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ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH NEWSLETTER

Learning From The Past and Planning For The Future

MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT
January 31, 2003

"You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist."
- Indira Gandhi

Short Subjects

LINKS

Mental Health Moment Online

CISM/CISD Annotated Links

Gulf War Syndrome

WILDLAND FIRE INFORMATION

CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

Rocky Mountain Region

Disaster Mental Health Institute -

SPRING WORKSHOP SERIES

March 22 - Religious Aspects of

Domestic Violence

- Pat Bradley, MA, NACC, LAT

April 23, 24, 25 -

Crisis Counseling, Trauma, and Response:

A Multi-level Approach

- Marguerite McCormack, MA, LPC

May 3 - Suicide Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction:
Tactics For The Trenches

- Jon Richard, PsyD

NIMH Meeting Announcements

The Australasian Critical Incident

Stress Association Conference

The Right Response in the

21st Century

Location: Carlton Crest Hotel

Melbourne Australia

Friday October 3, 2003 thru

Sunday October 5, 2003

For further information

please contact the conference organisers:

ammp@optushome.com.au

Conference Website:

http://www.acisa.org.au/
conference2003/

VIII European Conference
on

Traumatic Stress (ECOTS)

May 22 - 25 2003

Location: Berlin

GERMANY

Contact:

Scientific Secretariat

VIII ECOTS Berlin 2003

c/o Catholic University of

Applied Social Sciences

Koepenicker Allee 39-57

D-10318 Berlin

Tel: +49-30-50 10 10 54

Fax: +49-30-50 10 10 88

E-mail:

trauma-conference@kfb-berlin.de

27th Congress of the

World Federation for

Mental Health

February 21-26, 2003

Melbourne, AUSTRALIA

Contact: ICMS Pty Ltd

(Congress Secretariat)

84 Queensbridge Street

Southbank VIC 3006, Australia

Tel: 61 3 9682 0244

Fax: 61 3 9682 0288

E-mail: wfmh2003@icms.com.au

Annual Conference Society for

Industrial/Organizational Psychology (SIOP)

April 12 - 14, 2003

Location: Orlando, Florida

USA

Contact: lhakel@siop.bgsu.edu

4th International Symposium on Bilingualism

April 30 - May 3, 2003

Location: Tempe, Arizona, USA

Contact:

4th International Symposium on Bilingualism

Arizona State University

PO Box 870211

Tempe, AZ 85287-0211, USA

Email: isb4@asu.edu

Dealing with Severe Winter Weather; What To Do

The current cold snap across much of the U.S. reminds us that winter weather can be severe. Extreme cold, ice storms and high winds, can produce widespread power outages. With this in mind, FEMA is encouraging families to take steps to ensure personal safety and take the sting out of wintry weather. For further information, go to: http://www.fema.gov/nwz03/nwz03_021.shtm

CUZCO, Peru -- Mudslide in Peru the latest El Niño disaster

Workers digging a canal to divert water from a river swollen with El Niño rains were lucky to escape with their lives after a mudslide swept through their work site, authorities said Saturday. For further information, go to:
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9802/28/peru.mudslides/

THE MEDICAL MINUTE: SCHOOL NURSES ON THE FOREFRONT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Minor treatment of colds, scrapes and tummy aches is only a tiny part
of the school nurse's job, which today encompasses public health
screening, disease management and skilled care of special needs
children. The roots of the present day school nurse reach back to
late-1800s and early-1900s efforts in New York City to stem epidemics
of lice, ringworm, conjunctivitis and scabies. Because of those
successes, programs soon followed in Boston and Philadelphia. Since
then, school nurses have added dental screenings and education,
vision and hearing screening, and general wellness examinations to
their roster of services. Although the profession is threatened by
the national nursing shortage, school nurses continue to meet the
needs of changing populations with new health care challenges. For
the full Medical Minute, brought to Newswire subscribers as a service
of the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, visit
http://www.psu.edu/ur/2003/medicalminute020.html

SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER IS MORE THAN 'SAD'

People who have been feeling blue ever since the holidays ended or
"down" from early nights might have seasonal affective disorder, or
SAD, a form of depression that begins in fall or winter. According to
the latest edition of the Medical Minute, a service of Penn State
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, symptoms of SAD are similar to
other forms of depression: low energy, problems concentrating,
reduced interest in daily activities, moodiness, increased or
decreased appetite, weakness and increased sleeping. Typically, the
problem resolves in early spring. SAD is more common the farther one
lives from the equator -- the rate of incidence is less than 2
percent in Florida residents and almost 10 percent in New Hampshire.
Researchers suspect there is a genetic predisposition -- although
studies to date are inconclusive. The features of SAD overlap with
other medical illnesses, so a doctor's evaluation is needed for
proper diagnosis and treatment. For the full Medical Minute, visit
http://www.psu.edu/ur/2003/medicalminute021.html

More Than Moody: Recognizing and Treating Adolescent Depression

Until recently, it was widely believed that young people had neither sufficiently formed egos, nor the brain development to cause the kind of chemical imbalance that is at the root of clinical depression.
Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 18(12) 2002
For the complete article, go to: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/446623

DINOSAURS EXPERIENCED CLIMATE CHANGES BEFORE K-T COLLISION

Climate change had little to do with the demise of the dinosaurs, but
the last million years before their extinction featured warming and
cooling events that are important to an understanding of the end of
their reign, according to geologists. "The terrestrial paleoclimate
record near the K-T is historically contradictory and poorly
resolved," says Peter Wilf, assistant professor of geosciences at
Penn State, referring to the time when an extraterrestrial object
that impacted the Earth doomed the dinosaurs and many other species.
"In contrast, the resolution of K-T marine climates that has emerged
over the last 10 years is excellent." In a recent issue of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Wilf and several
colleagues correlate a finely resolved terrestrial temperature record
with marine records to bolster their conclusions that the dinosaurs
were well adapted to the existing climate and vegetation trends
before the impact. For the full story by A'ndrea Elyse Messer, visit
http://www.psu.edu/ur/2003/cretaciousclimatechange.html

USA - CDC offers clinicians guidance on smallpox vaccination reactions
http://www1.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/news/clinicians.html

USA - What Exactly Is Smallpox?
http://www.wilx.com/news/features/1/198261.html

EUROPE - Europeans Warn of Terror Attacks in Event of War in Iraq
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/29/international/europe/29FRAN.html?ex=1044507600&en=9377652a6e681841&ei=5062&partner=GOOGLE

PHILLIPINES - Police in Mindanao hunt Armenian terrorist
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/abs_news_body.asp?section=National&oid=14661

PAKISTAN/INDIA - Pakistan Shoots Down Indian Spy Plane
http://www.paknews.com/flash.php?id=1&date1=2003-01-29

IVORY COAST - France Ready to Evacuate Citizens from Ivory Coast
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/World/reuters20030129_88.html

IRAQ - Moscow has not decided to evacuate citizens from Iraq
http://www.interfax.ru/one_news_en.html?lang=EN&tz=0&tz_format=MSK&id_news=5617226

RADICAL GROUPS AND TERRORISM

Introduction And Background

The terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2001, domestic
terrorism in the United States and elsewhere in the world have prompted an analysis of the
psychology of the terrorist. The perpetrators' profound sense of being wronged (their values
undermined by foreign powers or a corrupt domestic power structure) has cried out for
revolution and revenge. The fanatic ideology of the perpetrators provides a matrix for
a progressively more malevolent representation of the oppressors: the "Image of the Enemy". The
counterpart of the "Image of the Enemy" is the idealized collective self-image of members of the
movement, faction, or cult. The group narcissism of white supremacists in the United States,
Aum Shinrikyo in Japan, and Islamic extremists enhance their collective self-image as
pure, righteous, and united. While the foot soldiers, as in any war, gain glory through
martyrdom, the instigators and leaders have their own personal narcissistic goals (power and
prestige) and plan. For the extremist Islamists the ultimate goal has been the overthrow of the
moderate Islamic governments. For domestic terrorists, the goal has been destabilization of the national
government and reinstitution of traditional values (Beck, 2002).

There are some significant difficulties associated with defining the term "terrorism"
(Akhtar, 1999). However, once an operational definition is arrived at, the psychodynamic
characteristics of terrorist leaders and their followers can be delineated, using concepts
from both individual and group psychology. This allows the clinical realm and some parallels
between the terrorist violence against peace-seeking forces and certain patients' destructive
attacks on the therapeutic process to be explored, including the dynamics of overcoming hate
and achieving the psychic stance of forgiveness.

Psychosocial Aspects of Terrorism

The psychosocial aspects of terrorism were explored by Hoffman (1999). He looked at ideological
and operational imperatives, future orientation, and resiliency within terrorist groups. He also
emphasized the unswerving belief held by all terrorists in the efficacy of violence.

On the basis of a systematic expert knowledge acquisition process, Post, Ruby and Shaw (2002a)
developed a framework that takes into account critical variables - internal and
external, as well as interactions between them and the group under examination - that are
understood to increase risk for escalation toward political violence. The indicators identified
are grouped within four conceptual categories: (1) external factors, including historical,
cultural, and contextual features; (2) key actors affecting the group, including the regime and
other opponents, as well as constituents and supporters; (3) the group/organization: characteristics,
processes, and structures, including an examination of such factors as leadership style and
decision making, group experience with violence, and group ideology and goals; and
(4) characteristics of the immediate situation, including triggering events. A total of
32 variables were identified within the 4 categories to establish the overall integrated
framework. This framework provides the basis for the rigorous analysis of a radical group's
risk for terrorism (Post, Ruby & Shaw, 2002b).

Historical, cultural, and contextual features can be assessed effectively through the use of
open sources and experts. In a second related article, Post, Ruby and Shaw (2002b) present a
subset of observable indicators for each of the 32 variables within the integrated framework.
Five types of terrorist groups - nationalist-separatist, religious fundamentalist, new religions
(other religious extremists, including millenarian cults), social revolutionary, and right wing -
are compared in order to identify which indicators are of greatest importance for each terrorist
group type. Group characteristics, processes, and structures were consistently rated as highly
important across all five group types. Ratings for new religions differed most consistently from
those of other group types.

Many terrorist acts seem to be perpetrated for ethnic and/or religious reasons as their rationale
or justification. Ethnic terrorism differs considerably from violence carried out for ideological,
religious, or financial motives. Ethnic terrorists often seek to influence their own
constituencies more than the country as a whole (Byman, 1998). They frequently seek to foster
communal identity in contrast to an identity proposed by the state. They often target potential
intermediaries, who might otherwise compromise on identity issues. A secondary goal of the
attacks is to create a climate of fear among a rival group's population. Ethnic terrorism
creates a difficult problem for the state. Conventional countermeasures may engender broader
support for an insurgency or a separatist movement even when they hamstring or defeat a specific
terrorist group. Because state strategies often backfire, an ideal strategy is to compel "in
group" policing, encouraging ethnic moderates through carrots as well as sticks to punish
radical activity, a strategy that apparently has not been too successful in the Middle East in
recent years.

Drawing from work with South African apartheid-era victims and perpetrators, Simpson (1998)
explored the continuing effects of unresolved conflicts on individuals, families, communities,
and nations. He discussed the following topics: social responses to conflict and war; cultural
aspects of responses to trauma in an African setting; the changing nature of war trauma and its
impact as exemplified in South Africa; the role of children in the South African struggle for
freedom; children as aggressors; the infantilizing of Black adults; the effects of child trauma
on parents; the effect of parental trauma on children; multigenerational trauma and the genesis
of terrorism; political correctness, denying apartheid, and requiring amnesia; continuing effects
of social trauma: contrasting European and African experience; the nature of apartheid and its
traumatic impact; parallels with Anglo-Boer War in South Africa; the possible relationship
between experiencing trauma and causing it; and the plight of the survivor in the "new" South
Africa. An in-depth exploration and research of these and other related variables can provide
an approach to the study of and possible roots of ethnic terrorism. Such insights could hopefully
provide constructive approaches to negotiation, prevention and mitigation.

Peleg (1997) examined conditions and circumstances that enabled the assassination of Prime
Minister Yitzhak Rabin. He noted that these conditions present a counterculture of Messianism at
the core of religious Zionism, which has matured into a formidable force waiting to erupt.
Drawing on insights from studies of political violence in general and religiously motivated
violence in particular, he concluded that a violence tendency tandem fosters and encourages
religious violence in Israel, from the vigilante activities of the settlers' Gush Emunim to the
assassination of Rabin.

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons

The mental health consequences of a domestic terrorist incident involving chemical or biological
weapons were highlighted by DiGiovanni (1999). He reviewed the literature on the neuropsychiatric
effects of selected chemical and biological weapon agents, on the psychological sequelae of mass
disasters, and on approaches to crisis intervention. Disturbances of behavior, affect, and
cognition can result directly from the pharmacological actions of some chemical and biological
weapon agents. In addition, an incident involving these agents can have considerable
psychological effects on individuals and the community. In either case, some disorders are
acute and others are prolonged or delayed in onset. Effective therapeutic intervention involves
a broad range of clinical, social, and administrative actions. DiGiovanni concluded that
psychiatrists have an important role in the management of a chemical or biological terrorist
incident and, along with their other medical colleagues, should train and prepare for it.

Simon (1999) identified groups that have both the potential and the motive to use weapons of
mass destruction. Additionally, he discussed the design and implementation of effective measures
to meet this threat, as well as the role of critical incident stress management teams in
preparation for, and in the aftermath of, an incident involving nuclear, biological or chemical
weapons. The potential for acquisition of such weapons by religious and/or ethnic terrorist
groups is a very real concern, especially since the Gulf War when such weapons were employed by
Sadam Hussein. These concerns have been punctuated by the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Responses

Wilson (2000) examined behavior in terrorist hostage taking using published accounts of 100
incidents of aerial hijack and 60 incidents of barricade siege occurring worldwide over the past
3 decades. The use of multidimensional scalogram analysis demonstrates that behavior in terrorist
hostage taking is highly structured. Behavioral similarities between incidents carried out by
the same terrorist organization are demonstrated, and the structures underlying the use of
resources in barricade siege and the demands issued in aerial hijacking are presented. She
discusses implications for theory development and training and decision making in hostage
negotiation.

Sprang (1999) conducted a study of 472 community members to determine the nature and course of
the post-disaster response to the April 19, 1995, bombing in Oklahoma City. She hypothesized
that an individual's post-disaster reaction would resemble a linear function of the degree of
exposure experienced, and that this dose-response relationship could be used to differentiate
the expression of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and victimization symptomatology within
three study groups, two from Oklahoma City and one from Lexington, Kentucky. The respondents
were divided into three groups based on their level of exposure and proximity to the event. The
findings partially support the stated hypotheses. As expected, the Oklahoma City groups reported
higher levels of post-disaster disturbance than the comparison sample, although only PTSD and
victimization could be used to differentiate among the three groups.

Applewhite and Goldstein (1997) present the findings of a mental health team that intervened
with a unit after a terrorist car-bombing which happened in front of the main office building
housing the Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program.
Contact with 52 of the individuals wounded in the attack revealed a distinct pattern of
psychosocial disturbance. Ten Ss reported sleep disturbances, nine Ss indicated experiencing
concern for their families' safety or for their own personal safety, and seven Ss had become
hypervigilant or cautious in their daily activities. Seven Ss expressed sadness or a mildly
depressed mood, five Ss found themselves being irritable, and five Ss admitted to experiencing
guilt over believing that they had not done enough to help others or for having survived the
attack. Only two Ss admitted to having flashbacks or intrusive thoughts related to the blast.
Most enlightening, however, are the characteristics described by many as having facilitated the
development of effective coping and adaptation. The value of incorporating critical incident
debriefings and command consultation by mental health professionals into a comprehensive
counterterrorist program is underscored.

Pavlidis et al. (2002) developed a high-definition thermal-imaging technique that can detect
attempted deceit by recording the thermal patterns from people's faces. This technique has an
accuracy comparable to that of polygraph examination by experts and has potential for application
in remote and rapid security screening, without the need for skilled staff or physical contact.
There is an urgent need to devise technologies that can be used for automated, high-throughput
screening to identify individuals intending to perform acts of terrorism. High-definition thermal
imaging of the face is therefore a promising technology that should allow psychological responses
to be detected and analysed rapidly.

There are parallels between the violence that is inflicted by a tyrant within a family and the
violence that terrorists inflict on the larger community. After comparing and contrasting the
two types of violence, Cox (2001) mentions some existing support groups (such as Parents of
Murdered Children) and states a need for special support to be offered to all survivors of
violence. The pastoral community represents a large and often untapped resource in times of
crisis. According to Everly (2000), it possesses a unique aggregation of characteristics that
makes it uniquely valuable amidst the turmoil of a psychological crisis. In critical incidents
such as terrorism, mass disasters, violence, the loss of loved ones, and any events wherein
human actions result in injury, destruction, and/or death, the pastoral community may possess
especially powerful restorative attributes. Everly notes that, heretofore, there has existed no
generally recognized and accepted manner in which the healing factors inherent in pastoral care
have been functionally integrated with the well-formulated principles of crisis intervention.
This paper represents an initial effort to elucidate how the principles of pastoral care may be
functionally integrated with those of crisis intervention.

Conclusions

The types of violence, threats, and coercion that can be perpetuated by a terrorist continue to
proliferate and create the opportunity for a wide variety of psychological, social and physical
consequences. Military psychiatrists have experience with the aftermath of terrorist events, and
provide some valuable lessons (Holloway and Benedek, 1999). In the aftermath of terrorist events
there is a need for a well-practiced response plan that is performed by a team that is capable
of thinking on its feet. Great need, short supplies, and much human suffering put an absolute
premium on effective, efficient functioning and judicious decision making. The local and national
institutions that are expected to provide the care to victims of terrorism must plan, practice,
and work together to ensure a comprehensive, flexible, and integrated effort. The experience and
skills of military psychiatrists should be fully utilized in this process. Common psychological
consequences and diagnostic considerations should also be considered.

The US military is charged to protect the nation against enemies foreign and domestic. Military
psychiatrists may be involved in planning and participating in counter-terrorist operations and
in preparing communications with terrorists in order to facilitate the survival and health of
hostages (Holloway and Norwood, 1997). The complex nature of terrorist groups and how they are
perceived creates the necessity for maintenance of well-organized protocols that address issues
of responsibility, communication, response options and procedures related to providing forensic
support to victims, consulting with lawyers representing or prosecuting a terrorist, helping the
police in a hostage crisis, or providing treatment for an injured victim or his family. Topics
addressed by Holloway and Norwood (1997) include: what is terrorism, what is a terrorist act,
the frequency of terrorism, the psychology of terror, the sanctioning of terror as a political
tool, the logic of terrorism for the terrorist, the support and structure of terrorist groups,
profiles of terrorist groups and terrorists, the terrorist as mentally ill (the forensic
evaluation of the terrorist), and helping the victims.

Medd and Goldstein (1997) reviewed the international terrorist activities of the last half of
the twentieth century and make a case for needed changes in US efforts to curb the growth of
terrorism. Measures for averting international terrorism disasters before they occur are
discussed. They contend that with the growing availability of weapons of mass destruction and
computer technology to terrorist and organized crime groups, there is a growing potential for
disasters of proportions never before experienced. The risks are becoming too great to continue
with a reactive approach to terrorism. They suggest that the basis for international terrorism
has changed since its modern form began in the 1960s. The evolutionary trends of terrorism to
make projections for what we can expect in the future is extrapolated. Ideas for preventing
terrorist actions before they occur are presented, beginning with an argument for redefining
terrorism in terms that enable us to organize more effectively against it.

No one can predict the future. The study of futures research, however, offers insights that may
assist in foreseeing certain trends that will affect future events. Jensen (2001) employs a
modified version of one futures research methodology, cross-impact analysis, to study the
interactions of four trends that will likely influence the future of international terrorism:
the expanded use of the Internet on the international level, the effects of emerging ethnic and
religious sensibilities, the growing economic gap between the rich and the poor, and the
continued role of the United States as the world's predominant superpower.

************************************************************************************************
REFERENCES

Akhtar, Salman (Jun 1999). The psychodynamic dimension of terrorism. Psychiatric Annals.
Vol 29(6), pp. 350-355.

Applewhite, Larry; Dickins, Carl (Apr 1997). Coping with terrorism: The OPM-SANG experience
Military Medicine. Vol 162(4), pp. 240-243.

Beck, Aaron (2002). Prisoners of hate. Behaviour Research & Therapy. Vol 4.

Byman, Daniel (Apr-Jun 1998). The logic of ethnic terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism.
Vol 21(2), pp. 149-169.

Cox, Gerry R (Jul 2001). Surviving terrorism, international and personal Illness Crisis & Loss.
Special Issue:. Vol 9(3), , pp. 272-283.

DiGiovanni, Cleto Jr (Oct 1999). Domestic terrorism with chemical or biological agents:
Psychiatric aspects American Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 156(10), pp. 1500-1505.

Everly, Jr , George S (Spr 2000). "Pastoral crisis intervention": Toward a definition
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health. Vol 2(2), pp. 69-71.

Hoffman, Bruce (Jun 1999). The mind of the terrorist: Perspectives from social psychology.
Psychiatric Annals. Vol 29(6), pp. 337-340.

Holloway, Harry C; Benedek, David M (Jun 1999). The changing face of terrorism and military
psychiatry. Psychiatric Annals. Vol 29(6), pp. 363-375.

Holloway, Harry C; Norwood, Ann In: Lande, R. Gregory (Ed); Armitage, David T. (Ed). (1997).
Forensic psychiatric aspects of terrorism: Principles and practice of military forensic
psychiatry (pp. 409-451). Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher. xxvii, 526 pp.

Jensen, Carl J III (Feb 2001). Beyond the tea leaves: Futures research and terrorism. American
Behavioral Scientist. Special Issue: Terrorism in the 21st century. Vol 44(6), pp. 914-936.

Medd, Roger; Goldstein, Frank (Jul-Sep 1997). International terrorism on the eve of a new
millennium. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol 20(3), pp. 281-316.

Pavlidis, Ioannis; Eberhardt, Norman L; Levine, James A (Jan 2002). Seeing through the face of
deception Nature. Vol 415(6867), pp. 35.

Peleg, Samuel (Jul-Sep 1997). They shoot prime ministers, too, don't they? Religious violence
in Israel: Premises, dynamics and prospects. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol 20(3).
pp. 227-247.

Post, Jerrold M; Ruby, Keven G; Shaw,
Eric (2002a). The radical group in context: 1. An integrated framework for the
analysis of group risk for terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol 25(2), pp. 73-100.

Post, Jerrold M; Ruby, Keven G; Shaw, Eric (2002b). The radical group in context:
2. Identification of critical elements in the analysis of risk for terrorism by radical
group type. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol 25(2), pp. 101-126.

Simon, Jeffrey D (Spr 1999). Nuclear, biological, and chemical terrorism: Understanding the
threat and designing responses. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol 1(2),
pp. 81-89.

Simpson, Michael Danieli, Yael (Ed) (1998). The second bullet: Transgenerational impacts of
the trauma of conflict within a South African and world context . International handbook of
multigenerational legacies of trauma. The Plenum series on stress and coping (pp. 487-511).
New York, NY, US: Plenum Press. xxiii, 710 pp.

Sprang, Ginny (Feb 1999). Post-disaster stress following the Oklahoma City bombing: An
examination of three community groups. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol 14(2),
pp. 169-183.

Vila, G; Bertrand, C; Friedman, S; Porche, L -M; Mouren-Simeoni, M -C (Nov 2000). Trauma by
indirect exposure, objective and subjective implication/Trauma par exposition indirecte,
implication objective et subjective Annales Medico-Psychologiques. Vol 158(9), pp. 677-686
Editions Elsevier, France.

To search for books on disasters and disaster mental

health topics, leaders, leadership, orgainizations,

crisis intervention, leaders and crises, and related

topics and purchase them online, go to the following url:

https://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/searchbooks.html

ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH NEWSLETTER

MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT January 31, 2003

RADICAL GROUPS AND TERRORISM

Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind