THE FOUR DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE An Essay By Ian Grahme Wolf PART ONE: FOUR DIMENSIONAL COSMOLOGY UPDATE 10/31/2001: I am currently in the process of writing new material for my website. There will be more theories added, probably some changes and editing to certain areas of my website, and some new features as well. INTRODUCTION THE HIGHER DIMENSIONAL PATTERN THE FOURTH DIMENSION CONTINUUMS CONTINUITY AND INFINITY OVERLAPPING CONTINUUMS AND HYPERSPATIAL RIFTS TYPES OF CONTINUUMS PARALLEL SPACE CONTINUUMS TIME TRAVEL PARALLEL TIME CONTINUUMS PARALLEL REALITY CONTINUUMS PARALLEL MIRROR CONTINUUMS PARALLEL MATTER-ANTIMATTER INVERSE CONTINUUMS INTRODUCTION I am writing this essay to offer an alternative cosmology to the popular, but problem ridden Big Bang Cosmology. Most of my work is a compilation of theories that I have accumulated over the past few years. The rest are from other people who oppose the Big Bang theory and people who advocate it. I will explain my cosmology, four dimensional cosmology, in this essay and I will also discuss the problems associated with Big Bang cosmology. My theories will begin at my higher dimensional pattern, then to the fourth dimension, then to overlapping continuums, and about more speculative theories like rift travel, etc. I am not advocating my theories as truth, but as something that seems logical and rational to me. And hopefully my essay will get you, the reader, thinking in a nonbiased way, about an alternative cosmology that is much better than the infamous Big Bang cosmology. I hope my introduction has encouraged you to read on and if so, let's get on with the show! THE HIGHER DIMENSIONAL PATTERN I am very good at seeing patterns and dimensions are no exception. I am going to look beyond the xyz's of the dimensions and try to find something common between them. To start things off, I will begin with the most basic dimension in the universe: the zero dimension. The zero dimension is defined as an infinitely minute point with no length, width and depth. In order to attain any type of length, you need to place an infinite number of zero dimensions side by side each other. However, if you were to only place a finite number of zero dimensions side by side each other, it would still remain zero dimensional, since the zero dimension is infinitely minute. We will continue on with the second dimension or a plane with length and width. You need an infinite number of one dimensions placed side by side, not tip to tip, to attain the second dimension. And the pattern goes on with the third dimension or a structure with length, width, and depth. You need an infinite number of two dimensions stacked on top of each other, not side to side, to attain the third dimension. So the pattern here is that to attain a higher dimension, an infinite number of its lower dimensions are needed. And what about the fourth dimension? I will discuss this in the next section. THE FOURTH DIMENSION You know what the zero, first, second and third dimensions are, but what about the fourth dimension? Imagine a three dimensional cube with its xy, xz and yz planes. Unfold the cube, until all sides are laying flat. The structure should look like a cross composed of six planes. An xz plane on top, an xy plane in the middle, two yz planes on both sides of the xy plane, another xz plane on bottom, and another xy plane below that. All in all, six planes total. Now let's add depth, or in this case I will refer to it as "hypodepth," to this unfolded three dimensional cube, which I will refer to as a three dimensional plane. The added dimension will be referred to as "a". The structure should still look like a cross with six cubes, called hypocubes. The unfolded fourth dimension should not, I repeat, should not look like a tesseract with eight hypocubes. There is now an xy plane, an xz plane, a yz plane, an ax plane, an ay plane, and an az plane. This unfolded hypercube is composed of an infinite number of three dimensional planes stacked on top of each other. Take a single three dimensional plane from this unfolded hypercube and fold it back into a three dimensional cube. Now do the same for the rest of them and place these cubes side by side each other. What do you get? The result is infinite three dimensional space based on the higher dimensional pattern. Intriguing, isn't it?! CONTINUUMS What is a continuum? For me to explain this to you, you would have to imagine the unfolded hypercube again. Remember, the unfolded hypercube is an unfolded three dimensional cube with an added dimension-"a". There are an infinite number of three dimensional planes in an unfolded hypercube, making our universe infinite in extent. But what if we only placed a finite number of folded back three dimensional planes side by side each other? Imagine taking a single three dimensional plane and folding it back into a cube. Move from one side of the cube to the other. Now take another three dimensional plane and fold it back into a cube and place it next to the first cube. Now move from one side to the other of the next cube. If you notice, the depth of the unfolded hyperspatial cube has not changed. This is because a three dimensional plane has no depth much like a two dimensional plane. Taking a finite number of three dimensional planes away from the unfolded hypercube does not change the depth of it. So you would be continuously taking one three dimensional plane after another and folding them back into cubes and placing them side by side each other. No matter what finite distance you move, there will always be more three dimensional space to travel. The fourth dimension makes three dimensional space continuous. This continuity of three dimensional space is therefore called a continuum. CONTINUITY AND INFINITY There is a difference between continuity and infinity. And I will explain what that is. Continuity is defined as all possible finite numbers. Infinity is therefore defined as beyond all possible finite numbers. Now imagine you are an infinitely minute point on a line with points A and B. You are at point A traveling to point B at a finite speed. Since you are infinitely minute and you are traveling at a finite speed, you will always be at point A no matter how far you go. You are trapped in a continuity and point B is infinitely far away. This would be true about our universe. The universe is said to be the sum of all that exists. Since the universe is four dimensional, it has an infinite number of three dimensional spaces. A single plane of the unfolded hypercube must represent a single continuum, so there must be an infinite number of other continuums existing in our universe. So the difference between continuity and infinity is like saying the difference between all possible finite numbers and beyond all possible finite numbers and is also like saying the difference between the third dimension and the fourth dimension. OVERLAPPING CONTINUUMS AND HYPERSPATIAL RIFTS This is one of my most speculative theories and my favorite topic to write about. The possibility of rift travel between parallel continuums! In conventional theoretical physics, there are a multiple number of universes connected by a series of wormholes. But since our universe is infinite as a result of the fourth dimension, there are an infinite number of parallel continuums that can be connected via hyperspatial rifts. Remember the unfolded hyperspatial cube? Well, imagine it again. But instead of folding all the three dimensional planes back into cubes and placing them side by side each other, fold the entire unfolded hypercube back into a cube. By doing this, all the parallel continuums overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. All infinite number of them! Three dimensional space has attained "hyperdepth," which is now known as hyperspace. When continuums with matter overlap each other, they become vitual continuums. For example, our continuum is a physical continuum and all the other overlapping continuums are virtual continuums. In another continuum, our continuum would be virtual and that continuum would be physical. All continuums are both physical and virtual. Think about this! If an infinite number of virtual continuums overlap each other, it would become infinitely black! This is why our universe has that black color! The fact that continuums overlap each other make it possible for rift travel between them. But what are hyperspatial rifts? Hyperspatial rifts are two dimensional portals that connect any two continuums of the fourth dimension. A rift is the only physical two dimensional object that exists in the universe. Since a rift is two dimensional, it has length and width, but absolutely no depth. The fact that a rift has no depth could be hazardous, because the edge of the rift could cut things with ease. So a guard needs to be put in place around the edge of the rift in a way so that it moves around relative to it. Suppose a hyperspatial rift with a rift guard opens up in your bedroom. What would it be like? The rift would appear to hover in your bedroom, but because the earth is moving, the rift would have to stay stationary relative to the earth. The rift itself is actually moving! You then approach the rift and walk around it. You notice your background is moving as well as the background on the other side of the rift as you are moving around it. The image on the other side of the rift is three dimensional, not like a two dimensional painting. If you were to look at a rift without the rift guard on its side, you would not see anything, since it has no depth. You then decide to stick both your arms through both sides of the rift. In your continuum, you see that your arms gone. In the other continuum, a pair of arms are dangling from both sides of the rift. When you stick an object through a rift, it is physical in the parallel continuum and virtual in your continuum in the same three dimensional space. Suppose a spatial rift opened up in your bedroom. A spatial rift is a rift that connects any two spaces of the same continuum within a finite distance from each other. You see a rift on one side of the room and another rift on the other side of the room. You then stick both your arms on both sides of a rift and you see your arms jutting out on both sides of the other rift. You determine that it is a spatial rift. The question is is there one rift in the room or is there two separate rifts in the room? In this case, it is both. The rift that you are sticking your arms through, that rift is connected to a parallel continuum where it is the same continuum as yours, but it is in a different position in space. The rift that you see your arms dangling from, is from a parallel continuum where it is the same as yours, but is different spatially. This is what I call spatial repetition. Where the rifts connect parallel continuums that are the same in time and reality, but are different spatially. So, in a way, it is both one rift and two separate rifts at the same time. Here is something interesting and coincidental. There are two three dimensional spaces that a rift can connect. A total of six dimensions. A rift is two dimensional and connects any two continuums of the fourth dimension. Also a total of six dimensions. Interesting, isn't it! 3+3=6=2+4 TYPES OF CONTINUUMS I have already explained what continuums are and what the difference is between continuity and infinity. I have also explained to you about the possibility of rift travel between parallel overlapping continuums. In this section I will tell you the different kinds of continuums that exist in our four dimensional universe, a universe that is infinite in space and time. I will first start off with a list of properties that continuums have. First is space. The space property refers to a position in space that exists within a continuous (all possible finite numbers) distance from the point of origin. Second is time. The time property refers to a temporal position that exists within a continuous past and future based in the continuum you are in. Third is reality. The reality property refers to the difference in reality that occured in the continuous past in your continuum. I call this change in reality a chaotic shift. Fourth is the mirror property. The mirror property refers to the reversing of the physical positions of matter of a continuum that you know. Fifth is the matter/antimatter inverse property. The matter/antimatter inverse property refers to the trading places of matter and antimatter, where matter becomes antimatter and antimatter becomes matter based on a continuum you know. Last but not least is the infinity property. The infinity property refers to a continuum that is infinitely different in space, time and reality based on a continuum that you are in. All these properties refers to a difference between your continuum and a parallel continuum. Most of these properties can be alone or mixed. Exceptions are that the time property cannot exist without the reality property, because time and reality affect each other. The infinity property stands alone, because this continuum would not exist within any finite distance and time and its reality would be infinitely different based on the continuum you are in. Here is a list of the different types of parallel continuums. 1. Space Continuum 2. Space-time-reality Continuum 3. Space-reality Continuum 4. Space-mirror Continuum 5. Space-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 6. Space-time-reality-mirror Continuum 7. Space-time-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 8. Space-reality-mirror Continuum 9. Space-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 10. Space-time-reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 11. Time-reality Continuum 12. Time-reality-mirror Continuum 13. Time-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 14. Time-reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 15. Reality Continuum 16. Reality-mirror Continuum 17. Reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 18. Reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 19. Mirror Continuum 20. Mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 21. Matter/antimatter inverse Continuum 22. Infinity Continuum PARALLEL SPACE CONTINUUMS Wouldn't it be nice if you could avoid all the hassles of traveling from point A to point B without having to actually physically travel? It would take forever to travel to other planetary systems and other galaxies with current technology. It would take a spaceship four years at the speed of light to reach the nearest star, Alpha Centauri. Guess how long it would take to get there at current rocket speed? Far too long! An alternative and a faster method of space travel has to be found. Scientists have speculated the use of spatial anomalies, like wormholes that connect two different areas of space, to travel far distances, without spending too much time and resources on reaching their destinations. Since wormholes don't really exist, another method of space travel has to be found. Space, according to Webster's New World Dictionary, is defined as the continuous, boundless expanse extending in all directions or in three dimensions, within which all things exist. My words exactly! I couldn't agree more! It sounds just like my definition of a continuum of the fourth dimension. A parallel space continuum, by my definition, is a continuum where it is the same in time and reality as a continuum you know, but the position is space is different at a point that is a finite distance away within the same continuity. So, an infinite number of continuums that are exactly the same, but different in spatial positions, overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. So, rift travel between parallel space continuums, is possible. I have already discussed about spatial rifts earlier in this essay. TIME TRAVEL Have you ever dreamed of traveling to the past to witness some famous event or traveling to the future to see what mankind has achieved? Is time travel possible or is it just mere fantasy? With time travel, there are three possible scenarios that have been written in books and viewed on television: the grandfather paradox, the closed time loop, and the alternative realities theory. If you don't know what the grandfather paradox is , I will tell you. Basically, there is, for example, a man, who is unhappy with his life and he does not want to exist anymore. He then decides to go back in time to kill his grandfather at a time before his parents were ever conceived. He kills his grandfather and the resulting effect should be that the man does not exist anymore, just as he wanted it to be. The problem with this type of time travel scenario is that the man no longer exists to kill his grandfather, and yet his grandfather was killed by him. Many could argue that maybe he did not kill his grandfather, but instead killed somebody that looked just like him. But this is not how films and books portray it. It is the grandfather who gets killed by his nonexistent grandson! Think about the Jean Claude van Damme movie, "Timecop." Near the end of the movie, the senator travels from 2004 to 1994 to stop the 2004 van Damme character from saving his wife from murder in 1994. The 2004 senator happens to collide with his 1994 self and he is destroyed. When van Damme's character goes back to 2004, his wife is alive with children and the senator is no more. The problem is, if the senator died back in 1994 with the collision of his past and future self, then how would his 1994 self collide with his 2004 self if he no longer exists in 2004? The most obvious answer is that this type of time travel scenario is not possible. It is just mere speculation and fantasy. The closed time loop or the closed timelike curve theory is proposed as an alternative and a solution to the grandfather paradox. Here is a good example of what a closed time loop is. A man is visited by an old man, who happens to be his future self, and is given insight about the stock market and plans to build a time machine. After his future self gives these items to him he then leaves in his time machine. The man uses the information and does well in the stock market. When he is an old man, he is very rich and decides to have a time machine built, using the very same plans that were given to him. He goes back in time to meet his past self and gives himself information on the stock market and plans to build a time machine and everything just repeats itself again and again. A good example of this type of time travel scenario can be seen in the Bruce Willis film, "Twelve Monkeys," where as a child, Bruce Willis's character witnessed a man being shot and killed while trying to stop a terrorist from releasing a deadly virus. As Bruce Willis's character grows up to be a man, he is sent back in time to stop the terrorist from releasing the deadly virus. Bruce Willis's character is shot and killed in the same place and the same time, while his child self witnesses his own death. Unlike the grandfather paradox, there is no freedoom in a closed time loop. Even though the grandfather paradox is solved with the closed time loop theory, there are other problems that do arise. Suppose an atomic decay activated bomb was sent from twenty years in the future onto someone's backyard. The bomb does not go off and it is thus disassembled while plans were drawn to build it. The radioactive atom detonator was kept for twenty years until an insane scientist decides to build the same type of bomb with new parts and the same radioactive atom detonator. The scientist decides to send the bomb back twenty years at the same time and location where the previous bomb appeared. But instead of the whole process repeating itself, the radioactive atom decays and detonates the bomb and destroys and kills people, including the scientist who was supposed to send the bomb back in time twenty years later. Obviously, the grandfather paradox scenario is not possible, so we need a time travel theory to solve the problems of both the grandfather paradox and the closed time loop theory. Alternate realities. This solves the problems associated with the grandfather paradox and the closed time loop theory. This theory also allows to have freedom while time traveling without resulting in a grandfather paradox. Let us take a look back at the man who is unhappy with his life and he does not want to exist anymore. He decides to go back in time to kill his grandfather at a time before his parents were conceived. He kills his grandfather, but instead of not existing anymore, he created a new reality where his counterpart is not born and his past remains unchanged, because his grandfather was never killed by him. He goes back to his own time in this new reality and he discovers that he or his counterpart never existed and had a life. The man is now completely unhappy and worse off than he was, because now he has no life whatsoever. So he just sticks to conventional suicide instead. The creation of new realities as a result of time travel sounds plausible, but the question is is time travel possible at all? Each time travel scenario I have mentioned has many problems and many unanswered questions. The grandfather paradox scenario does not create new realities, it just dubbs over the old reality and creates a new one on the same timeline. Thus parallel universes cannot exist in this type of universe. The closed time loop scenario denies any freedom of change and therefore, no new realities are formed. Parallel universes cannot exist in this type of universe as well. Only one time travel scenario can be allowed in a science fiction story, because if all time travel scenarios occur in the same story or set or stories, they conflict each other and it can be very confusing. At one point the past can be altered. Another point is just repetition, where reality remains unaltered. This is the confusing type of format that "Star Trek" has unfortunately taken. In "Star Trek IV," the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise take a Klingon ship around the Earth's sun to travel to 1986 to retrieve two humpback whales. Events just repeat themselves here and the timeline remains unchanged. However, in "Star Trek VIII," the borg open up a temporal rift and travel to mid twenty-first century Earth. They disrupt the humans' first contact with the Vulcan race and convert all humans to borg. Here, the past can be altered. This is just so confusing to me. I say, just pick a time travel scenario and stick with it, even if it is dead wrong! A major reason why so many people think time travel is possible is because time is referred to as a dimension. First of all, time is not the fourth dimension! Infinite three dimensions is the fourth dimension. And this crazy idea that by going faster than the speed of light, matter can travel backwards in time is completely misinterpreted. Albert Einstein stated an example by using a clock as a reference in space and time. When you travel away from the clock, closer and closer to the speed of light, the clock appears to become slower and slower. If you travel away at the speed of light, the clock appears to have stopped. If you travel faster and faster than the speed of light, the clock appears to go backwards. Notice my use of the word "appear." You only appear to be traveling into the past, but are actually still in the present receiving the light that you have surpassed, because you did travel faster than the speed of the light with the image of the clock. If an advocate of time travel can say that one can travel backwards in time, because one is traveling away from the clock faster than the speed of light, wouldn't the opposite be true? If you travel towards a clock that is extremely far away, the clock appears to be fast forwarding. Or as time travel advocates would say, you are traveling into the future. Say you are at a point between two clocks that are extremely far away from each other. You are moving away from a clock faster than the speed of light going towards the other clock. If it is true that you can travel backwards in time by going faster than the speed of light, then you would be going backward in time and forward in time simultaneously between the two clocks. Obviously you cannot travel backward and forward through time simultaneously. They just cancel each other out and you are still in the present. So one only "appears" to be traveling backwards in time as a result of traveling faster than the speed of light. PARALLEL TIME CONTINUUMS Even though I said that physical time travel is impossible, the prospect of traveling to other "times" via rift travel has not been completely ruled out. In conventional theoretical physics, scientists have postulated the possibility that there might be so called "wormholes" that can connect not just any two spaces and two parallel universes, but can conect any two timelines as well. Wormholes share similar properties as blackholes, but they are much smaller in size and are much safer to pass through. First of all, I do not believe wormholes exist at all for reasons I will explain later in my essay. Secondly, the thought of the same wormhole connecting two different times of the same timeline defies simple logic. In a "grandfather paradox" type universe, a wormhole connecting two different times on the same timeline in the same universe poses serious logical problems. Suppose, for example, a wormhole opens at a point in time on a timeline, which is connected to another wormhole, that has opened up in the future of the same timeline in the same universe. If matter from the future can travel to the past, via wormholes, and the past can be altered, then an infinite number of different realities would exist and overlap each other on the same timeline in the same universe. Despite all the problems that the different types of scenarios posed by physical time travel, I believe there is a way to travel to different "times" without having to actually travel to the physical past and future. An interesting way of time traveling without having to actually travel to the past and future was presented in the science fiction series "Sliders." The quartet, meaning the character Quinn, Maximillian, Wade, and Rembrandt, slid through a wormhole from a universe where it was 1996 to a universe where it was 1984. The "1984" universe was twelve years behind the "1996" universe and the "1984" universe looked exactly like the "1996" universe was twelve years earlier. The moment the quartet slid into the "1984" universe, the reality of that universe was shifted into a different direction from where the reality went in the "1996" universe twelve years earlier. Since both the "1984" universe and the "1996" universe occur in the present, the past of the "1996" universe remains unaltered, while the quartet changed events in the "1984" universe. I believe this scenario is not too far from the truth. Instead of parallel universes, there are parallel continuums. Instead of wormholes, there would be two dimensional rifts. As a result of the fourth dimension, an infinite number of continuums overlap each other. These include continuums that are behind our time and ahead of our time. Every moment of our continuous past is going on right now in parallel continuums and an infinite number of possible "futures" are also going on right now in overlapping parallel continuums. Now envision two boxes with a clock in each one. Each box represents a continuum. One clock reads 12:00 in one box. The other clock reads 4:00 in the other box. One box has less reality (the "past") than the other box and the other box has more reality (the "future") than the other box. Now, suppose both boxes were placed side by side and a hole (a rift) was made connecting the two. If you travel from the "4:00" box to the "12:00" box, do you travel four hours into the past or stay in the present? You obviously stay in the present, since there are two different boxes. The reality is altered in the "12:00" box, while the past of the "4:00" box remains unchanged. This would be true about our universe. If we travel to a parallel continuum that is behind our time, we alter the reality in that continuum while the past of our continuum remains unaltered. Now envision the two boxes again, but this time we travel from the "12:00" box to the "4:00" box. The "4:00" box could be one out of an infinite number of different "4:00" boxes. The reason is is because there is an infinite number of possible realities that could occur between 12:00 and 4:00. If you were to travel to a parallel continuum that is ahead of your time and travel back to your continuum, the chances of your "past" counterpart visiting your future would be infinitely minute. The reason is is because there are an infinite number of possible realities that could occur between the time you left and the point in time in the "future" you arrive at. PARALLEL REALITY CONTINUUMS Reality, by definition, is the quality or fact of being real. In physics, reality is defined as what is going on in any part of the universe, what events lead up to the current activities going on in the present (worldline), where matter and objects are positioned in the universe and the possible events that could take place. In conventional theoretical physics, there are an infinite number of possible universes that could exist along with ours. In his theory, Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, Hugh Everett III theorized that universes branch off to an infinite number of possible realities every moment in time. Since the universe is infinite in space and time, the prospect of there being an infinite number of parallel universes becomes illogical. The universe is defined as the sum of all that exists. Meaning that the universe has no spatial and temporal boundary, but rather an infinite number of parallel, overlapping continuums as the result of the fourth dimension. Each continuum is either identical to each other or different. A parallel reality continuum, by my definition, is a continuum, where at any finite point in the continuous past (not infinite), a shift in events took place compared to a continuum you know. This shift in reality is called a chaotic shift, named after chaos theory. Continuums do not physically branch off into an infinite number of parallel reality continuums, as the universes do in Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Instead, all possible parallel realites already exist in the same universe. Physically, like other parallel continuums, these parallel reality continuums are infinitely far away from your position. You can point in any direction of the universe, and there is the same parallel reality continuum at an infinite distance away. You can point in the same direction and there are an infinite number of parallel reality continuums in the same area of the universe. Fourth dimensionally, an infinite number of parallel reality continuums overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. Each parallel reality continuum is real and the others are phased or virtual. In his theory, Schrödinger's Cat, Erwin Schrödinger stated an example of Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics using two identical cats, two identical boxes, two identical atomic triggered devices and two identical poisons. The two boxes represent two identical universes. The two cats are counterparts of each other. The atomic triggered device and poison represent what does or does not happen. In one box, the radioactive atom decays and triggers the device to release poison into the air and kills the cat. In the other box, the radioactive atom does not decay and the cat remains alive. The cat is both alive and dead at the same time. But what would Schrödinger's Cat Theory be like in a four dimensional or infinite universe? It would basically be the same, except the boxes would represent parallel continuums not universes and the realities do not split but exist in the same infinite universe. PARALLEL MIRROR CONTINUUMS When you think of a mirror continuum, what do you think of ? A continuum that is "opposite" of our continuum, as portrayed in an episode of the original Star Trek series? A continuum where the U.S.S. Enterprise is called the I.S.S. Enterprise? Where everyone is cruel instead of friendly? You know what I mean. My description of a mirror continuum is completely different just like my definition of the fourth dimension is compared to the conventional defintion. A mirror continuum is exactly what it sounds like: a continuum where the "image" is flipped compared to a continuum you know. The flipping of the "image" is the inverse repositioning of matter as a continuum would look like when looking at a mirror. How would one travel to a mirror continuum? In conventional theory, an object would be taken out of the three dimensional universe and flipped around in the fourth dimension and returned to the three dimensional universe reversed in matter arrangement. Like I have said before, their definition of the fourth dimension is nothing like mine. Since the fourth dimension is the overlapping of an infinite number of parallel continuums in the same three dimensional space, a mirror rift would have to be required to travel to a mirror continuum. A mirror rift is a two dimensional rift that connects a continuum to another continuum where the positions of matter are inverted to a continuum you are familiar with. What would traveling to a mirror continuum be like? Suppose a mirror rift were to appear in your room with its "sister" rift next to it. A "sister" rift is the same rift as it would appear in another continuum. You walk in front of the rift on the left and stand there. As you look on the other side, you notice it looks like the mirror image of the area in front of the rift on the right. You turn your head and look at the other rift. You notice you see a mirror image of yourself looking left instead of right. You then walk through the rift and onto the other side. You then look around and notice that everything has been vertically inverted. Another person walks into the room and notices you have been reversed. From your point of view, you see that that person has been reversed. The question is, were you flipped or was everything else flipped? The answer is both. You see that you are right handed, but the other person sees you as left handed. You then turn around and face the rift you entered from. You notice that the space on the other side is the mirror image of the space in front of the other rift on your left. You then turn your head and face the other rift. You notice that your mirror counterpart is facing right not left. You walk back through the rift and everything is back to normal. You see yourself as right handed and the other person sees you as right handed. You might be asking, "If a continuum is positionally inverted, wouldn't matter become antimatter and antimatter become matter?" Actually, no. Since matter and antimatter exist in a unidirectional state, the inverting of the positions of matter and antimatter does not invert matter and antimatter themselves. The inverting of matter and antimatter will be discussed in the next section. PARALLEL MATTER-ANTIMATTER INVERSE CONTINUUMS Unlike the previous section, where I talked about the inverting of the positions of matter in a parallel mirror continuum, I will now talk about the inverting of matter and antimatter themselves. In a parallel matter-antimatter inverse continuum, the physical positions of matter are the same to a continuum you are familiar with. However, matter and antimatter have traded places with each other, where matter becomes antimatter and antimatter becomes matter. If you compare two parallel continuums that are exactly the same in time and reality, but matter and antimatter have traded places, the two continuums look exactly like each other. "How could they be exactly like each other?" you might say. If we were to look out into space towards an antimatter galaxy, we would refer everything in that galaxy to be antimatter and our galaxy as "normal" matter. Observers from the antimatter galaxy would refer to our galaxy as being antimatter and they as "normal" matter. How is this so? It has been common practice in particle physics to refer to the particles and atoms that make us up as protons, neutrons and electrons. Meaning, we are made of "normal" matter. Antimatter appears to be more exotic, since there is no abundance of it in our galaxy. Just as galaxies appear to rotate clockwise on one side of them and they appear to rotate counterclockwise on the other side, matter and antimatter, too, exists in a "unidirectional" state. So this means that we could also be made up of antiprotons, antineutrons and positirons, but we are only made up of one type of matter. Virtual matter from virtual continuums, continuums that are real elsewhere, but phased in our continuum, is both matter or antimatter. This means that there are two of the same continuum that is virtual here, but one is matter and antimatter and the other is the inverse of it as physical continuums. Antimatter is not as rare as conventional particle physicists have claimed. Both matter and antimatter exists in equal proportions in our infinite universe. In a continuum, there is a continuous amount of matter and antimatter. In any given finite amount of space within a continuum, the amount of matter and antimatter is heterogeneous in distribution, meaning that matter and antimatter are not spread out evenly. If you compare different finite spaces within a continuum or parallel continuums, you will see that the proportions for matter to antimatter is not always the same. For example, suppose a matter-antimatter inverse rift opens up that connects to another continuum that is the same in time and reality, but is different in spatial location. Suppose the rift and its "sister" rift are right next to each other. You then take a "normal" matter apple and throw it into the rift. What would happen? Well, you would see the same apple coming out of the other rift, but it is no longer "normal" matter. The continuum on the other side of the rift mimics everything that happens in your continuum. Matter and antimatter have traded places in that continuum, so the apple is now what you would consider to be antimatter. Since the apple is antimatter, "normal" matter would actually repel it. How? I will talk about gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter later in my essay. THERE WILL BE MORE ON CONTINUUMS HERE TO BE CONTINUED..... Entrance Table Of Contents Part Two: Critiques Of The Big Bang Universe (Currently undergoing changes!) Part Three: The Physical Universe Summary Glossary Go here for the normal version of this webpage and website. THIS PAGE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
THE FOUR DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE
An Essay By Ian Grahme Wolf
PART ONE: FOUR DIMENSIONAL COSMOLOGY
UPDATE 10/31/2001: I am currently in the process of writing new material for my website. There will be more theories added, probably some changes and editing to certain areas of my website, and some new features as well.
INTRODUCTION
THE HIGHER DIMENSIONAL PATTERN
THE FOURTH DIMENSION
CONTINUUMS
CONTINUITY AND INFINITY
OVERLAPPING CONTINUUMS AND HYPERSPATIAL RIFTS
TYPES OF CONTINUUMS
PARALLEL SPACE CONTINUUMS
TIME TRAVEL
PARALLEL TIME CONTINUUMS
PARALLEL REALITY CONTINUUMS
PARALLEL MIRROR CONTINUUMS
PARALLEL MATTER-ANTIMATTER INVERSE CONTINUUMS
I am writing this essay to offer an alternative cosmology to the popular, but problem ridden Big Bang Cosmology. Most of my work is a compilation of theories that I have accumulated over the past few years. The rest are from other people who oppose the Big Bang theory and people who advocate it. I will explain my cosmology, four dimensional cosmology, in this essay and I will also discuss the problems associated with Big Bang cosmology. My theories will begin at my higher dimensional pattern, then to the fourth dimension, then to overlapping continuums, and about more speculative theories like rift travel, etc. I am not advocating my theories as truth, but as something that seems logical and rational to me. And hopefully my essay will get you, the reader, thinking in a nonbiased way, about an alternative cosmology that is much better than the infamous Big Bang cosmology. I hope my introduction has encouraged you to read on and if so, let's get on with the show!
I am very good at seeing patterns and dimensions are no exception. I am going to look beyond the xyz's of the dimensions and try to find something common between them. To start things off, I will begin with the most basic dimension in the universe: the zero dimension. The zero dimension is defined as an infinitely minute point with no length, width and depth. In order to attain any type of length, you need to place an infinite number of zero dimensions side by side each other. However, if you were to only place a finite number of zero dimensions side by side each other, it would still remain zero dimensional, since the zero dimension is infinitely minute. We will continue on with the second dimension or a plane with length and width. You need an infinite number of one dimensions placed side by side, not tip to tip, to attain the second dimension. And the pattern goes on with the third dimension or a structure with length, width, and depth. You need an infinite number of two dimensions stacked on top of each other, not side to side, to attain the third dimension. So the pattern here is that to attain a higher dimension, an infinite number of its lower dimensions are needed. And what about the fourth dimension? I will discuss this in the next section.
You know what the zero, first, second and third dimensions are, but what about the fourth dimension? Imagine a three dimensional cube with its xy, xz and yz planes. Unfold the cube, until all sides are laying flat. The structure should look like a cross composed of six planes. An xz plane on top, an xy plane in the middle, two yz planes on both sides of the xy plane, another xz plane on bottom, and another xy plane below that. All in all, six planes total. Now let's add depth, or in this case I will refer to it as "hypodepth," to this unfolded three dimensional cube, which I will refer to as a three dimensional plane. The added dimension will be referred to as "a". The structure should still look like a cross with six cubes, called hypocubes. The unfolded fourth dimension should not, I repeat, should not look like a tesseract with eight hypocubes. There is now an xy plane, an xz plane, a yz plane, an ax plane, an ay plane, and an az plane. This unfolded hypercube is composed of an infinite number of three dimensional planes stacked on top of each other. Take a single three dimensional plane from this unfolded hypercube and fold it back into a three dimensional cube. Now do the same for the rest of them and place these cubes side by side each other. What do you get? The result is infinite three dimensional space based on the higher dimensional pattern. Intriguing, isn't it?!
What is a continuum? For me to explain this to you, you would have to imagine the unfolded hypercube again. Remember, the unfolded hypercube is an unfolded three dimensional cube with an added dimension-"a". There are an infinite number of three dimensional planes in an unfolded hypercube, making our universe infinite in extent. But what if we only placed a finite number of folded back three dimensional planes side by side each other? Imagine taking a single three dimensional plane and folding it back into a cube. Move from one side of the cube to the other. Now take another three dimensional plane and fold it back into a cube and place it next to the first cube. Now move from one side to the other of the next cube. If you notice, the depth of the unfolded hyperspatial cube has not changed. This is because a three dimensional plane has no depth much like a two dimensional plane. Taking a finite number of three dimensional planes away from the unfolded hypercube does not change the depth of it. So you would be continuously taking one three dimensional plane after another and folding them back into cubes and placing them side by side each other. No matter what finite distance you move, there will always be more three dimensional space to travel. The fourth dimension makes three dimensional space continuous. This continuity of three dimensional space is therefore called a continuum.
There is a difference between continuity and infinity. And I will explain what that is. Continuity is defined as all possible finite numbers. Infinity is therefore defined as beyond all possible finite numbers. Now imagine you are an infinitely minute point on a line with points A and B. You are at point A traveling to point B at a finite speed. Since you are infinitely minute and you are traveling at a finite speed, you will always be at point A no matter how far you go. You are trapped in a continuity and point B is infinitely far away. This would be true about our universe. The universe is said to be the sum of all that exists. Since the universe is four dimensional, it has an infinite number of three dimensional spaces. A single plane of the unfolded hypercube must represent a single continuum, so there must be an infinite number of other continuums existing in our universe. So the difference between continuity and infinity is like saying the difference between all possible finite numbers and beyond all possible finite numbers and is also like saying the difference between the third dimension and the fourth dimension.
This is one of my most speculative theories and my favorite topic to write about. The possibility of rift travel between parallel continuums! In conventional theoretical physics, there are a multiple number of universes connected by a series of wormholes. But since our universe is infinite as a result of the fourth dimension, there are an infinite number of parallel continuums that can be connected via hyperspatial rifts.
Remember the unfolded hyperspatial cube? Well, imagine it again. But instead of folding all the three dimensional planes back into cubes and placing them side by side each other, fold the entire unfolded hypercube back into a cube. By doing this, all the parallel continuums overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. All infinite number of them! Three dimensional space has attained "hyperdepth," which is now known as hyperspace. When continuums with matter overlap each other, they become vitual continuums. For example, our continuum is a physical continuum and all the other overlapping continuums are virtual continuums. In another continuum, our continuum would be virtual and that continuum would be physical. All continuums are both physical and virtual. Think about this! If an infinite number of virtual continuums overlap each other, it would become infinitely black! This is why our universe has that black color!
The fact that continuums overlap each other make it possible for rift travel between them. But what are hyperspatial rifts? Hyperspatial rifts are two dimensional portals that connect any two continuums of the fourth dimension. A rift is the only physical two dimensional object that exists in the universe. Since a rift is two dimensional, it has length and width, but absolutely no depth. The fact that a rift has no depth could be hazardous, because the edge of the rift could cut things with ease. So a guard needs to be put in place around the edge of the rift in a way so that it moves around relative to it.
Suppose a hyperspatial rift with a rift guard opens up in your bedroom. What would it be like? The rift would appear to hover in your bedroom, but because the earth is moving, the rift would have to stay stationary relative to the earth. The rift itself is actually moving! You then approach the rift and walk around it. You notice your background is moving as well as the background on the other side of the rift as you are moving around it. The image on the other side of the rift is three dimensional, not like a two dimensional painting. If you were to look at a rift without the rift guard on its side, you would not see anything, since it has no depth. You then decide to stick both your arms through both sides of the rift. In your continuum, you see that your arms gone. In the other continuum, a pair of arms are dangling from both sides of the rift. When you stick an object through a rift, it is physical in the parallel continuum and virtual in your continuum in the same three dimensional space.
Suppose a spatial rift opened up in your bedroom. A spatial rift is a rift that connects any two spaces of the same continuum within a finite distance from each other. You see a rift on one side of the room and another rift on the other side of the room. You then stick both your arms on both sides of a rift and you see your arms jutting out on both sides of the other rift. You determine that it is a spatial rift. The question is is there one rift in the room or is there two separate rifts in the room? In this case, it is both. The rift that you are sticking your arms through, that rift is connected to a parallel continuum where it is the same continuum as yours, but it is in a different position in space. The rift that you see your arms dangling from, is from a parallel continuum where it is the same as yours, but is different spatially. This is what I call spatial repetition. Where the rifts connect parallel continuums that are the same in time and reality, but are different spatially. So, in a way, it is both one rift and two separate rifts at the same time.
Here is something interesting and coincidental. There are two three dimensional spaces that a rift can connect. A total of six dimensions. A rift is two dimensional and connects any two continuums of the fourth dimension. Also a total of six dimensions. Interesting, isn't it!
3+3=6=2+4
I have already explained what continuums are and what the difference is between continuity and infinity. I have also explained to you about the possibility of rift travel between parallel overlapping continuums. In this section I will tell you the different kinds of continuums that exist in our four dimensional universe, a universe that is infinite in space and time. I will first start off with a list of properties that continuums have. First is space. The space property refers to a position in space that exists within a continuous (all possible finite numbers) distance from the point of origin. Second is time. The time property refers to a temporal position that exists within a continuous past and future based in the continuum you are in. Third is reality. The reality property refers to the difference in reality that occured in the continuous past in your continuum. I call this change in reality a chaotic shift. Fourth is the mirror property. The mirror property refers to the reversing of the physical positions of matter of a continuum that you know. Fifth is the matter/antimatter inverse property. The matter/antimatter inverse property refers to the trading places of matter and antimatter, where matter becomes antimatter and antimatter becomes matter based on a continuum you know. Last but not least is the infinity property. The infinity property refers to a continuum that is infinitely different in space, time and reality based on a continuum that you are in. All these properties refers to a difference between your continuum and a parallel continuum. Most of these properties can be alone or mixed. Exceptions are that the time property cannot exist without the reality property, because time and reality affect each other. The infinity property stands alone, because this continuum would not exist within any finite distance and time and its reality would be infinitely different based on the continuum you are in. Here is a list of the different types of parallel continuums.
1. Space Continuum
2. Space-time-reality Continuum
3. Space-reality Continuum
4. Space-mirror Continuum
5. Space-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
6. Space-time-reality-mirror Continuum
7. Space-time-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
8. Space-reality-mirror Continuum
9. Space-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
10. Space-time-reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
11. Time-reality Continuum
12. Time-reality-mirror Continuum
13. Time-reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
14. Time-reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
15. Reality Continuum
16. Reality-mirror Continuum
17. Reality-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
18. Reality-mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
19. Mirror Continuum
20. Mirror-matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
21. Matter/antimatter inverse Continuum
22. Infinity Continuum
Wouldn't it be nice if you could avoid all the hassles of traveling from point A to point B without having to actually physically travel? It would take forever to travel to other planetary systems and other galaxies with current technology. It would take a spaceship four years at the speed of light to reach the nearest star, Alpha Centauri. Guess how long it would take to get there at current rocket speed? Far too long! An alternative and a faster method of space travel has to be found. Scientists have speculated the use of spatial anomalies, like wormholes that connect two different areas of space, to travel far distances, without spending too much time and resources on reaching their destinations. Since wormholes don't really exist, another method of space travel has to be found.
Space, according to Webster's New World Dictionary, is defined as the continuous, boundless expanse extending in all directions or in three dimensions, within which all things exist. My words exactly! I couldn't agree more! It sounds just like my definition of a continuum of the fourth dimension. A parallel space continuum, by my definition, is a continuum where it is the same in time and reality as a continuum you know, but the position is space is different at a point that is a finite distance away within the same continuity. So, an infinite number of continuums that are exactly the same, but different in spatial positions, overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. So, rift travel between parallel space continuums, is possible. I have already discussed about spatial rifts earlier in this essay.
Have you ever dreamed of traveling to the past to witness some famous event or traveling to the future to see what mankind has achieved? Is time travel possible or is it just mere fantasy? With time travel, there are three possible scenarios that have been written in books and viewed on television: the grandfather paradox, the closed time loop, and the alternative realities theory.
If you don't know what the grandfather paradox is , I will tell you. Basically, there is, for example, a man, who is unhappy with his life and he does not want to exist anymore. He then decides to go back in time to kill his grandfather at a time before his parents were ever conceived. He kills his grandfather and the resulting effect should be that the man does not exist anymore, just as he wanted it to be. The problem with this type of time travel scenario is that the man no longer exists to kill his grandfather, and yet his grandfather was killed by him. Many could argue that maybe he did not kill his grandfather, but instead killed somebody that looked just like him. But this is not how films and books portray it. It is the grandfather who gets killed by his nonexistent grandson! Think about the Jean Claude van Damme movie, "Timecop." Near the end of the movie, the senator travels from 2004 to 1994 to stop the 2004 van Damme character from saving his wife from murder in 1994. The 2004 senator happens to collide with his 1994 self and he is destroyed. When van Damme's character goes back to 2004, his wife is alive with children and the senator is no more. The problem is, if the senator died back in 1994 with the collision of his past and future self, then how would his 1994 self collide with his 2004 self if he no longer exists in 2004? The most obvious answer is that this type of time travel scenario is not possible. It is just mere speculation and fantasy.
The closed time loop or the closed timelike curve theory is proposed as an alternative and a solution to the grandfather paradox. Here is a good example of what a closed time loop is. A man is visited by an old man, who happens to be his future self, and is given insight about the stock market and plans to build a time machine. After his future self gives these items to him he then leaves in his time machine. The man uses the information and does well in the stock market. When he is an old man, he is very rich and decides to have a time machine built, using the very same plans that were given to him. He goes back in time to meet his past self and gives himself information on the stock market and plans to build a time machine and everything just repeats itself again and again. A good example of this type of time travel scenario can be seen in the Bruce Willis film, "Twelve Monkeys," where as a child, Bruce Willis's character witnessed a man being shot and killed while trying to stop a terrorist from releasing a deadly virus. As Bruce Willis's character grows up to be a man, he is sent back in time to stop the terrorist from releasing the deadly virus. Bruce Willis's character is shot and killed in the same place and the same time, while his child self witnesses his own death. Unlike the grandfather paradox, there is no freedoom in a closed time loop. Even though the grandfather paradox is solved with the closed time loop theory, there are other problems that do arise. Suppose an atomic decay activated bomb was sent from twenty years in the future onto someone's backyard. The bomb does not go off and it is thus disassembled while plans were drawn to build it. The radioactive atom detonator was kept for twenty years until an insane scientist decides to build the same type of bomb with new parts and the same radioactive atom detonator. The scientist decides to send the bomb back twenty years at the same time and location where the previous bomb appeared. But instead of the whole process repeating itself, the radioactive atom decays and detonates the bomb and destroys and kills people, including the scientist who was supposed to send the bomb back in time twenty years later. Obviously, the grandfather paradox scenario is not possible, so we need a time travel theory to solve the problems of both the grandfather paradox and the closed time loop theory.
Alternate realities. This solves the problems associated with the grandfather paradox and the closed time loop theory. This theory also allows to have freedom while time traveling without resulting in a grandfather paradox. Let us take a look back at the man who is unhappy with his life and he does not want to exist anymore. He decides to go back in time to kill his grandfather at a time before his parents were conceived. He kills his grandfather, but instead of not existing anymore, he created a new reality where his counterpart is not born and his past remains unchanged, because his grandfather was never killed by him. He goes back to his own time in this new reality and he discovers that he or his counterpart never existed and had a life. The man is now completely unhappy and worse off than he was, because now he has no life whatsoever. So he just sticks to conventional suicide instead.
The creation of new realities as a result of time travel sounds plausible, but the question is is time travel possible at all? Each time travel scenario I have mentioned has many problems and many unanswered questions. The grandfather paradox scenario does not create new realities, it just dubbs over the old reality and creates a new one on the same timeline. Thus parallel universes cannot exist in this type of universe. The closed time loop scenario denies any freedom of change and therefore, no new realities are formed. Parallel universes cannot exist in this type of universe as well. Only one time travel scenario can be allowed in a science fiction story, because if all time travel scenarios occur in the same story or set or stories, they conflict each other and it can be very confusing. At one point the past can be altered. Another point is just repetition, where reality remains unaltered. This is the confusing type of format that "Star Trek" has unfortunately taken. In "Star Trek IV," the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise take a Klingon ship around the Earth's sun to travel to 1986 to retrieve two humpback whales. Events just repeat themselves here and the timeline remains unchanged. However, in "Star Trek VIII," the borg open up a temporal rift and travel to mid twenty-first century Earth. They disrupt the humans' first contact with the Vulcan race and convert all humans to borg. Here, the past can be altered. This is just so confusing to me. I say, just pick a time travel scenario and stick with it, even if it is dead wrong!
A major reason why so many people think time travel is possible is because time is referred to as a dimension. First of all, time is not the fourth dimension! Infinite three dimensions is the fourth dimension. And this crazy idea that by going faster than the speed of light, matter can travel backwards in time is completely misinterpreted. Albert Einstein stated an example by using a clock as a reference in space and time. When you travel away from the clock, closer and closer to the speed of light, the clock appears to become slower and slower. If you travel away at the speed of light, the clock appears to have stopped. If you travel faster and faster than the speed of light, the clock appears to go backwards. Notice my use of the word "appear." You only appear to be traveling into the past, but are actually still in the present receiving the light that you have surpassed, because you did travel faster than the speed of the light with the image of the clock. If an advocate of time travel can say that one can travel backwards in time, because one is traveling away from the clock faster than the speed of light, wouldn't the opposite be true? If you travel towards a clock that is extremely far away, the clock appears to be fast forwarding. Or as time travel advocates would say, you are traveling into the future. Say you are at a point between two clocks that are extremely far away from each other. You are moving away from a clock faster than the speed of light going towards the other clock. If it is true that you can travel backwards in time by going faster than the speed of light, then you would be going backward in time and forward in time simultaneously between the two clocks. Obviously you cannot travel backward and forward through time simultaneously. They just cancel each other out and you are still in the present. So one only "appears" to be traveling backwards in time as a result of traveling faster than the speed of light.
Even though I said that physical time travel is impossible, the prospect of traveling to other "times" via rift travel has not been completely ruled out. In conventional theoretical physics, scientists have postulated the possibility that there might be so called "wormholes" that can connect not just any two spaces and two parallel universes, but can conect any two timelines as well. Wormholes share similar properties as blackholes, but they are much smaller in size and are much safer to pass through.
First of all, I do not believe wormholes exist at all for reasons I will explain later in my essay. Secondly, the thought of the same wormhole connecting two different times of the same timeline defies simple logic. In a "grandfather paradox" type universe, a wormhole connecting two different times on the same timeline in the same universe poses serious logical problems. Suppose, for example, a wormhole opens at a point in time on a timeline, which is connected to another wormhole, that has opened up in the future of the same timeline in the same universe. If matter from the future can travel to the past, via wormholes, and the past can be altered, then an infinite number of different realities would exist and overlap each other on the same timeline in the same universe.
Despite all the problems that the different types of scenarios posed by physical time travel, I believe there is a way to travel to different "times" without having to actually travel to the physical past and future. An interesting way of time traveling without having to actually travel to the past and future was presented in the science fiction series "Sliders." The quartet, meaning the character Quinn, Maximillian, Wade, and Rembrandt, slid through a wormhole from a universe where it was 1996 to a universe where it was 1984. The "1984" universe was twelve years behind the "1996" universe and the "1984" universe looked exactly like the "1996" universe was twelve years earlier. The moment the quartet slid into the "1984" universe, the reality of that universe was shifted into a different direction from where the reality went in the "1996" universe twelve years earlier. Since both the "1984" universe and the "1996" universe occur in the present, the past of the "1996" universe remains unaltered, while the quartet changed events in the "1984" universe.
I believe this scenario is not too far from the truth. Instead of parallel universes, there are parallel continuums. Instead of wormholes, there would be two dimensional rifts. As a result of the fourth dimension, an infinite number of continuums overlap each other. These include continuums that are behind our time and ahead of our time. Every moment of our continuous past is going on right now in parallel continuums and an infinite number of possible "futures" are also going on right now in overlapping parallel continuums.
Now envision two boxes with a clock in each one. Each box represents a continuum. One clock reads 12:00 in one box. The other clock reads 4:00 in the other box. One box has less reality (the "past") than the other box and the other box has more reality (the "future") than the other box. Now, suppose both boxes were placed side by side and a hole (a rift) was made connecting the two. If you travel from the "4:00" box to the "12:00" box, do you travel four hours into the past or stay in the present? You obviously stay in the present, since there are two different boxes. The reality is altered in the "12:00" box, while the past of the "4:00" box remains unchanged. This would be true about our universe. If we travel to a parallel continuum that is behind our time, we alter the reality in that continuum while the past of our continuum remains unaltered.
Now envision the two boxes again, but this time we travel from the "12:00" box to the "4:00" box. The "4:00" box could be one out of an infinite number of different "4:00" boxes. The reason is is because there is an infinite number of possible realities that could occur between 12:00 and 4:00. If you were to travel to a parallel continuum that is ahead of your time and travel back to your continuum, the chances of your "past" counterpart visiting your future would be infinitely minute. The reason is is because there are an infinite number of possible realities that could occur between the time you left and the point in time in the "future" you arrive at.
Reality, by definition, is the quality or fact of being real. In physics, reality is defined as what is going on in any part of the universe, what events lead up to the current activities going on in the present (worldline), where matter and objects are positioned in the universe and the possible events that could take place. In conventional theoretical physics, there are an infinite number of possible universes that could exist along with ours. In his theory, Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, Hugh Everett III theorized that universes branch off to an infinite number of possible realities every moment in time. Since the universe is infinite in space and time, the prospect of there being an infinite number of parallel universes becomes illogical.
The universe is defined as the sum of all that exists. Meaning that the universe has no spatial and temporal boundary, but rather an infinite number of parallel, overlapping continuums as the result of the fourth dimension. Each continuum is either identical to each other or different. A parallel reality continuum, by my definition, is a continuum, where at any finite point in the continuous past (not infinite), a shift in events took place compared to a continuum you know. This shift in reality is called a chaotic shift, named after chaos theory. Continuums do not physically branch off into an infinite number of parallel reality continuums, as the universes do in Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Instead, all possible parallel realites already exist in the same universe. Physically, like other parallel continuums, these parallel reality continuums are infinitely far away from your position. You can point in any direction of the universe, and there is the same parallel reality continuum at an infinite distance away. You can point in the same direction and there are an infinite number of parallel reality continuums in the same area of the universe. Fourth dimensionally, an infinite number of parallel reality continuums overlap each other, occupying the same three dimensional space. Each parallel reality continuum is real and the others are phased or virtual.
In his theory, Schrödinger's Cat, Erwin Schrödinger stated an example of Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics using two identical cats, two identical boxes, two identical atomic triggered devices and two identical poisons. The two boxes represent two identical universes. The two cats are counterparts of each other. The atomic triggered device and poison represent what does or does not happen. In one box, the radioactive atom decays and triggers the device to release poison into the air and kills the cat. In the other box, the radioactive atom does not decay and the cat remains alive. The cat is both alive and dead at the same time. But what would Schrödinger's Cat Theory be like in a four dimensional or infinite universe? It would basically be the same, except the boxes would represent parallel continuums not universes and the realities do not split but exist in the same infinite universe.
When you think of a mirror continuum, what do you think of ? A continuum that is "opposite" of our continuum, as portrayed in an episode of the original Star Trek series? A continuum where the U.S.S. Enterprise is called the I.S.S. Enterprise? Where everyone is cruel instead of friendly? You know what I mean. My description of a mirror continuum is completely different just like my definition of the fourth dimension is compared to the conventional defintion. A mirror continuum is exactly what it sounds like: a continuum where the "image" is flipped compared to a continuum you know. The flipping of the "image" is the inverse repositioning of matter as a continuum would look like when looking at a mirror.
How would one travel to a mirror continuum? In conventional theory, an object would be taken out of the three dimensional universe and flipped around in the fourth dimension and returned to the three dimensional universe reversed in matter arrangement. Like I have said before, their definition of the fourth dimension is nothing like mine. Since the fourth dimension is the overlapping of an infinite number of parallel continuums in the same three dimensional space, a mirror rift would have to be required to travel to a mirror continuum. A mirror rift is a two dimensional rift that connects a continuum to another continuum where the positions of matter are inverted to a continuum you are familiar with.
What would traveling to a mirror continuum be like? Suppose a mirror rift were to appear in your room with its "sister" rift next to it. A "sister" rift is the same rift as it would appear in another continuum. You walk in front of the rift on the left and stand there. As you look on the other side, you notice it looks like the mirror image of the area in front of the rift on the right. You turn your head and look at the other rift. You notice you see a mirror image of yourself looking left instead of right. You then walk through the rift and onto the other side. You then look around and notice that everything has been vertically inverted. Another person walks into the room and notices you have been reversed. From your point of view, you see that that person has been reversed. The question is, were you flipped or was everything else flipped? The answer is both. You see that you are right handed, but the other person sees you as left handed. You then turn around and face the rift you entered from. You notice that the space on the other side is the mirror image of the space in front of the other rift on your left. You then turn your head and face the other rift. You notice that your mirror counterpart is facing right not left. You walk back through the rift and everything is back to normal. You see yourself as right handed and the other person sees you as right handed.
You might be asking, "If a continuum is positionally inverted, wouldn't matter become antimatter and antimatter become matter?" Actually, no. Since matter and antimatter exist in a unidirectional state, the inverting of the positions of matter and antimatter does not invert matter and antimatter themselves. The inverting of matter and antimatter will be discussed in the next section.
Unlike the previous section, where I talked about the inverting of the positions of matter in a parallel mirror continuum, I will now talk about the inverting of matter and antimatter themselves. In a parallel matter-antimatter inverse continuum, the physical positions of matter are the same to a continuum you are familiar with. However, matter and antimatter have traded places with each other, where matter becomes antimatter and antimatter becomes matter. If you compare two parallel continuums that are exactly the same in time and reality, but matter and antimatter have traded places, the two continuums look exactly like each other. "How could they be exactly like each other?" you might say.
If we were to look out into space towards an antimatter galaxy, we would refer everything in that galaxy to be antimatter and our galaxy as "normal" matter. Observers from the antimatter galaxy would refer to our galaxy as being antimatter and they as "normal" matter. How is this so? It has been common practice in particle physics to refer to the particles and atoms that make us up as protons, neutrons and electrons. Meaning, we are made of "normal" matter. Antimatter appears to be more exotic, since there is no abundance of it in our galaxy. Just as galaxies appear to rotate clockwise on one side of them and they appear to rotate counterclockwise on the other side, matter and antimatter, too, exists in a "unidirectional" state. So this means that we could also be made up of antiprotons, antineutrons and positirons, but we are only made up of one type of matter. Virtual matter from virtual continuums, continuums that are real elsewhere, but phased in our continuum, is both matter or antimatter. This means that there are two of the same continuum that is virtual here, but one is matter and antimatter and the other is the inverse of it as physical continuums.
Antimatter is not as rare as conventional particle physicists have claimed. Both matter and antimatter exists in equal proportions in our infinite universe. In a continuum, there is a continuous amount of matter and antimatter. In any given finite amount of space within a continuum, the amount of matter and antimatter is heterogeneous in distribution, meaning that matter and antimatter are not spread out evenly. If you compare different finite spaces within a continuum or parallel continuums, you will see that the proportions for matter to antimatter is not always the same.
For example, suppose a matter-antimatter inverse rift opens up that connects to another continuum that is the same in time and reality, but is different in spatial location. Suppose the rift and its "sister" rift are right next to each other. You then take a "normal" matter apple and throw it into the rift. What would happen? Well, you would see the same apple coming out of the other rift, but it is no longer "normal" matter. The continuum on the other side of the rift mimics everything that happens in your continuum. Matter and antimatter have traded places in that continuum, so the apple is now what you would consider to be antimatter. Since the apple is antimatter, "normal" matter would actually repel it. How? I will talk about gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter later in my essay.
THERE WILL BE MORE ON CONTINUUMS HERE
TO BE CONTINUED.....
Entrance
Table Of Contents
Part Two: Critiques Of The Big Bang Universe (Currently undergoing changes!)
Part Three: The Physical Universe
Summary
Glossary
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