Abstract:
From research on Plate Tectonics studies, I discovered the “Fusion Principle”. The “Fusion Principle” is the fact that “Heat” or rather the “Heat Force” is a two-dimensional entity existing in a three dimensional world. In a revolving body, the “Heat Force” has the property of traveling towards the center. If the revolving the body contains a hydrogen gas, then, four hydrogen atoms (ions) are forced together in the center of this mass, and fusion occurs, creating a helium atom (alpha particle).

In studying certain angles through Earth, I determined that a fusion force is responsible for these angles. From this research, I conceived a device for producing controlled fusion energy, which I call Flower Power. It is a spherical vessel designed to produce a magnetic flux tube containing high-energy plasma. This high-energy plasma is converted to kinetic energy for producing power.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge:
There is a belief that Plate Tectonics is natural, that nature made it. However, this research paper presents evidence that Plate Tectonics is manmade! In researching continental drift, now called Plate Tectonics Theory, I started by studying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. I noticed that at the top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is the island called Iceland.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is where the sea floor spreads out in an east-west direction. As the sea floor spreads, it carries the continents, in this case Asia-Europe-Africa and North-South America, apart. So, if one can reverse this process going back into time, the continents were at one time joined together into a super continent called Pangaea. The Earth scientists then realized that this crack formed on continental crust, which puzzled the scientists because continental crust is thicker than sea floor crust. Earth scientists stated that the breakup of the continents that formed "...must be taken to have happened instantaneously along a line; a most unlikely event" (7). I found this statement to be unusual because one would expect the crack to form in the sea floor where the crust is thinner. However, if the crack were formed because of a heating chamber exploding, then of course, it would give a reason why the crack formed on continental crust.

 Plate Tectonics is the study of great rafts or 'plates' of earth crust that move above a layer of molten mantle deep inside Earth. These plates are from 30 to 100 miles thick, slowly moving, carrying the continents and ocean basins with them. Sliding over a hot, semi plastic layer below, the rigid plates grind and crush together, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This process, known as sea floor spreading, works like this: material from Earth's interior wells upward through rift valleys, which are located on the ocean floor. The ocean floor moves steadily outward from the rift, pulled or pushed [or both] across a less rigid layer. Offsetting the steady creation of new surface, other regions of the ocean floor plunge down, or 'sub duct' into Earth's mantle along deep-sea trenches (1). This steady creation of new ocean bottom starts along a submarine ridge where magma, or molten rock, swells or rifts up to produce new oceanic crust. This rifting process from the interior of Earth begins in the asthenosphere with the establishment of a hot spot, otherwise called a thermal anomaly; a hot spot is an area in which the temperature is higher than it is at an equal depth elsewhere.

In Plate Tectonics theory, the oceanic plates transport the continents like a great, slow conveyor belt. Continental crust is estimated to be at least 4.5 billion years old. However, from data amassed by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, the age of the oceanic crust ranges from essentially zero, along the submarine ridge crests that mark sea floor spreading, to 180 million years in the eastern Pacific, the part of the ocean farthest from a ridge. In other words, the oceanic crust rises at a ridge, moves across the width of an ocean basin and descends along a trench that marks what is called a subduction zone (2). The four points of interest concerning Plate Tectonics point out the angles through the Earth. (See figure 1). The four points of interest are: Iceland, which sits atop the Mid Atlantic Ridge, Hawaii; known as a "thermal anomaly" (3), South Sandwich Islands, locating the "gap" in the South Atlantic, near Falkland Islands, and Afar, in northeast Africa, also known as a triple junction.

Some Pacific islands, like Hawaii, are located over a thermal anomaly, or hot spot, and are used as a linear tracking of the movement of the Pacific plate, specifically in a northwesterly direction. The Pacific plate is currently moving toward the northwest; it switched to that course from a more northerly heading about 40 million years ago. The hot spots [specifically the Hawaiian hot spot] provide a worldwide reference frame for tracking the absolute motions of the plates with respect to Earth's interior. The boundary between plates, that is the ridges and trenches also move, however, and so the relative motions do not reveal where on the globe a plate was at a given time (4). The volcanoes that formed these islands are produced assembly line style, as the pacific plate passes over a hot spot in the mantle. As the ocean floor moves over the hot spot, at about five inches a year, the up-welling lava material creates a steady succession of new volcanoes that in turn migrate with the plate. Supporting this theory, the northwestern most seamounts or oceanic plateaus, called the Emperor Seamounts, are the farthest from the hot spot, and they show the greatest age. The Emperor Seamounts probably once stood above the water, much like present day Hawaii (1). There are two other hot spots with underwater seamounts like the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. They are called the Tuamotu Archipelago Line Island chain and the Austral, Gilbert and Marshall Islands chain. All three chains are approximately parallel and could all have been formed by the same motion of the Pacific plate over three fixed hot spots. These three hot spots are significant evidence of dramatic events, of which the Hawaiian hot spot is probably the most "recent." All taken together, then, it appeared to me that this explosion of the heat chamber in the ancient past occurred more than once (See Figure 2).

I determined that Eastern Island is the exit point, like Hawaii, because it is over the thermal anomaly that formed the Tuamotu Archipelago-Line Island chain. Looking at geologic studies, I determined that the Azores Island, marking the Great Meteor hot spot, is the entry point, like Iceland, in the Atlantic Ocean. Now going back further into time, some  300  million years ago, Pangaea and/or Gondwanaland was formed  when the North America  continent collided with Africa,  raising  the Appalachian mountains and closing the ancient ocean known to geologists as  Iapetus.  Later, the continents came apart again when a new ocean, the Atlantic, opened between them. Where the two continents collided, there is an old "suture" or seam. The  "suture" lies between what has been identified as African basement rock (underlying the Suwannee basin in Georgia) and as North American basement  rock  (in  western  central Georgia). The rock is metamorphic, or rocks that have been changed by pressure, heat, and water that result in a more compact and more highly crystalline condition.  It predates both the Atlantic and Iapetus; it was part of  the  great African/North American landmass that: broke apart, rejoined, and broke apart again. Radiometric techniques applied to samples recovered from wells give [the samples] an age of about 1.1billion years (5).

This "breaking up" pattern  shows that this happened at least twice. This connecting seam, which runs roughly east-southeast beneath  southern Georgia, formed when the drifting African and North American  continents collided to form the super continent called Pangaea, or Gondwanaland.  Using  a sonar-like technique called seismic reflection profiling; Earth scientists  have detected  the suture and mapped its course beneath the sedimentary layers of Georgia's coastal plain (6). The hot spot, located near the Azores Island, is known as the Great Meteor hot spot, and the ancient suture was probably caused by the same event.

With these two different explosions, I calculated the angles for each event. I assumed that the Great-Meteor thermal anomaly and Eastern Island thermal anomaly are connected like the Iceland thermal anomaly and the Hawaiian thermal anomaly, except that the Great-Meteor thermal anomaly and Eastern Island thermal occurred earlier in geologic history. The Great Meteor hot spot, is approximately at a 45-degree angle to Easter Island, locating the  hot spot for the Tuamotu Archipelago  -  Line Islands' group of seamounts. Easter Island, as a member of this particular group, happens to be located on the  western side of the plate, and thus is being conveyor-belted towards South America. The reason  this particular shot probably happened before the  Iceland  -  Hawaiian  shot,  is that the seamounts in the Hawaiian chain are probably more "recent," geologically speaking, when compared to the other seamounts located in the Tuamotu Archipelago Line. The more "recent" Hawaiian – Iceland shot is approximately 30 degrees (both shots assumed the base line plane is parallel to the equator). Why the 15 degrees difference?

Looking at other geologic evidence then, at first, hundreds of million years ago, the other plates subducted under the Pacific plate, while new sea floor was being created at the Hawaiian hot spot. This subduction process continued for hundreds of million years until the lighter continental plates reversed the pacific plate to sub-duct. The reason for the reversal is that oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust and so when the oceanic crust came in contact with the continental crust, the continental crust rode up and over the Pacific crust. By 65 million years ago the continents have spread 2,000 miles, trailing lava from the hot spot to form submarine ridges, then, the subduction zone reversed; so now, the Pacific floor plunges under South America (1).

The other point of interest is the South Sandwich Islands and the surrounding area, which is located near the Falkland Island at the tip of South America. Sir Edward Bullard of the University of Cambridge did a classic reconstruction. Sir Bullard used the 1,000-meter depth contour lines in the Atlantic to represent the edge of each continent. He used a computer program to rotate the edges of each Continent shelf together to find the fit that minimized gaps and overlaps. Even so, there remained a gap of 250 kilometers between the southern tip of Africa and the edge of an undersea plateau that includes the Falkland Islands. The Deep-Sea Drilling Project of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography had since shown that the Falkland plateau is continental crust. It is a submerged part of South America. "This gap," although scientists at the present time said, "…cannot have existed " or unable to explain it, resulted from a projectile from Iceland that ‘blew out’ a hole in the Earth's crust. Earth scientists have considered "The breakup that created South America and Africa must be taken to have happened instantaneously along a line; a most unlikely event" (7).

Fig. 3. Triple junction caused by a hot spot

Scientists have suggested that rifting may be related to the doming and rupturing of the continental crust above a hot spot in the mantle. Afar, another interesting hot spot, has repeatedly been considered one of the clearest cases of a triple junction caused by the doming and rupturing over a hot spot. The junction is that of the Red Sea rift, the Gulf of Aden ridge, and the Ethiopian rift and also known as the "horn of Africa" the northernmost part of the East African Rift Valley (see figure 3). Earth scientists have suggested "that there might be a link between 'hot spots.' triple junctions, and continental breakup" (7).

It looks like the "unlikely event" that caused this triple junction would be the corner of the heat chamber that exploded. Here is an illustrated example that may show how this was done. Imagine a large metal cube, and this metal cube is attached to a rope so as to swing freely back and forth, then taking this cube by hand and smashing it against a large thick pane of glass with the corner of this cube, so as to not break the glass, but only to "crack it." The result would be similar to the triple junction in the crust of the Earth. As the result of this "bubbling effect" one can imagine that one side of the stove is the Red Sea, the bottom of the stove is the Gulf of Aden, and the "torn-up" side of the stove is the Persian Gulf.

Now back to the 15 degrees difference between the two shots through Earth. This heating chamber (the one that caused the Iceland - Hawaiian shot) had an improvement over the heating chamber of the Great Meteor-Easter Island shot, the improvement being rounded corners. The idea of rounded corners came from that "gap"; (you know the one that scientists said "cannot have existed"). It appears that this "gap" is crescent-shaped caused by that corner of the stove. In other words, that heating chamber had round corners on the inside. These rounded corners, in technical drawings, are called fillets. This increased the efficiency of heating, but not enough. The heating chamber (again the one that caused the Iceland - Hawaiian shot) caused three lines of force. Because the travel was at a 30-degree angle to the baseline plane, (the baseline plane being parallel to the equator), the first force went down at this angle. The second force went down to South Sandwich Islands at a 90 degree angle, which is perpendicular to the baseline plane, then the third force went down to Africa at a 45 degree angle from the baseline lane (see figure 1).

This then is the argument, that this projectile is a part of a "stove" or "heat chamber" that "blew- up," actually imploded, and is now just "bubbling up" through the crust. The "bubbles" are what geophysicists call diapirs or plumes. This part of the stove, or heat chamber, might have been transformed by fusion energy in the mantle and one can see the results on the globe. This action of fusion energy, or "energy pulse," one can propose, impacted this projectile, and this projectile had the greatest mass, into the Earth's mantle where Afar is presently located. In other words, the heat chamber broke up, it appears, into two pieces; the smaller one going south and made that "gap" mentioned above and the second bigger one, that made the "triple junction" hot spot.

Why are these inventors having a problem with this heat chamber? Is this heat chamber causing a thermo-nuclear reaction? If so, why the angles through Earth? It is caused by what I call the "fusion principal." Before we can talk about the fusion principle, one will need to understand how the universe is structured.

The best way I can describe the universe is like a bubble in a sea of heat, space in an ocean of energy. This space was formed as a result of the Big Bang.

Today's scientists tell us that the present day universe contains only about 4% of the known mass. The other 25% or so, is considered "dark matter," or matter that does not interact with light so as to make it invisible (8). Also, today's scientists are considering why the universe expansion is accelerating and have called this accelerating energy the "dark force" or "dark energy." In other words, scientists know that something is out there, they know that because they can "feel" the gravity.

Why is this other world invisible? Currently, scientists are working on a theory called Superstring Theory that deals with a ten or eleven-dimensional space-time, but we observe a four-dimensional space-time. I will not go further into Superstring Theory, except to say that it forms the idea of how the electrons and the elementary particles that make up the nucleus of the atom are created.

Since we know and observe the four-dimensional space-time, what about the other six dimensions? Carl Sagan, in his eloquent program "COSMOS" which aired on PBS TV several years ago, talked about an invisible six-dimensional cube that lies 90 degrees to our plane of existence. He stated one cannot see this structure, but one can see its "shadow." How does this invisible six-dimensional cube have anything to do with the angles through Earth presented earlier? Or with fusion?

One notices that the angles through Earth are forming a two-dimensional representation of a six-sided cube. The reason the force went through Earth at this particular angle, either at 30 degrees or at 45 degrees, is that Heat, or the force that causes Heat, is a two-dimensional force. To illustrate this two-dimensional property of Heat, there is a simple experiment one can do that demonstrates this quality.

Two candles are placed on the ends of a yardstick, enclosed in glass to keep the flames from going out. The yardstick is then set in motion on its own axis. As the yardstick revolves, the flame of the candles will bend towards the middle of the revolution, indicating that Heat has the property of traveling towards the center of a revolving body.

In other words, Heat being a two-dimensional entity existing in a three-dimensional world, behaves in this manner. Now then, you have this six-dimensional cube, consisting of six 2-dimensional sides and these sides could be called "branes" (or membranes) or "plasma fields" containing magnetic flux structure and high-energy plasma. Each side, then, rotating because of gravity, is perpendicular (90 degree angle) to each other. Light (or rather electromagnetic wave), and the forces of nature only react to each other at right angles. An illustrated example of this reaction to perpendicular forces is if one took a dinner plate and put marks at equal distance on the edge of the dinner plate, then turned the plate edgewise, so the plate is horizontal. One could see Balmer like lines on the edge (see figure 5). The electromagnetic wave is made up of electric force field perpendicular to the magnetic force field, and as these force fields spiral, in a helical wave, they criss-cross one another at some particular point reversing polarity.

An example of this helical wave, from studies of the Sun, is the butterfly diagram, marking sunspot activity (See figure 4). This electromagnetic wave, (or a one like it), then reverse polarity about every 11 years, then reverses back in another 11 years, giving a 22 year Solar cycle (9). The reasons for the reversing polarity of the solar cycle are controversial and here is another one.

Fig. 4. Sunspot activities outline the electro-magnetic wave on the surface of the Sun.

Fig. 5. An example of two hydrogen atoms out of four atoms in the corners of the cube being imploded by the Heat force, and balmer lines on the electromagnetic spectrum showing absorption lines on the horizontal circle.

 

By observing the information on the Sun from satellite pictures, and from information from this paper, then, I determined that heat flows to the surface of the Sun by a helical flow of plasma of ionized materials, through tube-like cocoons, maybe known as flux-tubes, made up of magnetic force lines (10). An analogy would be water flowing under pressure through a rubber hose.

Plasma is ionized materials, very hot, coming from the core of the Sun, coming together to form a flow. Reversing polarity and pressure from the core sends the snake-like flow, spiraling, because of the perpendicular forces of magnetic and electric, then, out to the surface. Near the surface, the magnetic lines open up to release the helical flow, which makes convection or granulation and spicules on the surface of the photosphere. Magnetic force lines have the ability to stretch like an elastic rubber band, and like the rubber band, then, if stretched too far, it "snaps" open. Sometimes, though, the magnetic force is stronger or the flow bigger or both, then, the helical flow opens up on the surface itself and makes sunspots. And sometimes the magnetic force is so strong or the flow so big, or both, then, the helical flow goes right up into the Chromosphere and Corona and makes a flare. Sometimes the tube-like flow lay along the side of the surface of the Sun and gets blasted up into the Chromosphere and makes an arching prominence (see figure 6). With high temperatures and strong magnetic fields, a condition called "anomalous transport" (11) have been observed in experimental plasmas confined by a magnetic "bottle" in a tokamak. There are fusion experiments, where similar filamentary flux tubes have been observed to emerge explosively from the hot plasma core and connect to the cold walls (12), mimicking the actions of the Sun.

Fig.6. This is a false color satellite picture of a solar prominence on the limb of the Sun; the left side shows the magnetic flux tube, and on the right side, the plasma flow coming out of the flux tube, near the center (13).

What flower power (see picture on cover), the heating device, will produce then, is what is commonly known as a magnetic flux tube. These magnetic flux tubes bring high-energy plasma material from the fusion reaction, traveling within the channeled groves, spiraling up inside the chamber. I expect fusion reaction to start at about 1000 K, producing up to 1,000,000 K of heat energy (14). It will come out from the device, explosively, like a solar flare from the flanged outlet. The reason that energy usually explodes out the end of the tube is that magnetic field lines are stretched on the end of the magnetic flux tube in a semi-elliptical shape, thus, this becomes the weakest point. However, some observance of flaring shows that sometimes it can come out in other places. On the Sun this does not matter too much. However, here on Earth, then, this energy will be and should be controlled by some type of tokamak device designed to handle high-energy plasma.

 

REFERENCES

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6. J. Dusheck, Science News 128, 87 (1985).

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14. H. Peter, B. V. Gudiksen, A. Nordlund, arXiv: astro-ph/0409504 v1 (2004).

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