Muscles of Gluteal Region |
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Muscle |
Origin |
Insertion |
Nerve |
Action |
Gluteus maximus |
outer surface of ileum, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament |
Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur |
inferior gluteal nerve |
extends & laterally rotates thigh; through iliotibial tract, it extends knee joint |
Gluteus medius |
outer surface of ileum |
Greater trochanter of femur |
superior gluteal nerve |
abducts thigh. Tilts pelvis when walking |
Gluteus minimus |
Outer surface of ilium |
Greater trochanter of femur |
superior gluteal nerve |
abduct thigh; anterior fibers medially rotate thigh |
Tensor fasciae latae |
Iliac crest |
iliotibial tract |
superior gluteal nerve |
assists gluteus major in locking the knee into full extension |
Piriformis |
Anterior surface of sacrum |
Greater trochanteric fossa |
1st & 2nd sacral nerves |
lateral rotator of thigh |
superior gemellus |
spine of ischium |
greater trochanteric fossa |
sacral plexus |
lateral rotator of thigh |
obturator internus |
inner surface of obturator membrane |
greater trochanteric fossa |
sacral plexus |
lateral rotator of thigh |
inferior gemellus |
ischial tuberosity |
greater trochanteric fossa |
sacral plexus |
lateral rotator of thigh |
obturator externus |
outer surface of obturator membrane |
greater trochanteric fossa of femur |
obturator nerve |
lateral rotator of thigh |
Anterior Compartment of Thigh |
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sartorius |
anterior superior iliac spine |
upper medial surface of tibia |
femoral nerve |
flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh; flexes & medially rotates leg |
iliacus |
iliac fossa |
with psoas into the lesser trochanter of femur |
femoral nerve |
flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is fixed, it flexes the trunk onto the thigh as in sitting up |
psoas |
12th thoracic body; transverse process, bodies & intervertebral discs of the 5 lumbar vertebrae |
lesser trochanter of femur along with iliacus |
lumbar plexus |
flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh fixed, it flexes trunk onto thigh as in sitting up |
pectineus |
superior ramus of pubis |
upper end shaft of femur |
femoral nerve |
flexes and adducts thigh |
quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris |
straight head from anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head from ilium above acetabulum |
quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon |
femoral nerve |
extension of leg |
quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis |
upper end and shaft of femur |
quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon |
femoral nerve |
extension of leg |
quadriceps femoris, vastus medialis |
upper end and shaft of femur |
quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon |
femoral nerve |
extension of leg |
quadriceps femoris, vastus intermedius |
shaft of femur |
quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon |
femoral nerve |
extension of leg |
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh |
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gracilis |
inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium |
upper part of shaft of tibia on medial surface |
obturator nerve |
adducts thigh and flexes leg |
adductor longus |
body of pubis |
posterior surface of shaft of femur |
obturator nerve |
adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation |
adductor brevis |
inferior ramus of pubis |
posterior surface of shaft of femur |
obturator nerve |
adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation |
adductor magnus |
inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium, ischial tuberosity |
posterior surface of shaft of femur near linea aspera; adductor tubercle of femur |
obturator nerve; tibial nerve to hamstring part |
adducts thigh and assists in lateral rotation; hamstring part extends thigh |
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh |
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biceps femoris |
long head from ischial tuberosity; short head from shaft of femur |
head of fibula |
long head:tibial; short head:common peroneal |
flexes and laterally rotates leg; long head extends thigh |
semitendinosus |
ischial tuberosity |
upper part medial surface of shaft of tibia |
tibial nerve |
flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh |
semimembranosus |
ischial tuberosity |
medial condyle of tibia; forms oblique popliteal ligament |
tibial nerve |
flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh |
adductor magnus (hamstring part) |
ischial tuberosity |
adductor tubercle of femur |
tibial nerve |
extends thigh |
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg |
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tibialis anterior |
shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane |
medial cuneiform & base of first metatarsal |
deep peroneal nerve |
extends the foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch |
extensor digitorum |
shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane |
extensor expansion of lateral four toes |
deep peroneal nerve |
extends toes; dorsiflexes (extends) foot |
peroneus tertius |
shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane |
base of 5th metatarsal bone |
deep peroneal nerve |
dorsiflexes (extends) foot; everts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints |
extensor hallucis longus |
shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane |
base of distal phalanx of big toe |
deep peroneal nerve |
extends big toe; dorsiflexes (extends) foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints |
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg |
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peroneus longus |
shaft of fibula |
base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform |
superficial peroneal nerve |
plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches of foot |
peroneus brevis |
shaft of fibula |
base of 5th metatarsal bone |
superficial peroneal nerve |
plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal arch |
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg |
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gastrocnemius |
medial and lateral condyles of femur |
by way of Achilles tendon to calcaneum |
tibial nerve |
plantar flexes foot; flexes leg |
plantaris |
lateral supracondylar ridge of femur |
calcaneum |
tibial nerve |
plantar flexes foot; flexes leg |
soleus |
shafts of tibia and fibula |
by way of achilles tendon into calcaneum |
tibial nerve |
with gastrocnemius & plantaris is powerful plantar flexor of foot; provides main propulsive force in walking & running |
popliteus |
lateral condyle of femur |
shaft of tibia |
tibial nerve |
flexes leg; unlocks full extension of knee by laterally rotating femur on tibia |
flexor digitorum longus |
shaft of tibia |
distal phalanges of lateral four toes |
tibial nerve |
flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches of foot |
flexor hallucis longus |
shaft of fibula |
base of distal phalanx of big toe |
tibial nerve |
flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch |
tibialis posterior |
shafts of tibia and fibula & interosseous membrane |
tuberosity of navicular bone |
tibial nerve |
plantar flexes foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot |
Muscles on the Dorsum of Foot |
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extensor digitorum brevis |
calcaneum |
by four tendons into the proximal phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes |
deep peroneal nerve |
extends toes |
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot (First Layer) |
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abductor hallucis |
medial tubercle of calcaneum; flexor retinaculum |
medial side, base of proximal phalanx of big toe |
medial plantar nerve |
flexes, abducts big toe; supports medial arch |
flexor digitorum brevis |
medial tubercle of calcaneum |
middle phalanx of four lateral toes |
medial plantar nerve |
flexes lateral four toes; supports medial & lateral longitudinal arches |
abductor digiti minimi |
medial & lateral tubercles of calcaneum |
lateral side base of proximal phalanx 5th toe |
lateral plantar nerve |
flexes, abducts 5th toe; supports lateral longitudinal arch |
muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer) |
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flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae) |
medial and lateral sides of calcaneum |
tendons flexor digitorum longus |
lateral plantar nerve |
aids long flexor tendon to flex lateral four toes |
flexor digitorum longus tendon |
shaft of tibia |
base of distal phalanx of lateral four toes |
tibial nerve |
flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports longitudinal arch |
lumbricals |
tendons of flexor digitorum longus |
dorsal extensor expansion of lateral four toes |
1st lumbrical from medial plantar; remainder lumbricals from deep branch of lateral plantar nerve |
extends toes at interphalangeal joints |
flexor hallucis longus |
shaft of fibula |
base of distal phalanx of big toe |
tibial nerve |
flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch |
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Third Layer) |
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flexor hallucis brevis |
cuboid, lateral cuneiform bones; tibialis posterior insertion |
medial & lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of big toe |
medial plantar nerve |
flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe; supports medial longitudinal arch |
adductor hallucis (oblique head) |
bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsal bones |
lateral side base of proximal phalanx big toe |
deep branch of lateral plantar |
flexes big toe, supports transverse arch |
adductor hallucis (transverse head) |
plantar ligaments |
lateral side of base of proximal phalanx big toe |
deep branch of lateral plantar nerve |
flexes big toe; supports transverse arch |
Flexor digiti minimi brevis |
base of 5th metatarsal bone |
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe |
Superior branch of lateral plantar nerve |
Flexes little toe |
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer) |
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Dorsal interossei (4) |
Adjacent sides of metatarsal bones |
Bases of phalanges and dorsal expansion of corresponding toes |
Lateral plantar nerve |
Abduct toes with 2nd toe as the reference; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joint |
Plantar interossei (3) |
3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones |
Bases of phalanges & dorsal expansion of corresponding toes |
Lateral plantar nerve |
Adduct toes with 2nd toe as reference; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints |
Tendon of peroneus longus |
See above |
See above |
See above |
See above |
Tendon of tibialis posterior |
See above |
See above |
See above |
See above |
THANKS FOR VISITING EMED PAK.
By: Muhammad Bilal Mirza 4th year PMC.