DEFINITIONS
STANDARD BEARER
Classically, standard referred to a flag or banner; especially, a national or other ensign carried into battle; thus "standard bearer" indicates the one who bears, or carries, the standard.
WHAT WAS THE BATTLE OF LUNDY LANE?
BATTLE
WHAT WAS THE BATTLE OF MALCOLMS MILLS?
In October, 1814, an invading American force of about 700 men under Brigadier-general Duncan McArthur advanced rapidly up the Thames Valley. He intended to devastate the Grand River settlements and the region around the head of Lake Ontario which supplied British forces on the Niagara Frontier. McArthur reached the Grand, and after an unsuccessful attempt to force a crossing, attacked a body of some 150 militia here at Malcolm's Mills (Oakland) on November 6th. Canadian forces, comprising elements of the 1st and 2nd Norfolk, 1st Oxford, and 1st Middlesex regiments, put up a spirited resistance but were overwhelmed.
WHAT STARTED THE BOSTON MASSACRE?
The Boston Massacre was started by the shooting of 5 American Colonists by Brittish troops on March 5, 1770.
WHAT WAS THE BOSTON TEA PARTY?
Angry and frustrated at a new tax on tea, American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Native Americans boarded three British ships (the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver) and dumped 342 whole crates of British tea into Boston harbor on December 16, 1773. Similar incidents occurred in Maryland, New York, and New Jersey in the next few months, and tea was eventually boycotted throughout the colonies
WHAT IS A CABINET MAKER?
A skilled woodworker who makes fine furniture.
CAPTAIN LONG MILITIA COMPANY, BATALION 5
NOTES
WHO WAS CHIEF BRANT?
ANSWER
WHAT WERE CIRCUIT RIDERS?
Circuit Riders were traveling preachers who preached in log cabins, court houses, meeting houses or outdoor forest settings. They were also known as Saddlebag Preachers,a term given because they carried their books in their Saddlebags.
WHERE IS COOPERS FERRY?
A ferry operated as early as 1688 by William Royden, then by William Copper, and after 1693, by Cooper's son. Daniel provided the earliest means of communication and transportation between the two colonies on the Delaware River. For nearly a century, the settlement that grew up around it was known as Coopers Ferry. It became a center of activity during the Revolutionary War period (1777-1778) while the British occupied Philadelphia. British troops often crossed the river, disembarking at the ferry landing near the Benjamin Cooper House (Point and Erie Streets) to forage for food supplies in the surrounding countryside.
WHAT HAPPENED IN A COURT MARTIAL IN 1777?
NOTES
WHAT WAS THE EDICT OF NANTES?
ANSWER
WHO WERE THE FRENCH HUGUENOTS
The definition of a Huguenot - A French Protestant esp. of the 16th and 17th centuries; a member of the French Reformed Communion.
The Huguenots were the protestants of France between 1560 to 1629
Protestantism was introduced into France between 1520 and 1523
It was accepted by the members of France when it first started
When it first started, they had royal protection
However, King Francis persecuted the Protestants towards the end of his reign
Nevertheless, the French Protestants increased in numbers
More and more people wanted to go against the Catholic Church
But, during Charles' reign as King, the Huguenots were severly punished
Finally, civil war broke out.
Between 1562 and 1598 eight bitter wars were fought between French Roman Catholics and Protestants
In the last civil war, the Catholics suffered a crushing defeat at Coutras.
The next King was Catholic, and he gave both sides equal religious freedom
The Huguenots started to become a strong force in France, and the future Kings and Monarchs didn't like this. In 1628, the Huguenot leader, La Rochelle, was kidnapped .
Louis XIV, persecuted the Huguenots mercilessly, and on October 18, 1685, he overturned the law of equal rights within religions.
Finding life in France untolerable, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to England, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, the 13 English colonies in North America. The total emigration is estimated to be 400,000 to 1 million.
Thousands of Protestants moved to the Cevennes mountain region in France and became known as the Camisards.
During the 18th century however, the Huguenots were not persecuted and there was religious tolerance in France.
After 1787, Protestant marriages were declared legal, and so too were Protestant baptisms.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, French Protestants have played an important role in education, law and in finance, taking a liberal stand in social reform.
WHAT IS A GRAND JURY / GRAND JUROR?
A jury that examines accusations against persons charged with crime and if the evidence warrants makes formal charges on which the accused persons are later tried
- grand juror noun.
WHO WERE THE HICKSITES?
WHAT WAS THE HOLLAND LAND COMPANY
Dutch enterprise active in the settlement of much of W New York and some of NW Pennsylvania. Organized by Dutch bankers in 1796, it secured lands in New York (known as the Holland Purchase) from Robert Morris, who had assembled them as part of a gigantic land speculation. The company developed its holdings, planned town sites, and sold the lands on liberal terms directly to settlers. Its main land office was opened (1801) in Batavia, N.Y. About 1846 the affairs of the company in the United States were liquidated. 1
See studies by P. D. Evans (1924) and W. Chazanof (1970).
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON
NOTES
WHO WAS KING DAVID II?
David II
David II (David Bruce), 1324–71, king of Scotland (1329–71), son and successor of Robert I. David's guardians were not strong enough to prevent the invasion (1332) of Scotland by Edward de Baliol, who, with the support of Edward III of England, was victorious at Halidon Hill (1333). The young king was sent to France, where he was maintained in the Château Gaillard by Philip VI. David returned to rule Scotland in 1341. In 1346 he invaded England to aid the French king and was captured and held prisoner until, in 1357, he was ransomed for the promise of 100,000 marks. Finding the money to pay the ransom (never paid in full) occupied him for most of the rest of his inglorious reign. His nephew Robert II succeeded him.
WHAT WAS A LOYALIST?
A Loyalist is any inhabitant of North America, from Newfoundland to Nicaragua inclusive, plus the islands of the West Indies, Bermuda and Jamaica, who served in a military capacity for the British, or provided services of a military nature or other beneficial services to the Crown.
This definition includes those who fought in the war and remained in America afterward, those who deserted, those who settled outside of America afterward, and those who were discharged or died during the war.
There were Loyalist Civilians, in numbers probably greater than the military, but the material contained within is geared predominately towards the military.
WHAT WAS A MINUTEMAN
A Minuteman was a member of a group of armed men pledged to take the field at a minute's notice during and immediately before the American Revolution.
Context - The minuteman pledged to be ready to fight in a minute’s notice.
NATURALIZED MEANING
WHERE IS NEWARK CANADA (NIAGARA ON THE LAKE)
Town (1991 pop. 12,945), S Ont., Canada, on Lake Ontario at the mouth of the Niagara River. It was settled (1784) by American Loyalists and in 1792 Lieutenant Governor Simcoe made the town the capital of Upper Canada, renaming it Newark. The legislature met there until 1796. Fort George, built (1796-99) to defend the settlement, was taken in 1813 by the United States but retaken in the same year. The town, officially called Niagara-on-the-Lake to distinguish it from the Canadian and U.S. cities of Niagara Falls, is an architectural and historical treasure, with many well-preserved 19th-century buildings. It is the site of the Shaw Festival, an annual festival of plays.
WHO WERE THE PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH?
NOTES
WHAT WERE THE QUEENS RANGERS
NOTES
WHAT WERE THE DUTIES OF RAILROAD MEN
(The Daily Times Davenport, Scott, Iowa August 28, 1900) They are Many and Designed to Protect Life and Property To become a railway man one must learn by heart a book of rules a half an inch thick as a preliminary. Then one must not smoke cigarettes, at least on the C.R.I. & P. road and avoid saloon tippling. The book of rules discusses all signals, lights, flags and whistle of the road. For instance if you re an engineer and you pass engine No. 804 going in the opposite direction, engine 804 sounds her whistle once long and twice short two blasts. She also has green lights. The first things you see are the green flags by day or green lights by night. When No. 804 has passed she gives the signal one long and two short whistles which means, "Did you see my green lights?" meaning also that another train is following right behind her. Should you notice that the second train is too close upon No. 804, your duty will be when you pass it to sound your whistle once long and once short, meaning, "You're following No. 804 too closely: slow up." All this you must learn if you want to be a railway engineer, and more. But, if you want to be a fireman you must know how to cover a furnace or firebox 10x4 feet with coal without letting cold air under the boiler. Get your shovel of coal ready, grasp the...[cannot read blackened line]...open, and presto! In goes the coal and the door is closed on the instant. Then you must rate your watch every week at a jeweler's, who reports to the C.R.I. & P. people the exactitude of your chronometer. This is important. Above all you must be vigilant, careful, sober, for even if you are only a superannuated flagman, your duty means much. Life, limb and property depends upon your faithfulness. If you are only a section hand, do your work well. Don't skimp it. Drive the spike home into the tie and set the tie as firmly as you can. Spreading rails cost many lives. Therefore be faithful
RYERSE'S COMPANY IN CANADA - LIEUT-COL. SAMUEL RYERSE (1752-1812)
A United Empire Loyalist Ryerse was commissioned in the 4th New Jersey Volunteers during the American Revolution, following which he took refuge in New Brunswick. In 1794 he came to Upper Canada, and the following year received 3000 acres of land in Woodhouse and Charlotteville townships. Settling at the mouth of Young's Creek, he erected a grist-mill around which grew the community of Port Ryerse. As Lieutenant of the County of Norfolk and chairman of the Court of Quarter Sessions, he took an important part in the early military and civil administration of this area.
EXAMPLE OF A SAW MILL
NOTES
WHAT IS THE SHRINE OF ST THOMAS IN CANTERBURY?
NOTES
WHAT WAS THE STAMP ACT?
Great Brittain enforced the Stamp Act to raise money from the American Colonies. The stamp tax put taxes on all legal documents. Examples of these documents were: Marriage Licenses, newspapers, etc.
WHAT IS A TENANT FARMER?
ANSWER
WHAT WERE THE TOWNSHEND ACTS OF 1767
Charles Townshend convinced Congress to pass laws which imposed new taxes on American Colonists. These new taxes included lead, paper, glass and tea.
WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF SHACKAMAXON?
"William Penn and the Indians." William Penn is shown at center with the Delaware Indians at the time of the Treaty of Shackamaxon. This treaty formalized the purchase of land in Pennsylvania and cemented an amicable relationship between the Quakers and the Indians for almost a hundred years. Penn was the last figure on which Brumidi worked
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