UNITARIAN UNIVERSALIST ASSOCIATION. In 1961 two religious groups in the United States merged to form the American Unitarian Universalist Association. Of the two, the Unitarians appeared earlier, having their roots in Europe's 16th-century Reformation. The Universalists were first established in the United States in 1779 by a former English Methodist, John Murray.

Both Unitarianism and Universalism are based on ideas that originated early in the history of Christianity. The chief Unitarian doctrine is, as the name indicates, the unity or oneness of God. In the 4th century Arias, a priest from Alexandria, Egypt, taught that Jesus Christ was a man chosen by God but in no sense a deity himself. This teaching was condemned as heresy by most Christian theologians of the time, but it persisted and emerged again during the 16th century.

Some liberal followers of the Reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin taught the unity of God. Persecuted by the major Reformation churches and by the Roman Catholic church as well, some of these followers took refuge in Poland. There a Unitarian group called the Minor Reformed church was formed in 1565. After 1579 the group was led by the Italian exile Faustus Socinus, who formulated the basic teachings of the denomination. The Polish Unitarians were persecuted and driven into exile by the Counter-Reformation in the 16th century.

Unitarianism became established in Hungary in the late 1500s and in the British Isles in the early 1600s. In the United States it arose as a reaction against the emotionalism of the Great Awakening of the mid-18th century (see Revivalism). One of its influential founders was Charles Chauncy, minister of First Church in Boston, Mass., for 60 years. Other powerful influences were William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Universalism's roots are in the teachings of the 3rd-century Christian theologian Origen, who taught at Alexandria. He denied everlasting punishment for unbelievers. He taught instead that the whole universe will be restored to God at the end of time. This doctrine also persisted as a minor strain in Christianity, though it was condemned by the major denominations. It had no influence in North America, however, until it was first preached by George de Benneville, Elhanan Winchester, and John Murray. Their preaching, like Charles Chauncy's, was a reaction against 18th-century revivalism and its preaching of everlasting punishment for unbelievers. Universalist teaching was shaped by Hosea Ballou, a former Baptist, in his 'A Treatise on Atonement' (1805), 'An Examination of the Doctrine of Future Retribution' (1834), and other writings.

There is no official statement of belief for Unitarians and Universalists. Each congregation is independent, though it is a member of the association. Some congregations maintain beliefs and rituals based on the Bible, while others emphasise human social improvement and scientific progress. All members are devoted to individual freedom, reason, and tolerance.

Excerpted from The Complete Reference Collection. Copyright © 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 The Learning Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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,"Unitarianism affirms the ethic of Jesus as the most wonderful thing since ice cream and negates the divinity of Jesus as superstition," he says. "It seemed clear to me to ask--even when I didn't know much about the contents of the Bible--If these chaps believe so much of the New Testament, why don't they believe more? If they deny something so central as the divinity of Jesus, which is clearly there, why don't they believe less? How does this position hold together?" "Not by logic," he concluded, "but by willpower." - J I Packer, Biography.