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The Beach
Boys
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The seminal line-up comprised
Brian Wilson (b. 20 June 1942, Hawthorne, California, USA),
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Carl Wilson (b. 21 December 1946,
Hawthorne, California, d. 6 February 1998),
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Dennis Wilson (b. 4 December 1944,
Hawthorne, California, USA, d. 28 December 1983),
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Al Jardine (b. 3 September 1942,
Lima, Ohio, USA)
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and Mike Love (b. 15 March 1941,
Baldwin Hills, California, USA).
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When the aforementioned three
brothers, one cousin and a schoolfriend formed a casual singing
group
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in Hawthorne in 1961, they
unconsciously created one of the longest-running, compulsively fascinating
and
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bitterly tragic sagas in popular
music. As Carl And The Passions, the Pendletones and Kenny And The
Cadets,
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they rehearsed and played
high-school hops while elder brother Brian began to demonstrate his
songwriting ability.
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He was already obsessed with
harmonics and melody, and would listen for hours to close-harmony
groups,
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especially the Four Freshmen and
the Hi-Lo's. One of his earliest songs, 'Surfin'' (written at the suggestion
of
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keen surfing brother Dennis), was
released on a local label, and the topical name 'Beach Boys'
was
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innocently adopted. The
domineering father of the brothers, Murry Wilson, immediately seized on their
potential
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and appointed himself as manager,
publicist and producer. After his own abortive attempts at a career in
music,
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he began to live his frustrated
career dreams through his sons. 'Surfin', with Murry's efforts, became a
sizeable
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local hit, and made the Billboard
Hot 100 (number 75). His continuing efforts gained them a recording
contract
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with Capitol Records during the
summer of 1962. In addition to the developing group's conflicts, Nik
Venet
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(the producer at Capitol) became
embroiled immediately with Murry, and their ideas clashed.
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Over the next 18 months the Beach
Boys had 10 US hits and released four albums of surfing and
hot-rod
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songs (each cover showed the
photograph of neighbourhood friend David Marks, who had temporarily
replaced
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Al Jardine while he attended
dentistry college). The Beach Boys' punishing workload began to affect the
main songwriter,
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Brian, who was additionally
writing similar material for fellow surf/hot-rodders Jan And Dean. In 1963
the
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Beach Boys phenomenon reached the
UK in the shape of the single 'Surfin' USA', which mildly interrupted
the
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Merseybeat domination. The
predominantly working-class image of the British beat group scene was at odds
with
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the perception of the clean and
wholesome west coast, blessed with permanent sunshine, fun and beautiful
girls.
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During 1964 a further four albums
were released, culminating in the Christmas Album. This represented a
staggering
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eight albums in just over two
years, six of which were arranged and produced by Brian, in addition to his
having
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written 63 out of a total of 84
songs. In America, the Beatles had begun their unmatched domination of the
charts,
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and in their wake came dozens of
groups as the British invasion took place. The Beach Boys,
more
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especially Brian, could only stand
back in amazement. He felt so threatened that it drove him to
compete
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against the Beatles. Eventually,
Brian gained some pyrrhic revenge, when in 1966 the Beach Boys were
voted
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number 1 group in the world by the
UK music press, pushing the Fab Four into second place.
Wilson's maturity
as a composer was developing at a staggering pace with classic hits
such
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as 'I Get Around', 'California
Girls' and 'God Only Knows'. The overall quality of albums such
as
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Summer Days And Summer Nights!!
and Today was extremely high. Many of Wilson's songs
described
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his own insecurity as an
adolescent. Songs such as 'In My Room', 'Wouldn't It Be Nice'
and
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'Girl Don't Tell Me' found a
receptive audience who could immediately relate to the
lyrics.
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While the group's instrumental
prowess was average, the immaculate combination of the members'
voices
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delivered a sound that was
unmistakable. Both Carl and Brian had perfect pitch, even though Brian
was
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deaf in one ear (reputedly caused
through his father's beatings). In private, the 'musical genius' was
working
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on what was to be his masterpiece,
Pet Sounds. Released in August 1966, the high-profile pre-publicity
proved
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deserved and the reviews were
outstanding. The music on Pet Sounds was staggering, but for
some
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inexplicable reason, the album
sold poorly compared to previous Beach Boys releases.
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It was later reported that Brian
was devastated by the comparative commercial failure of Pet Sounds in his
own
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country (US number 10), and felt
mortified a year later when the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely
Hearts
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Club Band was released. It was not
widely known that Brian had already experienced two nervous
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breakdowns, retired from
performing with the group and had begun to depend on
barbiturates.
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Even less public was the breakdown
of his relationship with his father and the festering
tension
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within the band. The brief
recruitment of Glen Campbell, followed by Bruce Johnston, filled Brian's place
in public.
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Through all this turmoil the Beach
Boys rose to their peak at the end of 1966 with arguably
their
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greatest achievement, 'Good
Vibrations'. This glorious collage of musical patterns, with its changes of
tempo,
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unusual lyrics and incredible
dynamics, earned Brian and the band the respect of every musician. The
group
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embarked on a major tour of Europe
with a new single, 'Heroes And Villains', another innovative
excursion
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with intriguing lyrics by Van Dyke
Parks. Brian, meanwhile, attempted a counter-attack on the
Beatles,
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with a project to be known as
'Smile' . This became the band's albatross, although it was never
officially
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released. The painstaking hours
spent on this project now form one of pop's legendary tales. Parts of
the
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material surfaced on their next
three albums, and further tracks appeared on other collections up until
1971.
The conflict between Brian Wilson and the other band members was
surfacing more regularly.
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Mike Love, in particular, wanted
the other Beach Boys to continue with their immaculate pop
music,
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and argued that Brian was becoming
too 'far out'. Indeed, Brian's reclusive nature,
fast-increasing
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weight and growing dependence on
drugs added fuel to Love's argument. Observers felt that the
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band could not raise themselves to
the musical level visualized in Brian's present state of
mind.
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Smiley Smile in 1967 and Wild
Honey the following year were comparative failures in the charts
by
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previous Beach Boys standards.
Their music had lost its cohesiveness and their mentor and guiding
light
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had by now retreated to his bed,
where he stayed for many years. In Europe the group were still having
hits,
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and even had a surprise UK
chart-topper in 1968 with 'Do It Again', with Love's nasal vocals taking the
lead
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on a song harking back to better
times. Love had by this time become a devotee of the Maharishi Mahesh
Yogi,
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while Dennis Wilson, who was
emerging as a talented songwriter, became dangerously involved
with
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Charles Manson, later jailed for
his involvement in the murders of nine people between 8 and 10 August
1969.
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Dennis was drained of money,
parted from his home and ultimately threatened with his life by
Manson
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and his followers. Manson and
Wilson collaborated on a number of songs, notably
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'Never Learn Not To Love', which,
although a Beach Boys b-side, had the ironic distinction of
putting
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Charles Manson in the charts. To
highlight their discontent, three of their next four singles were
extraneous
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compositions, namely 'Bluebirds
Over The Mountain', and a competent version of Lead Belly 's
'Cottonfields'.
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The third non-original was the
Phil Spector / Jeff Barry / Ellie Greenwich opus 'I Can Hear Music', featuring
a
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passionate lead vocal from Carl,
confirming his status as acting leader. He struggled to maintain this role
for
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many years to come. In April 1969
the Beach Boys left Capitol in a blaze of litigation. No new
product
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surfaced until August the
following year, apart from 'Add Some Music To Your Day' in March
1970.
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They had the ignominy of having an
album rejected prior to that. Sunflower was an artistic triumph
but
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a commercial disaster, on which
Dennis contributed four songs including the sublime
'Forever'.
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Throughout the subsequent 12
months they set about rebuilding their credibility in the USA,
having
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lost much ground to the new-wave
bands from San Francisco. They started to tour constantly,
even
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appearing with unlikely
compatriots the Grateful Dead. Through determination and hard work they did
the
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seemingly impossible and allied
themselves with the hip cognoscenti. The arrival of Surf's Up in July
1971
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completed their remarkable
renaissance. The title track, with surreal lyrics by Van Dyke Parks, was
another masterpiece,
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while on the rest of the album it
was Carl's turn to offer strong contributions with the beautiful 'Feel
Flows'
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and 'Long Promised Road'. The
record's strong ecological stance was years ahead of its time, and the critics
were
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unanimous in favourably
reassessing them. As Dennis co-starred with James Taylor in the cult road
movie
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Two-Lane Blacktop, so Brian's life
was deteriorating into mental instability. Miraculously, the band were able
to
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maintain their career, which at
times included only one Wilson, Carl, and no longer featured the presence of
the
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long-serving Bruce Johnston. The
addition of Ricky Fataar, Blondie Chaplin and Daryl Dragon
nevertheless
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gave the depleted band a fuller
sound. One further album appeared before the outstanding
Holland
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came in 1973. For this project the
entire Beach Boys organization, including wives and children, moved
to
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Holland for eight months of
recording. Thankfully, even Brian was cajoled into going, and his
composition
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'Sail On Sailor' was a high point
of the album. Murry Wilson died of a heart attack in June 1973,
but
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Brian and Dennis declined to
attend the funeral. At the same time, the group's fortunes were once again in
the
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descendent as a double live album
was badly received, but a year later the compilation Endless
Summer,
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put together by Mike Love,
unexpectedly rocketed to the top of the US charts. It spent 71 weeks on
the
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lists, disappeared and returned
again the following year, staying for a further 78 weeks. This
unparalleled
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success reinforced Love and
Jardine's theory that all anybody wanted of the Beach Boys
was
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surfing and car songs. With the
addition of James William Guercio, formerly of Chicago and
ex-producer
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of Blood Sweat And Tears, the band
enjoyed extraordinary concert tour success, and ended 1974
being
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voted 'Band of the Year' by
Rolling Stone magazine. Spirit Of America (1975), another compilation of
earlier tracks,
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enjoyed further success, staying
on the American charts for almost a year. Meanwhile, Brian's
condition
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had further deteriorated and he
underwent treatment with controversial therapist Eugene
Landy.
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The album 15 Big Ones, released in
July 1976, gave them a big hit with a cover version of Chuck Berry
's
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'Rock And Roll Music'. The
publicity centred on a tasteless 'Brian Is Back' campaign, the now
obese
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Wilson being unwillingly pushed
into the spotlight. It seemed obvious to all that Brian was a sick,
confused
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and nervous man being used as a
financial tool.
Subsequent albums, The Beach Boys Love You and M.I.U.
Album, attempted to maintain Brian's high
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profile as producer, but close
observers were well aware that this was a complete sham. The material
was
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of average quality, although the
former showed strong glimpses of Wilson's fascination with childlike
innocence.
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In 1977 they signed a recording
contract with CBS reputedly worth $8,000,000, on the terms that Brian
Wilson
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contributed at least four new
songs and a total of 70 per cent of all the material for each
album.
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The first album under this
contract was the patchy LA (Light Album), with Bruce Johnston recalled to
bail
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them out on production duties. The
album did manage to produce a sizeable hit with Al Jardine's 'Lady
Lynda'.
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The most controversial track,
however, was a remake of 'Here Comes The Night'; this previously innocuous
R&B
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song from Wild Honey was turned
into an 11-minute extended disco extravaganza, and alone
cost
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$50,000 to produce. By this time,
Dennis had developed a serious cocaine habit, which hampered
the
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recording of his own solo album,
Pacific Ocean Blue. However, he was rewarded with excellent
reviews,
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and, now openly, verbally abused
the other members of the band except for Brian, whom he defended
resolutely.
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When Carl became addicted to
cocaine and alcohol, the fragmentation of the group was at its height.
The
next official Beach Boys release was Keeping The Summer Alive, a poor album
(with an even poorer cover),
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without the presence of Dennis,
who had acrimoniously left the group. He was now living with
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Christine McVie of Fleetwood Mac.
During 1980 only Love and Jardine were present from the
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original group. Carl delivered his
first solo album, a beautifully sung, well-produced record that
flopped.
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One track, 'Heaven', later became
a regular part of the Beach Boys' repertoire and was dedicated
to
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Dennis during the 80s. In 1982,
Brian Wilson was officially dismissed, and was admitted to hospital
for
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detoxification, weighing a massive
320 pounds. In December 1983, Dennis Wilson tragically
drowned
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while diving from his boat.
Ironically, his death reportedly snapped Brian out of his stupor, and he
gradually
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re-emerged to participate onstage.
A clean and healthy-looking band graced the back of the 1985
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Steve Levine-produced The Beach
Boys. Following this collection they found themselves without a
recording
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contract, and decided to
concentrate purely on being a major concert attraction, travelling the
world.
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While no new albums appeared, they
concentrated on singles, including an energetic,
well-produced
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'Rock And Roll To The Rescue',
followed by their version of the Mamas And The Papas' classic 'California
Dreaming',
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with Roger McGuinn featured on
12-string guitar. In 1987, they teamed up with rap act the Fat
Boys
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for a remake of the Surfaris'
'Wipe Out'.
In 1988, a phoenix-like Brian Wilson returned with the solo
album that his fans had awaited for over 20 years.
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The critics and fans loved it, but
the album sold only moderately well. At the same time, the Beach
Boys
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released 'Kokomo', which was
included in the Tom Cruise film Cocktail, and unexpectedly found
themselves
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at the top of the US charts for
many weeks. In May 1990, the Beach Boys took Brian Wilson to court in
an
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alleged attempt to wrest his $80
million fortune from him, maintaining that he was insane and unable to
look
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after himself. His medical
condition was confirmed (extreme introversion, pathological
shyness
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and manic depression). Wilson
defended the case but reluctantly accepted a settlement by which
he
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severed his links with Eugene
Landy. Wilson was then officially sacked/resigned and proceeded
to
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recoup monies that had been
pouring in from his back catalogue. Murry Wilson had sold his son's
company,
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Sea Of Tunes, to another publisher
in 1969, and during this latest court case, Wilson testified that he was
mentally ill
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and a casualty of drug abuse at
the time. Wilson won the case and received substantial back
royalties.
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The dust had barely settled when
Mike Love issued a writ to Brian Wilson claiming he co-wrote 79 songs with
him,
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including 'California Girls', 'I
Get Around' and 'Surfin' USA' (the latter was 'borrowed' from Chuck
Berry).
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In 1993 the band continued to
tour, although their show was merely an oldies package. During
1994
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mutterings were heard that the
pending lawsuit would be settled, as Love and Brian were at least
speaking
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to each other. Late that year it
was announced that a substantial settlement had been made to
Love,
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effectively confirming all his
claims. In February 1995 a thin, handsome, recently remarried Wilson and
a
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neat, lively-looking Love met at
the latter's home. Not only had they mended the rift but they
were
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writing songs together. Early
reports indicated both enthusiasm and a desire to make up for many
years
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of wasted time. Instead they
released Stars And Stripes Vol. 1, a lacklustre album of old Beach Boys songs
featuring
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various country artists on lead
vocals. Wilson's collaboration with songwriter Andy Paley (who co-wrote
material
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on Brian Wilson ) produced several
much-hyped tracks, and kindred spirit Sean O'Hagan from the
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High Llamas was flown over to
co-ordinate the mooted album. The sessions ended in confusion
and
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discord, however, and no new
material has been forthcoming, with Brian going on to record a second solo
album.
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Carl Wilson began treatment for
cancer in 1997 and, with Al Jardine, decided to take action against Brian
Wilson
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for statements made in his
autobiography. Carl's health steadily deteriorated, and his death in February
1998
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robbed the band of their sweetest
voice.
Much has been written about the band, and to those wishing to study
this institution, David Leaf's book is
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highly recommended. Timothy
White's recent book adds information that had previously never
surfaced,
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and is a well-written documentary
of California life. Their career has been rolling, like the tide their
great
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songs evoked, constantly in and
out, reaching incredible highs and extraordinary troughs. Through all
these
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appalling experiences, however,
they still reign supreme as the most successful American group in pop
history.
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With the death of Carl Wilson and
the continuing absence of Brian, who is concentrating on his solo
career,
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it would seem unlikely that the
remaining members can continue. The Beach Boys without a Wilson is like
surfing without any waves.
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1966 Photograph of the Beach Boys
by John Robert Rowlands