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Learning From The Past and Planning For The Future
MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT January 30, 2004 "Sit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion,
follow humbly wherever or whatever abysses nature leads, or you will learn nothing." - Thomas H. Huxley
Short Subjects
LINKS Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
CRISES IN RURAL AMERICA
Crisis Interventions And
Critical Incident Stress Management:
Current Status and Future Directions
April 21-24, 2004
Casper, Wyoming
Registration: 1-800-442-2963 ext 2212
Society of Australasian
Social Psychologists 33rd Annual Meeting
April 15 - 18, 2004
Location: Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
27th National AACBT Conference
(Australian Association for
Cognitive and Behavior Therapy)
May 15 - 19, 2004
Location: Perth, Western Australia
AUSTRALIA
Society of Australasian Social Psychologists
33rd Annual Meeting
April 15 - 18, 2004
Location: Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
Contact: SASP@auckland.ac.nz
Deadline for submissions: 1 February 2004WFPHA 10th International Congress on
Public Health: Sustaining Public Health
in a Changing World: Vision to Action
April 19-22, 2004
Location: Brighton, ENGLAND
Contact: Allen K. Jones, PhD
Secretary General World Federation of
Public Health Associations
Email: stacey.succop@apha.orgXIV. IFTA World Family Therapy Congress
March 24 - 27, 2004
Location: Istanbul, TURKEY
14th Biennial Meeting of the Society
for Research in Human Development
(formerly the Southwestern Society for
Research in Human Development -- SWSRHD)
April 1 - 3, 2004
Location: Park City, Utah, USA
7th European Conference on Psychological Assessment
April 1 - 4, 2004
Location: Malaga, SPAIN
Contact: Antonio Godoy
Facultad de Psicologia
Universidad de Malaga
29071 Malaga.( SPAIN)
Tel. (34) 952 13 25 32
Fax (34) 95213 11 00
Email: godoy@uma.esAnnual Conference Society for
Industrial/Organizational Psychology (SIOP)
April 2 - 4, 2004 Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA
Email: lhakel@siop.bgsu.edu
Columbia: Looking Back
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia began its return trip to Cape Canaveral, Florida following a successful mission. While flying over Texas, NASA lost contact with the shuttle and around 8:00 a.m. CST, the shuttle broke apart over Texas and Louisiana. FEMA took a lead role in responding to this national tragedy. For further information, go to: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10944; http://www.fema.gov/news/event.fema?id=797; http://www.fema.gov/news/event.fema?id=796
Anti-Terror Mitigation Publications Released
FEMA has released four new publications in the Multi-Hazard Risk Management Series. The publications contain guidance on designing, constructing, and engineering high occupancy buildings that are more resistant to damage resulting from terrorist attack. For further information, go to: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10407; http://www.fema.gov/fima/rmsp.shtm
FEMA On-Line Course To Help Build Effective Partnerships With Tribal Governments
The Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) released an on-line, independent study course to help those who interact with tribal governments learn how to work in concert with them to protect native people and their property against all types of hazards. The course is open to anyone who has an interest in learning more about building partnerships with tribal communities. "Throughout this on-line course, tribal representatives speak about their history, their culture, their way of life, and what those who work with them need to know to develop good relationships with them," said Michael D. Brown, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response. "Tribal representatives also provide insight into tribal communities that have endured great suffering and faced many challenges while remaining committed to caring for one another, their land and their traditions." For more information, go to: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10466
Implementing anti-terrorism resolution hits obstacles, Security Council panel says
The United Nations Security Council' s Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC) says the implementation of a resolution to monitor and try to increase the capability of States to fight terrorism "is encountering serious problems, both at the States and at the (committee) levels." For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9629&Cr=terror&Cr1=
Security Council tightens sanctions against Taliban and Al-Qaida
The Security Council tightened the sanctions regime against the Taliban and Al-Qaida in what the President of the 15-member UN body called a significant step forward in the struggle against terrorism. For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9630&Cr=qaida&Cr1=taliban
Ministers adopt Declaration on small island developing States
Ministers and senior government officials meeting in Nassau, Bahamas, adopted a Ministerial Declaration reaffirming the validity of the Barbados Programme of Action - a blueprint adopted 10 years ago for the sustainable development of small island developing States (SIDS). For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9631&Cr=small&Cr1=island
UNESCO chief condemns 'brutal murder' of Bangladeshi journalist
The head of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has condemned the brutal murder of a Bangladeshi journalist known for his bold reporting on criminal gangs, drug traffickers and Maoist insurgents. UNESCO Director-General Koïchiro Matsuura called the killing of Manik Shaha "a tragic illustration of the need to secure the rule of law in the interest of democracy." For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9508&Cr=bangladesh&Cr1=
Migration has moved to forefront of population policy discussion, UN official says
The large flow of illegal migrants, the sometimes difficult conditions they face in host countries and the “lucrative but troubling” human trafficking market have brought migration policies to the forefront of population discussions, a United Nations expert said. The numbers of migrants needed by developed receiving countries and the potential numbers willing to leave poorer sending countries are out of balance, Joseph Chamie, the Director of the Population Division in the UN's Department of Economic and Social Affairs, told a press briefing at UN headquarters. For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9600&Cr=migration&Cr1=
UN refugee agency urgently appeals for aid for Sudanese fleeing to Chad
Declaring that it is in a race against time, the United Nations refugee agency issued an urgent appeal for funds for its emergency operation to help up to 135,000 Sudanese who have fled into barren remote parts of eastern Chad from fighting in their own country. "So far, we have not received any contributions for the Chad emergency for 2004," UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) spokesman Kris Janowski told a news briefing in Geneva. "Funds are urgently needed because we are in a race against time to relocate refugees from the volatile border area to safer sites further inside Chad." For the Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9615&Cr=Sudan&Cr1=Refugees
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Chronic Insomnia
Chronic insomnia is an underrecognized and undertreated health problem that affects between 10% to 15% of the general population, with increased prevalence in women and the elderly. Clin Cornerstone 5(3) 2003 For the Article, Go To: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/464521
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Predicts Postnatal Depression
When completed at 2 to 3 days postpartum, this test is useful for detecting women at risk for postnatal depression. Medscape Medical News 2004 For the Article, Go To: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467229?mpid=23960
THE MEDICAL MINUTE: RELIEF FROM ACETAMINOPHEN CONCERNS
Stories on the dangers of over-the-counter pain and fever remedies, and in particular Tylenol, have been in the news lately. For the average non-medical person, all this negative information could be frustrating when deciding what is safe to take for headaches, fever, sinus pain and so on. More importantly, you may wonder what to do for your children. Plain Tylenol is not the problem; it's that so many other medications have acetaminophen (the ingredient in Tylenol) in them. If you have a bad cold with a headache, and you take a multi-symptom cold reliever then add some Tylenol plus a prescription pain medication, you could take too much acetaminophen in one day. How much is too much? It depends on your weight. Read the full story at http://live.psu.edu/story/5413
DIETERS DECREASE HEART RISK ON MODERATE FAT PROGRAM
Although low-fat diets are recommended for heart health, a moderate-fat weight loss diet reduced dieters' cardiovascular risk better than a low-fat diet in a study conducted at Penn State. The moderate-fat diet, in which half the fat was monounsaturated fat from peanuts and peanut oil, produced a 14 percent reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. The low-fat group experienced a nine percent improvement. Both the moderate- and low-fat diets were controlled so that all participants lost about the same amount of weight -- approximately 2.4 to 2.7 pounds a week on average. Read the full story at http://live.psu.edu/story/5418
CULTURE AND RURALITY
Rural psychology has very few major studies concerning practice in rural environments and small communities. Practitioners face some very different problems from their more urban counterparts. Rural practice presents important yet challenging issues for psychology, especially given the North American and international distribution of the population, levels of need for psychological services in rural settings, limited availability of rural services, and migration of rural residents to urban centers. Direct service issues include the need to accommodate a wide variety of mental health difficulties, issues related to client privacy and boundaries, and practical challenges. Indirect service issues include the greater need for diverse professional activities, including collaborative work with professionals having different orientations and beliefs, program development and evaluation, and conducting research with few mentors or peer collaborators. Professional training and development issues include lack of specialized relevant courses and placements, and such personal issues as limited opportunities for recreation and culture, and lack of privacy. Psychology will need to address more fully these complex issues if rural residents are to receive equitable treatment and services (Barbopoulos & Clark, 2003).
Some Cultural Considerations
Beyond the fact that rural culture differs from urban culture, there are also some considerations about ethnic cultural differences that need to be taken into account by practitioners providing services in different rural areas. This is especially important when providing short-term interventions following major disasters, critical incidents and other crises in a culture not one's own. For example, in Puerto Rico, a United States Commonwealth, some background information is very important. The Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (autonomous commonwealth), established in 1952, redefined the political relationship between the United States and its colony. The ambiguous political status--autonomy without sovereignty, self-government without self-determination--created new social, political, and cultural contradictions. The island's first elected governor, Luis Munoz Marin, was committed to promoting an essentialized Puerto Rican culture centered around the idealization of traditional rural life, while simultaneously creating a new democratic citizenship, both of which would bolster the new government's legitimacy before its people. Puerto Rican scholar Cati Marsh Kennerley (2003) explores the collective work done by the Division de Educacion de la Comunidad (DivEdCo), the government educational agency charged with promulgating Munoz Marin's ideas about Puerto Rican culture and citizenship. Marsh Kennerley draws from a wide variety of sources to reconstruct an untold history, analyze its contradictions, obtain lessons from DivEdCo's negotiations, and point out its relevance for understanding contemporary Puerto Rican culture. This is important for anyone who will consider providing services in times of need.
In another example, (Gavin,2003) shares her experiences of training and working as a psychoanalytical psychotherapist in the United Kingdom and then in a smaller city in the West of Ireland. The range of people seeking counseling and therapy as well as the social arrangements and their effects of the boundaries of the therapy are discussed. Gavin concludes that it is vital to try to understand the cultural context within which one is working but one has to also be clear about what one considers to be the fundamental of one's particular orientation.
Weyer, Hustey & Rathbun (2003) provide a case study pertaining to the care of a dying 93-yr-old Amish woman with congestive heart failure living in a rural Amish community. They explore the world of the Amish community in some detail. Their overall beliefs, values, and behavior are discussed as well as how their lifestyle affects their health care decisions, access to health care, and reimbursement of services. Weyer et al state that nurse practitioners can offer culturally sensitive and appropriate health care to the Amish population by recognizing important cultural values that have survived for more than 300 years. Such sensitivities are important in understanding and reaching out to other cultural groups effectively.
Phillips, Li & Zhang (2002) present a picture of the current pattern of suicides in China. Suicide rates by sex, 5-yr age-group, and region (urban or rural) reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health were adjusted according to an estimated rate. It was estimated that a mean annual suicide rate of 23 per 100,000 accounted for 3.6% of all deaths in China and was the fifth most important cause of death for rural women, the eighth most important cause for urban women and men, and the fourteenth most important cause for urban men. The toll was particularly high in individuals aged 15-34 yrs, accounting for 18.9% of such deaths. Rural suicide rates were three times higher in both sexes, for all age-groups, and over time. Suicide is a major health problem for China; this public-health issue demands intervention development for high risk persons. A number of different explanations are likely plausible for such high rates. Reardon (2002) suggests that the uniquely high rates documented by Phillips et al may be partly explained by the strictly enforced birth quotas in China while Bertolote and Fleischmann (2002) point out the association between suicide and mental disorders.
Some Rural Problems
Domestic Violence
Wendt, Taylor & Kennedy (2002) provide a critique of the Australian research into rural domestic violence. Research to date has focused on the factors that keep rural women trapped in violent relationships. While this research has been useful in developing policy to address rural domestic violence, it has not yet provided information about women's understandings of their rural contexts. Research into domestic violence is moving towards acknowledging and recognising the complexities and differences between people's experiences. Wendt et al suggest that it is time to explore the differences between various rural regions and to move away from the assumption that there is one rural culture. They suggest that a move towards feminist poststructural perspectives has strengths in that it enables a focus on the meanings of rural cultures from the perspectives of women who experience, and men who perpetrate, domestic violence. If these meanings become apparent, it may enable local solutions to be implemented and contribute knowledge and new ideas.
Although it has been suggested frequently that certain aspects of rural culture present barriers to women escaping domestic violence, research has not yet focused on how rural culture affects women's experiences. Wendt & Cheers (2002) report a study that explored how 14 rural women experiencing domestic violence perceived local cultural beliefs and values, the extent to which they had internalized these, and how they believed rural culture affected them in their situations. Components of their local rural cultures that they identified as impacting on their experiences of domestic violence included: belief in the sanctity and permanence of marriage, the importance and privacy of the nuclear family, Christian doctrine, and preservation of intergenerational property transfer. Each woman's story shows that, while rural culture gave them strength to endure the violence, it also created internal conflicts between wanting to escape and the cultural beliefs and values that they had internalized. Also, they were afraid of community reactions should they leave. Consequently, they did not disclose their violent situation and had persevered in them far longer than they thought they would have in a different cultural context.
Older People
It has been well documented that people of all ages and cultures reminisce, that is, tell and retell the stories of their lives-whether in the privacy of their own thoughts or in the more public and shared realms of family, friends, community, and media (Campbell, 2002; Webster & McCall, 1999; McAdams, 1993; Bruner, 1990). A consensus on the functions of reminiscing has been more elusive, with thinkers weighing in from a broad range of psychological perspectives (Butler, 1963; Cohler, 1993; Gergen, 1996; Schafer, 1992; Wallace, 1992). Reminiscence generally is considered a narrative activity, in which people conceive and tell stories as a way of making sense of the events that happen to and around them. Narrative is an ongoing process of meaning-making that is both socially-defined and culturally-grounded; that is, people tend to tell different stories at different times and to different audiences. Webster (1993, 1995, 1997, 1999) proposed eight reasons, or factors, for reminiscing and used them in his Reminiscence Functions Scale (RFS, 1993)-Boredom Reduction, Death Preparation, Identity, Problem-Solving, Conversation, Intimacy Maintenance, Bitterness Revival, and Teach/Inform. Campbell (2002) used the RFS to explore the effects on reminiscence functions from clinical depression, specifically in a population of older adults in rural northwestern Illinois. Given that depressed older adults typically experience fatigue/insomnia, anxiety, hopelessness, worthlessness, diminished interest in people and activities, and thoughts of death, Campbell predicted that they would score higher than non-depressed elders on Death Preparation and Bitterness Revival, lower on Conversation and Intimacy Maintenance. Research involving 30 individuals, half of whom had been professionally diagnosed with a significant depressive disorder, demonstrated that the depressed subjects scored significantly higher than their non-depressed peers on Bitterness Revival, with trends toward significance on Boredom Reduction and Identity. No other factor differences were statistically significant. Campbell confirmed that the general tendency within depression to think negatively extends to one's reminiscence. Depressed individuals in this study-more so than their non-depressed peers-identified patterns of reminiscence that frequently focused on painful memories or lost opportunities and served to fill idle, restless time. No difference appeared in the frequency of overall reminiscence.
Rural Practice
Jensen & Royeen (2002) describe the processes and outcomes of an action research project targeted at describing 'best practice' as experienced by interdisciplinary rural health projects funded by the Quentin N. Burdick Program for Rural Interdisciplinary Training, a Federally funded training grant competition in the USA. Each of 15 rural interdisciplinary health training projects across the areas of mental health, chronic disease, diabetes, minority health, and geriatrics was used to build a qualitative case study representing best practice experiences in projects focused on improving rural access to care. Across these programs, best practice is seen in the integrated dimensions of connections, community, and culture. In the USA, academic institutions build meaningful authentic connections with rural communities as they work together in meeting community needs, while demonstrating sensitivity and respect for cultural perspectives. Implications are offered in the context of higher education, health care delivery, and Federal initiatives within the USA.
Children and School Counseling
Early Childhood
Kennedy (2003) investigated the context and causes of global human fertility decline. The global total fertility rate-the average number of children born to women over their lifetimes-has fallen for the past two hundred years. This process, which began in Europe and continues today in the developing world, has been described but not sufficiently explained by demographers. Kennedy's study is directed towards understanding the root causes and context of the trend in falling birth rates for populations around the world. He presents an analysis of this phenomenon with an investigation of Honduras as a case study in fertility decline. He critiques social science theories of fertility decline and argues for a theory that crosses disciplinary boundaries in the social sciences, addresses gender, and includes a component that acknowledges the role of evolutionary forces on human reproductive motivation. He also argues for recognition of the role of culture in human behavior and an understanding of culture as an end product of human evolution. He stresses the need for empirical studies to operationalize and measure cultural variables. Kennedy suggests adapting Warren Miller's Childbearing Questionnaire as a means of operationalizing and measuring natality culture. He describes his data collection technique for adapting and administering this scale using a variety of sampling procedures on 400 people living in and around the city of Catacamas, Olancho, Honduras and presents an analysis of these data and data collected nationally on reproductive attitudes. His analysis demonstrates that there is considerable evidence for cultural agreement about positive and negative motivations for childbearing. However, there is also evidence for important intra-cultural diversity. This diversity is primarily associated with sex and urban or rural location. Kennedy argues that changing evaluations of the appropriate quality and quantity of childbearing drives this cultural diversity of natality culture and that these changing evaluations are related to shifting notions of appropriate masculine and feminine roles. Changing economic opportunities that affect parents' evaluations of their contributions towards their children's futures are suggested as causing these shifting of gender roles.
Research indicates that mothers structure or scaffold children's early play. However, it is unclear whether these findings can be generalized to mothers and children of different cultures. Culture-specific and ecological factors may affect a mother's inclination and motivation to play with her child, her scaffolding behaviors, her involvement in play, and the type and kind of play she engages in. Rajouria (2002) explores and provides preliminary descriptions of how play is defined, perceived, and valued by a sample of fifteen rural Nepali mothers. The study also describes the kind of play interactions Nepali mothers have with their young children who range in age from twelve to thirty-six months. The qualitative method of research was used to address the research questions. Data were collected through participant observation, videotapes of mother-child play in the course of everyday activity in the home, and interviews and discussion with the mothers based on the videotaped activities between them and their children. The results of the study reveal that play appears to be an integral aspect of mother-child interaction in daily care routines and is seen as a valuable means for keeping the child engaged, for managing child behavior, and for encouraging children's co-operation. The mothers in this study have a positive attitude towards play and are aware of the developmental impact it has on children, even though they underestimate their own roles in play interaction with their children. Findings contribute to the field of child development and education by building on existing cross-cultural literature on play. Early childhood educators and practitioners will be able to utilize the results of this study to inform their work in designing and implementing culturally relevant child development and education programs that are meaningful for the target population.
Cultural research on play has been conducted in communities that vary across economic and societal variables, such as subsistence, industry, child integration into adult settings, primary (having contact with few people) and secondary settings, quantity of information to be transmitted, learning style (apprenticeship and instruction), and independence and interdependence. Davis (2002) looks at differences in the local activity settings and interactions surrounding children's play, but across sites that are relatively similar. She studied social play among four to five year olds in three Costa Rican preschools: a rural, public preschool (n = 18), an urban, University Lab preschool (n = 25), and a preschool in an urban, blue-collar neighborhood (n = 29). The data were video tapes of play, ethnographic field notes, a child assessment of friendships, and teacher interviews about their goals for educating preschoolers. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated. Children's spontaneous play was influenced by the cultural structuring of activity settings and teachers' socialization practices. (20) found significant differences between the rural and Lab preschools. The children in both groups played in dyads. However, the rural children played in large groups and had many friends. The Lab preschool children played in small groups and had fewer friends. The urban, lower-income site was in between. The rural preschool teacher organized the classroom and schedule to support large group interactions. She encouraged inclusion in play, particularly within genders. Children elaborated a few play scripts and invested in a few, established leaders. Children's roles were established by gender and by social knowledge of status relationships. Status rarely changed-leaders stayed leaders, for example. Conversely, the Lab preschool teacher minimized large groups with small, separated work areas. Children were taught to respect individual friendships. They invented many play scripts, and many children were leaders. Roles changed with each play group, and status was based on friendships. Despite relative similarities across sites (ethnicity, nationality), a comparison of activity settings in play revealed diversity in contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes. Diversity, then, is not a function of ethnicity but can be measured in the daily routines and minutiae of everyday life.
In the Hispano homeland of northern New Mexico, children's lives are shaped by land, by family, by culture, and by community. The way these forces work together forms each child's sense of place and place attachments. Using short case examples (3 children, aged 10 and 11 yrs), Derr (2002) presents a brief overview of children's place experiences and preferences and describes some of the factors that contribute to children's sense of place in 3 communities, of northern New Mexico which represent a range from urban to rural. It demonstrates the important role extended family and direct experience play in shaping children's sense of place and understanding of nature.
Derr (2002) documents the cultural, ecological, and individual experiences that compose a sense of place for children in three communities of northern New Mexico-Mora, Dixon, and Santa Fe-which represent a gradient from rural to urban. Through qualitative methods; Derr explored the place experiences of 89 children and generated thematic areas in which twelve case studies were developed. 'Four wheelers, ramps, and rites of passage' and 'the fort-makers' are themes where children's individual preferences and developmental needs figure highly, and 'Learning Care' and 'The Web' are themes where experience is particularly influenced by the guidance of family, adults, community, and culture. When children experienced nature, culture, and family as an interwoven entity, their connections and attachments were indeed strong and meaningful. When sense of place was strong, grandparents and elders were particularly important in passing on their knowledge and sense of the world to their children, and thus in influencing the way children experienced and mediated place. Some cases also illustrate that a sense of place is not the same as a sense of nature. Other children demonstrated weaker or more diffuse sense of place. In these cases, sense of place usually was not well developed in children for one of two reasons: social stability was not present in their home, neighborhood, or community to enable a sense of place to develop, or mobility weakened place connections and attachments. Children can learn about nature and have productive and interesting lives without a sense of place. However, Derr demonstrates a qualitative difference in the way experiences occur for children with a sense of place than for those without. Sense of place is a compelling concept, and its influence can be significant in children's and families' lives. Yet it will be increasingly important to listen to children, to hear their voices, and to allow their involvement in the creation of a sense of place if it is to be relevant, lasting, and meaningful for the children, themselves.
Role of Counseling in Rural Schools
Sutton & Pearson (2002) examined the role of school counseling in a rural small town school environment. 100 school counselors working in small town and rural schools participated in group sessions. From those Ss 19 individual interviews were conducted. The results of the study are presented through a discussion of the data associated with a set of categories and codes focused on the geographic and community contexts. The specific patterns of the "rural" theme that are presented and discussed are: (a) rural/small town communities, (b) rural/small town culture, (c) counselor visability and accessibility to the community, (d) the counselor as a community mental health resource, (e) quality of life, and (f) students. Interviews with the Ss gave a rich, different view of the benefits and disadvantages, the possibilities and limitations, and the satisfactions and challenges of the settings in which they worked and lived.
Conclusion
Not only does the culture of rurality have differences from urban areas, but rural cross-cultural differences are also important in understanding and providing appropriate responses and services to residents of rural environments. Further attention and study of these areas as well as the awareness of what is already known is needed to inform mental health and other professionals working in these areas.
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Wendt, Sarah; Taylor, Judy & Kennedy, Marie (Dec 2002). Rural domestic violence: Moving towards feminist poststructural understandings. Rural Social Work, Vol 7(2), pp. 26-30.
Weyer, Sharon M.; Hustey, Victoria R. & Rathbun, Lesley (Apr 2003). A look into the Amish culture: What should we learn? Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Vol 14(2), pp. 139-145.
To search for books on disasters and disaster mental
health topics, leaders, leadership, orgainizations,
crisis intervention, leaders and crises, and related
topics and purchase them online, go to the following url:
https://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/searchbooks.html
RECOMMENDED READING
Ranching West of the 100th Meridian: Culture, Ecology, and Economics
by Richard L. Knight (Editor), Wendell C. Gilgert (Editor), Ed Marston (Editor)
From Book News, Inc.
Arguing that, if done right, ranching has the power to restore ecological integrity to American western lands, the editors of this book present essays, anecdotes, and a few poems that address the state of the rancher and suggest ways to improve the practice of ranching in view of today's realities. Essayists attack what they perceive as the two enemies of ranching, the developers of suburban subdivisions and Wal-Marts, as well as over-zealous environmentalists who "see cows as the source of all evil." The essayists also address the failures of ranchers themselves, suggesting at various times that ranchers must get used to a marginal economic existence, must interact more with urban environments and peoples, and must steward the ecosystems of their lands with greater care.Book News, Inc.®, Portland, OR
Book Description
Recommended by The Nature Conservancy magazine.
Ranching West of the 100th Meridian offers a literary and thought-provoking look at ranching and its role in the changing West. The book's lyrical and deeply felt narratives, combined with fresh information and analysis, offer a poignant and enlightening consideration of ranchers' ecological commitments to the land, their cultural commitments to American society, and the economic role ranching plays in sustainable food production and the protection of biodiversity.
The book begins with writings that bring to life the culture of ranching, including the fading reality of families living and working together on their land generation after generation. The middle section offers an understanding of the ecology of ranching, from issues of overgrazing and watershed damage to the concept that grazing animals can actually help restore degraded land. The final section addresses the economics of ranching in the face of declining commodity prices and rising land values brought by the increasing suburbanization of the West. Among the contributors are Paul Starrs, Linda Hasselstrom, Bob Budd, Drummond Hadley, Mark Brunson, Wayne Elmore, Allan Savory, Luther Propst, and Bill Weeks.
Livestock ranching in the West has been attacked from all sides - by environmentalists who see cattle as a scourge upon the land, by fiscal conservatives who consider the leasing of grazing rights to be a massive federal handout program, and by developers who covet intact ranches for subdivisions and shopping centers. The authors acknowledge that, if done wrong, ranching clearly has the capacity to hurt the land. But if done right, it has the power to restore ecological integrity to Western lands that have been too-long neglected. Ranching West of the 100th Meridian makes a unique and impassioned contribution to the ongoing debate on the future of the New West.
Additional Readings at:
Also try looking here for September 11, 2001: A Simple Account for Children.
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Contact your local Mental Health Center or
check the yellow pages for counselors, psychologists,
therapists, and other Mental health Professionals in
your area for further information.
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George W. Doherty
Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
Box 786
Laramie, WY 82073-0786
MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT Online: https://www.angelfire.com/biz3/news
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