne) are used after prepositions (e. g. pre neho (masc. )); the forms -ňho (or -ň), -ňmu, -ň can be used alternatively after the prepositions do, pre, na, za, o, po, do, u (e. g. pre neho (masc. ) = preňho = preň); the special form -eň can be used alternatively (for neutre nouns obligatorily) after the prepositions nad, ponad, cez, pod, popod, pred, popred (e. g. nad neho (masc.) = nadeň ) and a -d- before -eň is pronounced [d] not [ď].

5. 2. Demonstrative Pronouns

	masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
N	ten	to	tá	tie (masc. animate: tí)
G	toho	toho	tej	tých
D	tomu	tomu	tej	tým
A	ten (masc. animate: toho)	to	tú	tie (masc. animate: tých)
L	tom	tom	tej	tých
I	tým	tým	tou	tými

Note: In all demonstrative pronouns, the t in -ti- / -tí- /-te- is pronounced [t] (not [ť] as is the general rule in Slovak)

like ten (the) are declined:
a) tamten (that one), henten (that one)
b) tento (this one), tenže (the same), but here the first syllable is declined, e. g. tento-toh(o)to-tomuto. . . toto-toh(o)to-. . . táto -tejto-. . .

like adjectives are declined:
a) istý (certain, same), každý (each), iný (other), taký / onaký (such), inší (another), inakší (different), samý (nothing but), toľký (that much), toľkoraký (that many kinds of)
b) všetok (all), except that it takes the the N (and A) forms: sg: všetok - všetko - všetka, pl: (masc. anim.) všetci - (otherwise ) všetky [the stem for other cases is všetk-] and A sg fem. is všetku
c) sám (-self), except that it takes the N (and A) forms: sg: sám - samo - sama, pl: (masc. anim.) sami - (otherwise ) samy [the stem for other cases is sam-] and A sg fem. is samu
d) onen (that one), except that it takes the N (and A) forms: sg: onen - ono - oná, pl: (masc. anim.) oní - (otherwise) oné [the stem for other cases is on-], and there are the alternative forms onoho for G ag masc. and neutre and A sg masc. animate, and onomu for D sg. masc. and neutre, and the -ne- (if any) is pronounced [ne], not [ňe] in all cases
e) žiaden=žiadny , except that žiaden takes the stem of žiadny (ie. žiadn-) in all cases except N sg masc. and masc. inanimate A sg (the -de- and the -ne- / -né- in the declension is pronounced [de] , [ne], [né], not [ďe], [ňe], [ňé])

not declined are (of course):
toľko (that much), tak (so), tam (there), vtedy (then) . . .

5. 3. Interrogative (and Relative) and Indefinite pronouns

who: N: kto - G:koho -D:komu - A:koho - L:kom - I:kým [always masculine animate]
what: N: čo - G:čoho - D:čomu - A: čo -L: čom -I:čím [always neuter]

like kto/čo are declined:
a) nikto (nobody), niekto/dakto (someone), niečo/dačo (something), hocikto (who ever), hocičo (what ever) . . .
b) nič (nothing) - like čo except that N and A are nič (nič - ničoho - . . . )
c) ktosi (someone), čosi (something), ktože (who), čože (what) , bárskto (who ever), bársčo (what ever). . . but here the first syllable is declined (e. g. ktosi - kohosi . . . )
d) čo-to (something), . . but here both parts are declined

like adjectives are declined:
a) čí (whose), niečí /dačí / hocičí (someone’s), ničí (noone’s), ktorý (which), aký (what, which), nejaký / dajaký / (some), nijaký / niktorý/ žiaden* (no), hociktorý / ledaktorý/ hocijaký / ledajaký (which ever), všelijaký / kdejaký (divers), sotvaktorý (hardly any), ktovieaký (the Lord knows who) . . .
However, as opposed to cudzí, standard endings are used even if a syllable with an acute or a diphthong precedes (e. g. niečí - niečia -niečieho. . . ).
* see Demonstrative pronouns
b) čísi (someone’s), číkoľvek (whose ever). akýsi (some), ktorýsi (some), ktorýkoľvek / akýkoľvek (which ever). . . , but here the first syllable is declined (e. g. čísi - čiehosi. . . )
c) ten-ktorý (respective), aký-taký (of at least some quality), . . . , but here both parts are declined (in ten-ktorý like ten)

not declined are (of course):
kde (where), kedy (when), ako (how) and all derivatives

5. 4. Possessive pronouns

	masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
N	môj	moje	moja	moje (masc. animate: moji)
G	môjho	môjho	mojej	mojich
D	môjmu	môjmu	mojej	mojim
A	môj (animate: môjho)	moje	moju	moje (masc. animate: mojich)
L	mojom	mojom	mojej	mojich
I	mojím	mojím	mojou	mojimi

like môj (my) are declined:

tvoj (your (sg. )) and svoj (one’s own), except that the o never changes in ô (e. g. tvoj-tvojho . . . )

náš (our) and váš (your (pl. )), except that the -ô- in môj corresponds to an -á- , and an -o- in môj corresponds to an -a- here (e. g. náš-G:nášho- L:našom)

not declined are:

jeho (his), jej (her), ich (their)

6. Numerals

They are written as one single word, but a space is inserted:

in cardinal numbers higher then 20 after the tens place, if the tens place number is in a declined form (more exactly: not in the form it has in the N masculine animate), e. g. 722: sedemstodvadsaťdva (chlapov) - but: sedemstodvadsiati dvaja (chlapi)

in ordinal numbers higher then 20 after the tens place, e. g. : 722th : sedemstodvadsiaty prvý

alternatively between the thousands place, the hundreds place and the tens place, e. g. 383|8|79: tristoosemdesiattritisíc osemsto sedemdesiatdeväť or tristoosemdesiattritisícosemstosedemdesiatdeväť

before milión, miliarda, biliarda etc. , because they actually are no numerals, but normal nouns
A combined example for cardinal numbers: 2383879: dva milióny tristoosemdesiattritisíc( )osemsto( )sedemdesiatdeväť (chlapov) - but: dva milióny tristoosemdesiattritisíc( )osemsto( )sedemdesiati deviati (chlapi)

6. 1. Cardinal Numerals (one, two, three. . . )

The basic formation of Slovak numerals is like in English: There are special words for 0-19 and for 20, 30 . . . 90, 100, 1000 etc. and the compound numerals (21, 1054) are simply combinations of these special words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (e. g. 21 = dvadsaťjeden (i. e. literally ”twentyone”)) .
The numerals are: (1) jeden, (2) dva, (3) tri, (4) štyri, (5) päť, (6) šesť, (7) sedem, (8) osem, (9) deväť, (10) desať, (11) jedenásť, (12) dvanásť, (13) trinásť, (14) štrnásť, (15) pätnásť, (16) šestnásť, (17) sedemnásť, (18) osemnásť, (19)devätnásť, (20) dvadsať, (21) dvadsaťjeden . . . . , (30) tridsať, (31) tridsaťjeden . . . (40) štyridsať, . . . (50) päťdesiat, . . . (60) šesťdesiat, . . . (70) sedemdesiat, . . . (80) osemdesiat, . . . (90) deväťdesiat, . . . (100) sto, (101) stojeden, . . . . (200) dvesto, . . . (300) tristo, . . . (900)deväťsto, . . . (1000) tisíc, . . . (1100) tisícsto, . . . (2000) dvetisíc, . . (100000) stotisíc, . . . (1m) milión, . . .

6. 1. 1. Paradigms

jeden (one):
is declined like the adjective pekný, except that it takes the N (and A) forms: sg: jeden - jedno - jedna, pl: (masc. anim.) jedni - (otherwise ) jedny [the stem for other cases is jedn-] and A sg fem. is jednu;
the -de- and the -ne- / -né- / -ni in the declension is pronounced [de] , [ne], [né],[ni] not [ďe], [ňe], [ňé], [ňi]

Changes for compound numerals in -jeden:
not declined ; see Compound Numerals

dva (two):
N: dvaja (masc. animate); dva (masc. inanimate); dve (otherwise)
G: dvoch
D: dvom
A: dvoch (masc. animate); dva (masc. inanimate); dve (otherwise)
L: dvoch
I: dvoma

Changes for compound numerals in -dva:
N: dvaja/dva (masc. animate); dva (otherwise)
A: dvoch /dva (masc. animate); dva (otherwise)

Also declined like dva: obidva / oba (both) , and (with the above changes) the second part of the compound numerals 32, 42, . . . 92, if they are declined (see Compound Numerals)

tri (three):
N: traja (masc. animate); tri (otherwise)
G: troch
D: trom
A: troch (masc. animate); tri (otherwise)
L: troch
I: troma / tromi

Changes for compound numerals in -tri, -štyri:
N: traja/tri (masc. animate); tri (otherwise)
A: troch/tri (masc. animate); tri (otherwise)

Also declined like tri: štyri (4), and (with the above changes) the second part of the compound numerals 23, 33, 43, . . . 93; 24, 34, 44, . . . 94, if they are declined (see Compound Numerals)

päť (five):
N: piati / päť (masc. animate); päť (otherwise)
G: piatich
D: piatim
A: piatich / päť (masc. animate); päť (otherwise)
L: piatich
I: piatimi

Also declined like päť: the numerals päť (6) to 19 (19), and 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and the second part of the compound numerals 25 - 29, 35-39 . . . 95-99, if they are declined (see Compound Numerals)

sto (hundred):
not declined

Note: If sto is not followed by the counted object, it is declined like the noun mesto, except that N pl is alternatively sto, and G pl is only stoviek or stovák. However, in mathematics and accounting (except for the expression násobiť/deliť stom (multiply/divide by 100)), sto and derivatives is often not declined even if it is not followed by the counted object

Also declined like sto: 200, 300 . . . 900

tisíc (thousand):
2 alternatives: not declined (usually) or declined like päť, i. e. as follows:
N: tisíc
G: tisícich
D: tisícim
A: tisíc
L: tisícich
I: tisícimi

Note: If tisíc is not followed by the counted object, it is declined like the noun stroj, except that I pl is alternatively tisícami. However, in mathematics and accounting (except for the expression násobiť/deliť tisícom (multiply/divide by 1000)), tisíc and derivatives is often not declined even if it is not followed by the counted object.

dvetisíc (two thousand):
not declined

Also declined like dvetisíc: 3000, 4000, 5000 . . . 9000

milión:
declined like a noun (paradigm dub), because milión actually is no numeral, but a normal noun

Also declined like milión: 2m, 3m, 4m . . . 9m; bilión, trilión. . .

miliarda:
declined like a noun (paradigm žena), because miliarda actually is no numeral, but a normal noun

Also declined like miliarda: 2mld, 3mld, 4mld . . . 9mld; biliarda; triliarda. .

6. 1. 2. Compound Numerals

a) if they end in -jeden (e. g. 21, 101):

not declined
b) otherwise:

2 alternatives: not declined or declined; if they are declined, then each number making up the numeral is declined according to its own paradigm (e. g. 23 chlapov: dvadsiatich troch chlapov)

see also: The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Number

The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Numeral

It holds for the (non-compound and compound) numerals 5 and higher (incl. milión): If they are in their basic form (ie. their given form is ”jeden” for the paradigm jeden /”dva” for the paradigm dva / ”tri” for the paradigm tri / ”päť” for the paradigm päť etc.), the noun following the numeral cannot be in N pl or A pl - it must be in G pl instead of N pl or A pl, and the verb in the sentence (if the noun is the subject) must be in the 3th person sg. (and in neuter gender). A possible adjective or pronoun referring to the above mentioned noun must be in the Gpl as well. Examples:

Chlapi pracujú - Päť / Dvadsaťsedem chlapov pracuje (not: Päť / Dvadsaťsedem chlapi pracujú).

Za ženy - Za dvadsaťdeväť žien (not: Za päť / dvadsaťsedem ženy).

Tie pekné ženy pracovali. - Tých pekných dvadsaťdva žien pracovalo (not: Tie pekné dvadsaťdva ženy pracovali).
However, if the numeral takes another form (i. e. if it is declined and is in other cases (G, D etc. ) or in the masculine animate form for N or A), there are no changes in the sentence - as if there were no numeral in the sentence:

Chlapi pracujú - Dvadsiati siedmi chlapi pracujú.

K ženám - K dvadsiatim deviatim ženám

Tí cudzí chlapi pracovali. - Tí cudzí dvadsiati dvaja chlapi pracovali.

6. 1. 3. Indefinite Cardinal Numerals

a) mnoho, veľa (, viac, najviac), málo (menej, najmenej), hodne, koľko, toľko, niekoľko, dakoľko, hocikoľko, koľkokoľvek, koľkosi, máločo, pár . . . :

are not declined

for the noun following the numeral , the rules from the above chapter The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Numeral apply [except that G sg is instead of G pl if the noun is viewed as a material noun, e. g. paper: mnoho papierov (=many papers) = mnoho papiera (=a lot of paper)], e. g. mnoho chlapov pracuje, za mnoho žien

b) mnohí, viacerí, koľkí, toľkí, niekoľkí, dakoľkí, hocikoľkí, koľkísi:

are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný in pl. )

the noun following the numeral is in the form, in which it would be if there was no numeral in the sentence (e. g. mnohé papiere = many papers).

6. 2. Ordinal Numerals (first, second . . . . )

They are declined like adjectives (paradigms pekný and cudzí)

Note:

Ordinal numerals from 0 to 20 and 30, 40, . . . 90, 100, 1000 are formed by adding adjective endings to the (slightly modified) cardinal numbers (e. g. 5: päť - 5th:piaty, 20: dvadsať - 20th:dvadsiaty); all of them receive the ending -y/-ý [paradigm pekný], only 3 takes - í (tretí) and 1000 takes -i (tisíci) [paradigm cudzí].

Ordinal numerals from 21-29, 31-39, . . . 91-99 are formed as a combination of the above modified cardinal numbers(e. g. 25th: dvadsiaty piaty).

All ordinal numbers higher than 100 (except 1000) are a combination of hundreds, thousands, millions etc. in the form of an undeclined cardinal number and of the above modified cardinal numbers (e. g. 1025th: tisícdvadsiaty piaty).

6. 2. 1. Indefinite Ordinal Numerals

are koľký and toľký, and they are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný)

6. 3. Group Numerals (e. g. two pairs of, three pairs of. . . )

are not declined, but those ending in -oje, when used before plurale tantum (see Note), are declined like päť, i. e. as follows: :
N: dvoje
G: dvojich
D: dvojim
A: dvoje
L: dvojich
I: dvojimi

The noun following the group numeral (as well as the corresponding adjective and pronoun) cannot be in N pl or A pl - it must be in G pl instead of N pl or A pl. (e. g. štvoro dvier) and the verb in the sentence (if the noun is the subject) must be in the 3th person sg. (and in neuter gender). Exception: When the forms in -oje are declined (see above), alternatively it is possible to make no changes in the sentence (e. g. dvoje dvere/ dvier).
Otherwise (i. e. if the noun is in other cases, e. g. G, D) there are no changes in the sentence.

Note:
Group numerals:

are formed by adding the suffixes -oje (for 2, 3 and obidva), -oro (for others) to the (slightly modified) cardinal numbers (e. g. 2: dva - dvoje, 10: desať- desatoro). But they do not exist for 21-29, 31-39 etc. For the numeral 1, they are formed using the plural forms jedni / jedny of the cardinal number jeden

must be used before plurale tantum instead of cardinal numbers (e. g. dvoje rukavíc = two gloves).

can be used instead of cardinal numbers before nouns denoting members of a closed group (e. g. dvoje/dve deti = two children) and in some idioms (e. g. desatoro prikázaní = the Ten Commandments)

6. 4. Generic Numerals (e. g. of two kinds, of three kinds. . . )

if they end in -aký (see Note):
they are declined like adjectives (paradigm pekný)

if they end in -ako (see Note):
they are a kind of adverbs and are thus not declined

Note:
Generic numerals:

are formed by adding the ending -aký or -ako to the group numerals or to some pronouns (e. g. koľko, niekoľko)

have the meaning: e. g.:
from tri (three): trojaký X = X of three types/kinds; trojako = in three ways
from koľko (how many): koľkoraký X = X of how many types/kinds; koľkorako = in how many ways
from niekoľko (several): niekoľkoraký X = X of several types/kinds; niekoľkorako = in several ways

6. 5. Multiplicative Numerals (two-fold, three-fold . . . )

if they end in -násobný, or -itý (see Note):
they are declined like adjectives

if they end in - násobne, -ito , -krát , or -mo (see Note):
they are a kind of adverbs and are thus not declined

Note:
Multiplicative numerals are formed:

by adding the ending -násobný to the group numerals (for 2, 3, 4) or to the cardinal numbers (for 5, 6 etc. ) [e. g. dvojnásobný, desaťnásobný], or the ending -itý to some group numerals [e. g. dvojitý]

or by adding the ending - násobne (to the above stems) or -ito (to the above stems) or -krát (to the cardinal numbers, e. g. dvakrát, desaťkrát) or -mo (to the group numerals, e. g. dvojmo, štvormo)

6. 5. 1. Indefinite Multiplicative Numerals

are e. g. mnohonásobný, viacnásobný, viackrát, koľkokrát, niekoľkonásobne, and the same rules apply like above for normal multiplicative numerals

6. 6. Indefinite Numerals

see under Cardinal / Multiplicative / Ordinal Numerals

6. 7. Fractions (a third, a quarter . . . )

pol + noun (i. e. 1/2) and pol druha/ pol treťa etc + noun (i. e. 1 1/2, 2 1/2) :
the part pol / pol druha etc. is not declined, and for the noun following pol, the rules from the above chapter Cardinal Numerals - The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Numeral apply, except that G sg is instead of G pl , e. g. pol metra, za pol hodiny , pol druha metra = jeden a pol metra, za pol štvrťa hodiny = za tri a pol hodiny

štvrť + noun / tri štvrte + noun (i. e. 1/4, 3/4):
the parts štvrť / tri štvrte are:
a) not declined if the noun expresses a measure or units of weight (e. g. po štvrť hodine / litri /kile); here the same rules hold like for pol + noun

b) declined like a noun (paradigm dlaň) otherwise (e. g. pred štvrťou papiera), because they are nouns then; this also implies that the following noun is always in G sg regardless of the form of the preceding štvrť

dve štvrte + noun, štyri štvrte + noun etc. (i. e. 2/4 , 4/4, 5/4) are declined like b) above (e. g. po dvoch štvrtiach hodiny)

those ending in -ina and the noun polovica:
are declined like nouns (paradigm žena), because they are nouns; this also implies that the following noun is always in G sg regardless of the form of the preceding -ina (e. g. s tretinou papiera)

Note:
Fractions are formed :

”half a” = pol + noun (e. g. pol papiera) [= polovica+ noun ]

”a quarter of” = štvrť + noun (e. g. štvrť papiera)

”three quarters of” = tri štvrte + noun (e. g. tri štvrte hodiny)

”X and a half” either like in English (i. e. literal translation) or using the formula ”one half of the X+1th + noun”, where the X+1th is the ordinal number with the ending -a instead of -ý/-á/-é (e. g. pol druha metra = one and a half meters, pol piata metra = four and a half meters)

otherwise: by adding the ending -ina to the (slightly modified) cardinal (for 3, 4) and ordinal numbers (otherwise), e. g. tretina (a third), štvrtina (a quarter), pätina (a fifth), desatina (a tenth) etc. ; for 2, there is the special form polovica (half), e. g. jedna polovica (one/a half), desať polovíc (ten halfs) etc. and for 4 , there is the alternative form štvrť, e. g. štyri štvrte (four fourths)

Slovak Declension

Contents

1.Introduction

2. Legend

3. Nouns

3. 1. The Masculine Gender

3. 1. 1. Paradigms

3. 1. 2. Notes on chlap:

3. 1. 3. Notes on hrdina:

3. 1. 4. Notes on dub:

3. 1. 5. Notes on stroj:

3. 2. The Feminine Gender

3. 2. 1. Paradigms

3. 2. 2. Notes on žena:

3. 2. 3. Notes on ulica:

3. 2. 4. Notes on dlaň:

3. 2. 5. Notes on kosť:

3. 3. The Neuter Gender

3. 3. 1. Paradigms

3. 3. 2. Notes on mesto:

3. 3. 3. Notes on srdce:

3. 3. 4. Notes on vysvedčenie:

3. 3. 5. Notes on dievča:

3. 4. Indeclinable nouns

4. Adjectives

4. 1. Paradigms

4. 1. 1. Pekný

4. 1. 2. Cudzí

4. 1. 3. Otcov

4. 2. The Comparative and Superlative

4. 2. 1. The Comparative (i. e. bigger, more difficult etc. )

4. 2. 2. The Superlative (i. e. biggest, most difficult etc. )

4. 2. 3. The Comparative and Superlative of Adverbs

5. Pronouns

5. 1. Personal pronouns

5. 2. Demonstrative Pronouns

5. 3. Interrogative (and Relative) and Indefinite pronouns

5. 4. Possessive pronouns

6. Numerals

6. 1. Cardinal Numerals (one, two, three. . . )

6. 1. 1. Paradigms

6. 1. 2. Compound Numerals

The Form of the Noun following a Cardinal Numeral

6. 1. 3. Indefinite Cardinal Numerals

6. 2. Ordinal Numerals (first, second . . . . )

6. 2. 1. Indefinite Ordinal Numerals

6. 3. Group Numerals (e. g. two pairs of, three pairs of. . . )

6. 4. Generic Numerals (e. g. of two kinds, of three kinds. . . )

6. 5. Multiplicative Numerals (two-fold, three-fold . . . )

6. 5. 1. Indefinite Multiplicative Numerals

6. 6. Indefinite Numerals

6. 7. Fractions (a third, a quarter . . . )