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Learning From The Past and Planning For The Future
MENTAL HEALTH MOMENT May 7, 2004 "The purpose of foreign policy is not to provide an outlet for our own sentiments
of hope or indignation; it is to shape real events in a real world." - John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Short Subjects
LINKS Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
27th National AACBT Conference
(Australian Association for
Cognitive and Behavior Therapy)
May 15 - 19, 2004
Location: Perth, Western Australia
AUSTRALIA
3rd Annual Hawaii
International Conference on Social Sciences
June 16 - 19, 2004
Location: Honolulu Hawaii, USA
Contact: social@hicsocial.orgSociety for the Psychological Study of
Social Issues (SPSSI) Convention
June 25 - 27, 2004
Location: Washington, DC, USA
17th Congress of the International Association
of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP)
August 2 - 6, 2004
Location: Xi'an, CHINA
Contact: Zheng Gang
Institute of Psychology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
100101 Beijing, China
Email: iaccp2004@psych.ac.cnSixth International Conference of
the Learning Sciences (ICLS 2004):
"Embracing Diversity in the Learning Sciences"
June 22 - 26, 2004
Location: Santa Monica, California, USA
International Society of Political Psychology
27th Annual Scientific Meeting
July, 15-18, 2004
Location: Lund, Sweden
62nd Annual Conference of the
International Council of Psychologists
August 3 - 6, 2004
Location: University of Jinan
Jinan, CHINA
Contact: Dr. Natividad Dayan
Scientific Chair
99 General Ave
GSIS Village, Project 8
Quezon City, Metro Manila
01108 PHILIPPINES Telephone: 632-724-5358
Email: bereps@pacific.net.phXXVIII International Congress of Psychology
August 8 - 13, 2004
Location: Beijing, CHINA
Contact: XiaoLan FU, Deputy Director
Committee for International Cooperation
Chinese Psychological Society
Institute of Psychology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
P.O. Box 1603
Beijing 100101, China
Telephome: +86-10-6202-2071
Fax: +86-10-6202-2070
22nd Nordic Congress of Psychology:
"Psychology in a World of Change and Diversity -
Challenges for our Profession"
August 18 -20, 2004
Location: Copenhagen, DENMARK
Contact: Roal Ulrichsen, Chair
NPK2004 Organizing Committee
Danish Psychological Association
Stokholmsgade 27, DK-2100
Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Email: bh@vanhauen.dk
Tornado Week 2003: One Year Later
May 2003 saw an unprecedented swath of tornadoes sweep across the country. The series of storms resulted in disaster declarations for nine states and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage. DHS Under Secretary Mike Brown visited Stockton and Pierce City, Missouri on the tornado anniversary to see their remarkable recovery. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.fema.gov/regions/vii/index.shtm#story
Federal Disaster Funds Authorized For New Mexico To Aid Local Government Flood Recovery
The head of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced that federal disaster funds have been made available for New Mexico to help local governments recover from the effects of flooding that struck the state earlier this month. Michael D. Brown, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response, said the assistance was authorized under a major disaster declaration issued by President Bush following a review of the agency’s analysis of the state’s request for federal aid. The declaration covers damage to public property from severe storms and flooding that occurred over the period of April 2-11. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=12050
FEMA And National Volunteer Fire Council Announce New Health And Wellness Guide For The Volunteer Fire Service
The Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) announced today the availability of a new guidebook providing comprehensive information on fitness and wellness for volunteer firefighters and fire departments. "We are pleased to provide this life-saving information to the volunteer fire service in partnership with the NVFC as yet another example of the support Homeland Security provides to our important first responder community," said Michael D. Brown, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response. "Similar to the benefits of President Bush’s Healthier US initiative, which helps Americans take steps to improve personal health and fitness, this guidance will encourage all firefighters to be in the best shape possible to improve their safety in a stressful public service." For Full Story, Go To: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=12093
To conserve world's oceans, underlying poverty and hunger must be solved - UN
With 47 per cent of fishing stock reaching maximum sustainable limits, 18 per cent overexploited and 10 per cent already depleted, conservation of the world's oceans can only be achieved if the larger problems of poverty, hunger and underdevelopment are adequately addressed, a United Nations agency warned. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10632&Cr=oceans&Cr1=
MILGRAM, ZIMBARDO AND PRISONER ABUSE
The recent news about alleged prisoner abuses in Iraq have given much pause for thought. Many questions revolve around how such things can happen. Many in the mental health and psychology professions had the opportunity to study such things by reviewing, analyzing and discussing a number of significant studies when in graduate school. Perhaps you may recall the studies done by Stanley Milgram (often cited in the ethics of research) and Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University in the 1960s and early 1970s. There are films of these that used to be shown to grad students when discussing these things. Not sure how to access these films currently, but they are very informative. Perhaps reviewing some of the literature on these areas would be revealing, informative and give some relative insights into the current situation. Listed below are a few of these references for those who may want to refresh memories of this from years ago. They are worth looking at and considering in light of current events.
Meyer, Philip (2003). Conformity and group pressure: If Hitler asked you to electrocute a stranger would you? Probably. In: Down to earth sociology: Introductory readings (12th ed.). Henslin, James M.; New York, NY, US: Free Press, pp. 253-260.
Elms, Alan C.; Milgram, Stanley (1966). Personality characteristics associated with obedience and defiance toward authoritative command. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1(4), pp. 282-289.
Milgram, Stanley (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18(1), pp. 57-76.
Milgram, Stanley (1965). Liberating effects of group pressure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1(2), pp. 127-134.
Milgram, Stanley (1964). Issues in the study of obedience: A reply to Baumrind. ; American Psychologist, 19(11), pp. 848-852.
Milgram, Stanley (1964). Group pressure and action against a person. ; Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 69(2), pp. 137-143.
Milgram, Stanley (1963). Behavioral Study of obedience. ; Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 67(4), pp. 371-378.
Zimbardo, Philip G. (Spr 1973). The psychological power and pathology of imprisonment. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, Vol. 3, pp. 45.
Haney, Craig; Banks, Curtis; Zimbardo, Philip (Feb 1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. ; International Journal of Criminology & Penology, Vol 1(1), pp. 69-97.
Zimbardo, Philip G (1973). On the ethics of intervention in human psychological research: With special reference to the Stanford prison experiment. Cognition, Vol 2(2), pp. 243-256.
Anxiety Symptoms and Treating Depression
Over the past 10-15 years, the pharmacologic treatment of depression has been greatly advanced, with the introduction of many new medications that have achieved much wider use. However, a variety of problems continue to exist. Many patients do not respond to first-choice treatments, which are usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and there are no clear guidelines as to what to do next for such patients. Further, substantial portions of the patients who do benefit from the SSRIs do not achieve full remission, and here also guidelines are lacking as to what to do next. Finally, many depressed patients manifest substantial anxiety symptoms as well; here again, guidelines are lacking as to how these anxiety features should influence treatment selection. For the article, Go To: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/471885
THE MEDICAL MINUTE: CHILDREN AND DEPRESSION
Depression in children is different than in adults. According to the latest edition of the Medical Minute, a service of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, part of the reason for that is children have less experience with depression and cannot verbalize their feelings. Even though they are less able to express it, children experience similar symptoms to adults -- sadness, apathy and lack of energy -- but in some children the only symptoms may be isolation or irritability. Schoolwork may suffer and discipline problems can develop. It is estimated that up to 25 percent of adolescents have been depressed by the time they reach their late teens and 6 percent may be depressed at any given time. Read the full story at http://live.psu.edu/story/6751
A MANTRA FOR THE TIMES
This is what The Dalai Lama had to say on 01/01/2004. All it takes is a few seconds to read and think about. Please pass it along. Instructions for Life in the new millennium from the Dalai Lama:
1. Take into account that great love and great achievements involve great risk.
2. When you lose, don't lose the lesson.
3. Follow the three Rs: Respect for self, respect for others and responsibility for all your actions.
4. Remember that not getting what you want is sometimes a wonderful stroke of luck.
5. Learn the rules so you know how to break them properly.
6. Don't let a little dispute injure a great friendship.
7. When you realize you've made a mistake, take immediate steps to correct it.
8. Spend some time alone every day.
9. Open your arms to change, but don't let go of your values.
10. Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer.
11. Live a good, honorable life. Then when you get older and think back, you'll be able to enjoy it a second time.
12. A loving atmosphere in your home is the foundation for your life.
13. In disagreements with loved ones, deal only with the current situation. Don't bring up the past.
14. Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality.
15. Be gentle with the earth.
16. Once a year, go some place you've never been before.
17. Remember that the best relationship is one in which your love for each other exceeds your need for each other.
18. Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it.
19. Approach love and cooking with reckless abandon.
Do not keep this message. The mantra must leave your hands within 96 hours. You will get a very pleasant surprise (this is true even if you are not superstitious) if you send it to 0-4 people: Your life will improve slightly. 5-9 people: Your life will improve to your liking. 9-14 people: You will have at least 5 surprises in the next 3 weeks. 15 people and above: Your life will improve drastically and everything you ever dreamed of will begin to take shape.
BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING DISASTER BEHAVIOR
The key constructs used to understand how individuals respond to disaster include stress resulting from the crisis, social supports at time of crisis, and coping skills of the individual victim.
Some of the most significant work about individual response to disaster comes from theoretical formulations about stress. Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend (1981) linked stressful life events, mediated by social situations and personal dispositions, to health and mental health consequences for individuals. The authors offered several interpretations about these linkages. One interpretation is straightforward cause and effect: stressful life events result in adverse health changes. Other interpretations concern the intensification of stressful life events by social and personal dispositions. These combinations of factors result in adverse health change.
Several theories relate stress to specific disaster situations, focusing on the event itself, and on individual, social, and cultural responses to such emergencies. Frederick (1980) and others theorized that technological disasters create more mental stress than do natural disasters because they are defined, not as originating from God, but as originating from man. Other theoreticians considered the phases of a disaster. Baker (1964) differentiated between more frequent immediate psychological effects of the disaster experience and less frequent long-term consequences of disaster for the individual. Others looked at the magnitude of the disaster. Kastenbaum (1974), for example, hypothesized a significant difference between disasters that affect the individual's whole environment and those that affect only a part of it.
Human service workers have little control over factors in the environment that cause stress among clients. Their efforts, therefore, are focused on increasing the social supports and coping skills of these persons so that they are better equipped to manage the stress and are less at risk for emotional problems. With regard to social supports, Taylor (1978) showed the importance of political, economic and family supports in disasters. Political supports referred to functions served by public figures at disaster sites. Economic supports were defined as financial institutions that provide funds in aid of recovery of the community. Family supports referred to the functioning of family members in warning system evacuation and extended family assistance.
Barton (1969) pointed to the existence of a two-part emergency social system. The first part is identified by exploring individual patterns of adaptive and nonadaptive reactions to stress, particularly the motivational basis of various types of helping behavior (e.g., altruism and close relationship to the victim). Barton concluded that discrete patterns of individual behavior can be conceptually aggregated to reflect the community's informal mass assault on disaster-generated needs. The second part of the system is the community's formal organization. Barton broadened his initial discussion of the individual basis of helping behavior by examining a community model of the same.
Formulations that relate individual coping responses to mass disasters focus on perception, personality characteristics, and social behaviors. Slovic et al (1979) looked at the perception of risk in disaster situations. They stated that those persons who perceive the risk as great are more likely to heed warnings and to take some individual action to avoid or ameliorate consequences than those who do not. In the case of technological risks, those who perceive the risk as great are also more likely to blame the Government for politics that allow the risk to occur.
Cohen and Ahearn (1980) pointed out that coping is partially dependent on emotional or psychological tools, those personal characteristics of individual strengths and weaknesses. These individual resources include ability to communicate, sense of self-esteem, and capacity for bearing discomfort without either disorganization or despair.
Lystad (1985b) stated that coping also depends upon one's ability to seek support, understanding, and aid in problem resolution. Her work shows that disaster victims are better able to handle the losses of loved ones and property if they are well integrated into a social matrix of family, friends, and neighbors who are able to provide immediate assistance of comfort, food, clothing, housing, and physical care at times of crisis.
Phases Of Disaster-related Behaviors
The experiences of mental health professionals have shown that the postdisaster period consists of several phases related to the emotional responses of victims as they experience and cope with crisis (Cohen and Ahearn, 1980; Farberow, 1983).
The first phase occurs at time of impact and immediately afterwards. Emotions are strong and include fear, numbness, shock, and confusion. People find themselves being called upon and responding to demands for heroic action to save their own and others' lives and/or property. Altruism is prominent, and people cooperate well in helping others to survive and recover. The most important resources during this phase are the family, neighbors, and emergency service workers of various sorts.
The second phase of disaster generally extends from one week to several months after the disaster. Symptoms include change in appetite, digestive problems, difficulties in sleeping, and headaches. Anger, suspicion, and irritability may surface. Apathy and depression may occur, as well as withdrawal from family and friends and heightened anxiety about the future. On the other hand, survivors, even those who lost loved ones and possessions, develop a strong sense of having shared with others a dangerous experience. During this phase, supported by the influx of local, State and Federal agencies who offer all kinds of help, the victims clear the debris and clean out their homes of mud and wreckage. They anticipate that considerable help in solving their multiple problems will soon be available. Community groups that develop from the specific needs caused by the disaster are especially important.
The third phase of the disaster, generally lasting up to a year, is characterized by strong feelings of disappointment, resentment, and bitterness if delays occur and hopes for, and promises of, governmental aid are not fulfilled. Outside agencies may pull out, and some of the indigenous community groups may weaken or disappear. During this phase, victims may gradually lose the feeling of shared community found earlier as they concentrate on solving their own individual problems.
The last phase, reconstruction, may last several years if not the remainder of the lives of some victims. During this time, the victims of large-scale disasters realize that they will need to solve the problems of rebuilding their homes, businesses, and lives largely by themselves, and they gradually assume responsibility for doing so. The appearance of new buildings replacing old ones, the development of new programs and plans, can serve to reaffirm the victims' belief in their community and their own capabilities. When such positive events are delayed, however, emotional problems which do appear may be serious and intense. Community groups - political, economic, religious, fraternal - with a long-term investment in the community and its people become crucial elements to successful reconstruction.
Postdisaster Intervention Strategies For Mental Health Problems
Dealing with extreme emotional stress caused by the emergency:
The symptoms of extreme stress reactions include clear signs of fear, anxiety, disorganized speech, and the inability to be consoled or quieted down. A mild sedative might be used, accompanied by an attempt to find a "victim-companion" to help for a limited time. Most acute, severe reactions are short=lived when the victim is surrounded by other individuals in similar situations who offer role models with good coping skills to deal with the present situation. If the victim has received a physical trauma, then the reactions will have to be evaluated in terms of pain dependence, fear of abandonment, and central nervous system functional status as a reaction to trauma and/or medication.
Relocation factors likely to increase/reduce stress:
One of the most painful experiences for a victim is a sense of disorientation and lack of control in his/ her life. This experience is aggravated by the further relocation activities that most victims find necessary. The process of preparing, supporting, and assisting the victims in all location changes can intensify or ameliorate their discomfort. Consideration of the fears, anxiety, and lack of knowledge about the "authorities" who are doing all the discussing and making all the decisions will guide professionals in their behavior. Any support or information that can be given to the victims to enhance their sense of control over their choices, which in turn will moderate their anxiety and elevate their self-esteem, will be helpful. Keeping closer to their support systems - friends, clergy, and family - will be beneficial for recovery of psychological health. Communicating to the victim information concerning imminent changes will also help.
How to lessen the stress of hospital setting and relocation:
Starting with the premise that people housed in a hospital setting have been relocated and may face further relocations, it follows that some effects of the stressors will be manifested by psychophysiological reactions. Lessening the stressor impact on these populations at risk is the objective of planners and disaster workers. Two major areas are important: (1) reactions to the event itself, including the rescue, and (2) reactions to hospital conditions.
With regard to the first source of stress, helping victims share their stories and ventilate some of their pent-up tensions is very valuable. With regard to the second source of stress - the living conditions in the hospital - some flexibility could be instituted by providing information about their physical status, prognosis, plans of care, and guidance and support in relation to schedules of medical intervention. Daily bulletins with clear information and methodes for dealing with rumors about what has happened to their neighborhood are helpful.
Identification of problem-solving hospital teams that can expedite simple requests or explain to victims when some of their problems cannot be solved or attended to immediately is useful. This type of education can diminish expectations that could, if unchecked, culminate in further painful disappointments. Most victims would prefer to be busy, active, and helpful, so functions that realistically could be assigned to them will prove to be morale boosting. Household and clerical tasks, organization of recreational activity, and group exercises are examples.
Personnel trained to absorb painful, emotional, angry expressions of distress without reacting personally and becoming defensive, or without promising immediate solutions, are a most valuable resource in lowering effects of the stressor and mitigating victims' reactions.
Guidelines for the use of psychotropic medication with disaster victims:
Basic medical precautions are needed when prescribing medication to victims. In general, the approach should be conservative in dealing with anxiety and psychophysiological reactions (headaches, stomachaches, and sleeplessness), which are the primary manifestations during the first few days. Although the victim may wish to short-circuit very uncomfortable emotions, some consideration should be given to first trying some reassurance and counseling, with attention to the living conditions, to test if the anxiety ameliorates without medication. If this does not happen, and psychological efforts are ineffective or the anxiety is overwhelming, then anxiolytic medication may be necessary.
Medication for pain should be provided as needed. Pain itself is a major cause of stress./
Appropriate medication should be used for individuals with a history of severe mental disorder, for example those diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, who are living in the community. Also, patients with dysthymic disorders (mania or depression).
Medication usage has to be continually monitored as victims' judgement may occasionally become dysfunctional.
How to mobilize social support systems after an emergency:
An outpouring of interest and resources is characteristic of individuals in the community during and after a disaster's aftermath. The problem of support systems is not the quantity, but the quality. That is, the appropriate fit between the needs of the victim (age, sex, culture, socioeconomic status, health, etc.) and the presence of interested, available human support groups. The matching of assistance to victims has to be organized in some professional manner, which could be flexible and simple, but with genuine and serious attention to motivation, consistency, and appropriateness.
Many organized groups exist in different regions of the United States whose objectives are to assist individuals in crisis. Also, religious groups are available from the different denominations if the victims ask for special religious affiliation.
A list of available groups could be identified on regional bases. The informational support groups (nonfamily), while generally generous and enthusiastic, may need some management and organization to genuinely assist the victim.
How to coordinate with mental health professionals:
Ideally, predisaster planning at the State level should incorporate mental health components in emergency situations. A direct line of communication to mental health professionals potentially available for disaster work should be already established. When this is the case, once the decision to participate and the plan of action is in effect, mental health professionals can assist in the triage operations, in crisis counseling, and in debriefing of disaster workers. To smoothly coordinate all these efforts the administrative design should include the mental health professional in decisionmaking, logistics, schedules, and function priorities. When this is not the case, local community mental health centers and mental health associations should be contacted for assistance.
Use of mental health professionals in the initial post- disaster period - how they can assist in triage:
Disaster triage operations are the procedures used by mental health professionals to evaluate behavior, ascertain level of crisis, and supply information. This knowledge is provided to the assisting team so that disaster planning can alleviate the severity of the psychophysiologic reactions of victims. Since victims become cognitively and emotionally impaired for a short interval of time, intervention focuses on increasing awareness of the emotional effects of disaster and improvement of the ability to cope.
The mental health professional has begun to enhance the disaster emergency efforts by bringing knowledge that is needed to deal with behavior patterns not only of the victim but of the helpers as well. The knowledge base of mental health professionals working side by side with medical teams is continually increasing as more begin to practice at a field level.
Use of mental health professionals in the initial postdisaster period - How they can assist in crisis counseling to victims:
Postdisaster crisis counseling is a mental health intervention technique that seeks to restore the capacity of individuals to cope with and resolve stressful situations as well as to provide assistance for individuals in reordering and integrating their new circumstances. This is accomplished by a process of education about and interpretation of the overwhelming feeling which results from postdisaster stress. It is designed to instill a greater sense of self confidence and hope.
Postdisaster intervention offers a unique model for mental health services by broadening the perspective of service providers and offering the possibility of a resolution to crisis reactions for victims. To be effective, however, the mental health component of the intervention program must prove useful to the victims and comfortable for the community service providers.
Use of mental health professionals in the initial postdisaster period - How they can assist in debriefing disaster workers:
A mental health debriefing is an organized approach to the management of stress responses following a traumatic or critical incident. It is a specific, focused intervention to assist workers in dealing with the intense emotions that are common at such times. It teaches them about normal stress responses, specific skills for coping with stress and providing support for each other. A debriefing involves a one-to-one or group meeting between the worker(s) and a trained facilitator. Group meetings are recommended, as they provide the added dimension of peer support.
A debriefing is not a critique. A critique is a meeting in which the incident is discussed, evaluated, and analyzed with regard to procedures, performance, and what could have been improved. A critique is a valid and important meeting. It can help workers to sort out facts, get questions answered, plan for what to do in the future. A debriefing, though, has a different focus, that of dealing with the emotional aspects of the experience.
Use of mental health professionals in a later post- disaster period - How can they help in long-term referrals of victims or disaster workers:
Although most disaster victims do not suffer adverse mental health effects, a conservative estimate is that 10 percent experience mental health consequences over time. Larger percentages are found in disasters that are sudden and unexpected, where many deaths and injuries occur, when the potential for recurrence is higher, and where the affected population is high risk. Mental health professionals can evaluate those individuals who continue to appear emotionally stressed and unable to cope in order to refer them to appropriate community mental health facilities for longer term care.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
Baker, G. (1964). Comments on the present status and the future direction of disaster research. In: Grosser, G., Wechsler, H. and Greenblatt, M., eds. The threat of impending disaster. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Barton, A. (1969). Communities in disaster. Garden City: Doubleday and Company.
Cohen, R. and Ahearn, F. (1980). Handbook for mental health care of disaster victims. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dohrenwend, B. and Dohrenwend, B., eds. (1981). Stressful life events and their contexts. New York: Prodist.
Frederick, C. (1980). Effects of natural vs human-induced violence upon victims. Evaluation and Change. Special Issue: 71-75.
Kastenbaum, R. (1974). Disaster, death and human ecology. Omega 5 (1): 65-72.
Lystad, M. (1985a). Innovative mental health services for disaster victims. Children Today 14(1): 13-17.
Kystad, M. (1985b). Human response to mass emergencies: A review of mental health research. Emotional First Aid 2(1): 5-18. National Institute of Mental Health (1986). Training manual for human service workers in major disasters. by Farberow, N. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 86-538. Washington, D.C.; Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Slocic, P.; Lichtenstein, S.; and Fischoff, B. (1979). Images of disaster. Perception and acceptance of risks from nuclear power. In: Goodman, G. and Rowe, W., eds. Energy Risk Management. London: Academic Press, pp.223-245.
Taylor, V. (1978). Futures directions for study. In: Quarantelli, E., ed. Disasters: Theory and research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 251-280.
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To search for books on disasters and disaster mental
health topics, leaders, leadership, orgainizations,
crisis intervention, leaders and crises, and related
topics and purchase them online, go to the following url:
https://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/searchbooks.html
RECOMMENDED READING
Disaster-Induced Employee Evacuation (Program on Environment and Behavior, Monograph No 60)
by Thomas E. Drabek
Editorial Review
Book News, Inc.
Drabek (sociology, U. of Denver) presents the results of a study addressing organizational disaster preparedness. Focusing on the response of 118 firms to seven disaster events, this volume presents the study's findings and argues for the development of better policies to address disaster preparation by organizations. -- Copyright © 1999 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR All rights reserved Book News, Inc.®, Portland, OR
Additional Readings at:
Also try looking here for September 11, 2001: A Simple Account for Children.
Videos on Terrorism
Other videos about terrorism
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Contact your local Mental Health Center or
check the yellow pages for counselors, psychologists,
therapists, and other Mental health Professionals in
your area for further information.
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Copyrighted and published by the Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Institute. No part of this document may be reproduced without written consent.The Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Newsletter is published online weekly by:
Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute, Inc.
Box 786
Laramie, WY 82073-0786
Newsletter Online: https://www.angelfire.com/biz3/news
Institute Home Page: https://www.angelfire.com/biz/odoc/rocky.html
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