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Adventitious buds -

Buds that can produce roots or shoots at an unusual location on the plant if environmental conditions are favorable.

Bark -

All tissues lying outward from the vascular cambium.

Bud -

An immature or embryonic shoot, flower, or inflorescence.

Budding-

A type of grafting that consists of inserting a single bud into a stock. It is generally done in late July and August, the latter part of the growing season.

Budstick-

A shoot of the current season's growth used for budding. Leaves are removed, leaving ½ inch of leaf stem for a handle.

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-C-

Callus - Undifferentiated (parenchyma) tissue formed at a wounded surface.

Cambium -

A thin layer of living cells between the xylem (outer sapwood) and phloem (inner bark) that is responsible for secondary growth. Because cambium cells divide and make new cells, the cambia of two different but related plant will grow together if they are fixed and held firmly in contact.

 

 

Compatible -

Plant parts (scion and rootstock) that are capable of forming a permanent union when grafted together.

Control pollination -

To purposely pollinate the female flowers of a tree with pollen from a known source, usually one specific tree. Usually the flowers are Protected from undesirable pollen by covering them with a pollen-tight cloth or paper bag before they are receptive and adding known-source pollen at receptivity. Full-sib families are produced.

Cross -

To collect pollen from one tree and pollinate a second tree.

Cross-pollination -

Pollination by genetically different plants.

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Double-worked plant -

A plant that has been grafted twice, usually to overcome incompatibility between scion and rootstock; it consists of a rootstock, interstock, and scion.

Dormant-

The condition of live trees at rest—as in winter.

Exotic -

Broad definition: A non-native population introduced into a new area. Narrow definition: a species introduced from another country.

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Flower -

Angiosperm reproductive structure bearing pistils, stamens, or both, and usually also sepals and petals. So-called flowers of conifers are the male and female strobili before and during pollination.

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Grafting

The uniting of a shoot or bud (the scion) with a plant (the rootstock) that is already established, either by insertion or by placing them in close contact. One danger of grafting is girdling. Grafting is a common procedure in the development of fruit tree stock.

Grafting paint -

A mixture used like warm grafting wax to cover wounds and prevent drying. It requires no heating before use and dries to a moisture-proof seal when exposed to air. Unlike conventional paints, it does not damage plant tissue.

Grafting strip -

A rubber strip used to hold scions in place until knitting has occured. Grafting strips are thicker and less pliable than budding rubber.

Grafting wax:

used to protect a graft. Typically made using 5 pounds of resin, 1 pound of beeswax, 1/2 pound of powdered charcoal and 1/2 cup of raw linseed oil. This ixture requires a heat source to keep it liquid while it is used. Suitable commercial substitutes are available.

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Incompatible -

Plants whose parts will not form a permanent union when grafted together.

lnterstock -

An intermediate plant part that is cornpatible with both the scion and the rootstock. Used in cases where the scion and rootstock are not directly compatible with each other or where additional dwarfing and cold or disease resistance is desired.

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Mutation -

A sudden change in the genotype, usually caused by a small change in the DNA sequences in the chromosomes. It may also be caused by changes in chromosome number or breakage of individual chromosomes.

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Open pollinated-

Pollination occurring due to wind or insects.

 

 

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Parafilm -

Registered tradename for a nonsticky, self-adhering parafin film. Can be stretched over a bud or graft to hold the bud or scion in position as well as to seal the junction. Used in place of a rubber strip or twine.

Phenotype-

The visible characteristics of a tree. The phenotype is determined by the genotype interacting with the environment in which it is grown.

Pollination -

Deposition of pollen on the receptive part of the female flower.

Wind pollination:Pollination by wind-borne pollen.

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Raffia -

One of several materials available for securing scions or buds to the rootstock, A natural fiber from the fronds of the raphia plam, raffia is one of the oldest materials in use. It should be graded for uniform size and length and moistened just before use to make it pliable.

Rootstock-

A rooted plant, usually a seedling, on which a scion is grafted.

 

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Scion-

A twig, bud, or other vegetative cutting to be grafted onto the root-system of another plant. The scion usually has two or more buds.

Seed orchard-

A plantation established for the production of tree seed.

Self pollination-

The natural or artificial pollination of a female flower with pollen from the same genotype.

Standard -

A single-stemmed understock used for the production of weeping forms of woody plants. One or more scions are usually grafted relatively high on the understock (2 to 6 feet).

Stock-

The portion of the plant that serves as the rooted portion of the graft.

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Tissue culture-

A technique for cultivation cells, tissues, or organs of plants in a sterile, synthetic medium; includes the tissues excised from a plant and the culture of pollen or seeds.

Topworking-

The operation of cutting back the branches and top of an established tree and budding or grafting part of another tree on it.

Top-worked plant -

An established tree or mature plant whose upper portion has been removed back to the main limbs or trunk and then grafted with new scions.

Understock or Stock-

The part on which the scion is inserted; the part below the graft.

Union -

The point where the scion and rootstock are joined.

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-V-

Vegetative propagation-

Propagation of a plant by asexual means, as in budding, dividing, grafting, rooting, and air layering.

Warm grafting wax -

A mixture, usually consisting or beeswax, resin, and tallow plus a fungicide, that is applied warm over a bud or graft junction to prevent drying and to serve as a topical dressing.

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