The
interpersonal process of sending and receiving messages through
symbols or gestures.
The
reporting relationships determined by the structure of
management through which prescribed messages are sent.
A
message is encoded by a sender, who uses symbols, words,
pictures, or gestures to formulate the message content.
A medium of communication between sender and receiver the
method of delivering a message.
A
message is decoded by a receiver, who interprets symbols, words,
pictures, or gestures to give them meaning.
Reports,
performance information, results from operations, and other data
routed back to planners and decision makers to enhance future
decisions or correct deviations in performance. In
communications, a response or acknowledgment that a message has
been received and understood.
The
reporting relationships determined by the structure of
management through which prescribed messages are sent.
Messages
and information initiated by superiors to subordinates, usually
in the form of directives.
Messages
and information initiated by subordinates for their superiors,
usually in the form of reports.
The
process of exchanging information between peers at any
organizational level, usually to coordinate activities.
The
unsanctioned personal network of information among employees
fostered by social relationships and friendships.
The
personal interaction between individuals that involves their
perceptions during a dialogue in which specific meanings are
attached to messages.
The
capability of a given form of communication to convey
information.
A
predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects,
persons, and concepts.
The
process of communicating with people of different cultures who
have substantial differences in assumptions and behavior that
influence language usage, perception, and attribution of
meaning.
The
nature and meaning of words and phrases and how they are used in
the context of messages.
Literally,
"to cloud an issue, " obfuscate implies a purposeful
attempt by one person to confuse another through the use of
perplexing language.
A
communication killer, interference static, or distinctions that
cripple clear transmission or reception of information.
A
distortion of meanings and selective filtering of messages
created by a receiver's personal frame of reference and
attitude.
A
subconscious blocking of information to avoid unpleasant facts;
also a conscious and deliberate filtering of messages to
manipulate information to one's benefit.
A
jaundiced viewpoint in which a person interprets information in
extreme&-black and white&-contexts.
Assumption
of "no change," in which a person shuts out
information, thereby protecting the status quo and avoiding the
threat of having to alter values or beliefs in a changing world.
The
belief that certain people have attributes based on group
characteristics such as sex, race, and ethnic origin that make
them superior or inferior.
The
conscious effort to understand another person's viewpoint or to
psychologically adapt to the other's frame of reference.
