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  1. Absolute Amount of Cost Difference Entry Barrier:

  2. Aggregate Economic Concentration:

  3. Capital Requirement Entry Barrier:

  4. Concentration Ratio:

  5. Condition of Entry:

  6. Conglomerate Merger:

  7. Economic Concentration:

  8. Entry:

  9. Geographic Market Extension Conglomerate Merger:

  10. Herfindahl-Hirshman Index (HHI):

  11. Horizontal Merger:

  12. Leveraged Buy-Out (LBO):

  13. Market Concentration:

  14. Merger:

  15. Minimum Optimal Scale Effect Entry Barrier:

  16. Potential Entry:

  17. Product Differentiation Entry Barrier:

  18. Product Extension Conglomerate Merger:

  19. Relatively Pure Conglomerate Merger:

  20. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System:

  21. Value Added:

  22. Vertical Merger:

Papers

Oligopoly: The Real World

Absolute Amount of Cost Difference Entry Barrier:

An entry barrier based upon the disadvantage faced by a potential entrant firm with a higher absolute cost per unit of output than that of established firms.

Aggregate Economic Concentration:

A measure of the share of economic activity undertaken by the largest firms in a region of the world, in an economy, or in some major sector beyond traditional market or industry lines.

Capital Requirement Entry Barrier:

An entry barrier based upon the amount of money needed by a potential entrant firm in order to compete adequately with the established firms in an industry.

Concentration Ratio:

A measure that expresses the percentage share of some key variables such as sales or assets accounted for by the largest firms.

Condition of Entry:

The extent to which established firms in an industry are able to raise prices and earn economic profit without attracting new firms into that industry.

Conglomerate Merger:

A merger that takes place when a firm acquires another firm engaged in a different industry.

Economic Concentration:

A measure of the control of economic activity in an industry, in a major part of an economy, in a whole economy, or in a region of the world.

Entry:

The act of coming into an industry by a new firm, which adds capacity to that industry.

Geographic Market Extension Conglomerate Merger:

A merger that takes place when a firm acquires another firm that is in the same business activity and on the same level but is serving a different geographic market.

Herfindahl-Hirshman Index (HHI):

A measure of market concentration that includes all of the firms in a market and gives proportionately greater weight to the market shares of the larger firms in the market.

Horizontal Merger:

A merger in which a firm acquires another firm engaged in the same activity, operating on the same level, and serving the same geographic market.

Leveraged Buy-Out (LBO):

A form of speculation through acquisition in which investors rely al most entirely on debt financing to acquire a company.

Market Concentration:

The number and size distribution of firms in a specific industry or market.

Merger:

The acquisition of another company.

Minimum Optimal Scale Effect Entry Barrier:

An entry barrier based upon the degree of downward pressure on market price that would be caused by the additional output supplied by an entrant operating at minimum optimal scale.

Potential Entry:

The likelihood of entry into an industry.

Product Differentiation Entry Barrier:

An entry barrier based upon the degree to which established firms in an industry have successfully differentiated their products.

Product Extension Conglomerate Merger:

A merger that occurs when a firm acquires another firm in an allied industry.

Relatively Pure Conglomerate Merger:

An interindustry merger that is neither product extension nor market extension.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System:

Industry definitions used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census that use numerical codes to group industries and products.

Value Added:

The difference between the value of materials that a firm buys and the value of what it sells.

Vertical Merger:

A merger that occurs between companies at different levels of a particular business activity.