(a) General. Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(3) and (e) of this
  section, no person may operate a powered civil aircraft with a standard
  category U.S. airworthiness certificate in any operation described in
  paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section unless that aircraft contains the
  instruments and equipment specified in those paragraphs (or FAA-approved
  equivalents) for that type of operation, and those instruments and items of
  equipment are in operable condition.
    (b) Visual-flight rules (day). For VFR flight during the day, the following
  instruments and equipment are required:
    (1) Airspeed indicator.
    (2) Altimeter.
    (3) Magnetic direction indicator.
    (4) Tachometer for each engine.
    (5) Oil pressure gauge for each engine using pressure system.
    (6) Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine.
    (7) Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine.
    (8) Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine.
    (9) Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank.
    (10) Landing gear position indicator, if the aircraft has a retractable
  landing gear.
    (11) For small civil airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996, in
  accordance with part 23 of this chapter, an approved aviation red or aviation
  white anticollision light system. In the event of failure of any light of the
  anticollision light system, operation of the aircraft may continue to a
  location where repairs or replacement can be made.
    (12) If the aircraft is operated for hire over water and beyond power-off
  gliding distance from shore, approved flotation gear readily available to
  each occupant and at least one pyrotechnic signaling device. As used in this
  section, "shore" means that area of the land adjacent to the water which is
  above the high water mark and excludes land areas which are intermittently
  under water.
    (13) An approved safety belt with an approved metal-to-metal latching
  device for each occupant 2 years of age or older.
    (14) For small civil airplanes manufactured after July 18, 1978, an
  approved shoulder harness for each front seat. The shoulder harness must be
  designed to protect the occupant from serious head injury when the occupant
  experiences the ultimate inertia forces specified in Sec. 23.561(b)(2) of
  this chapter. Each shoulder harness installed at a flight crewmember station
  must permit the crewmember, when seated and with the safety belt and shoulder
  harness fastened, to perform all functions necessary for flight operations.
  For purposes of this paragraph--
    (i) The date of manufacture of an airplane is the date the inspection
  acceptance records reflect that the airplane is complete and meets the FAA-
  approved type design data; and
    (ii) A front seat is a seat located at a flight crewmember station or any
  seat located alongside such a seat.
    (15) An emergency locator transmitter, if required by Sec. 91.207.
    (16) For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes with a seating
  configuration, excluding pilot seats, of 9 or less, manufactured after
  December 12, 1986, a shoulder harness for--
    (i) Each front seat that meets the requirements of Sec. 23.785 (g) and (h)
  of this chapter in effect on December 12, 1985;
    (ii) Each additional seat that meets the requirements of Sec. 23.785(g) of
  this chapter in effect on December 12, 1985.
    (17) For rotorcraft manufactured after September 16, 1992, a shoulder
  harness for each seat that meets the requirements of Sec. 27.2 or Sec. 29.2
  of this chapter in effect on September 16, 1991.
    (c) Visual flight rules (night). For VFR flight at night, the following
  instruments and equipment are required:
    (1) Instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
    (2) Approved position lights.
    (3) An approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system
  on all U.S.-registered civil aircraft. Anticollision light systems initially
  installed after August 11, 1971, on aircraft for which a type certificate was
  issued or applied for before August 11, 1971, must at least meet the
  anticollision light standards of part 23, 25, 27, or 29 of this chapter, as
  applicable, that were in effect on August 10, 1971, except that the color may
  be either aviation red or aviation white. In the event of failure of any
  light of the anticollision light system, operations with the aircraft may be
  continued to a stop where repairs or replacement can be made.
    (4) If the aircraft is operated for hire, one electric landing light.
    (5) An adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical
  and radio equipment.
    (6) One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required,
  that are accessible to the pilot in flight.
    (d) Instrument flight rules. For IFR flight, the following instruments and
  equipment are required:
    (1) Instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section,
  and, for night flight, instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (c)
  of this section.
    (2) Two-way radio communications system and navigational equipment
  appropriate to the ground facilities to be used.
    (3) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator, except on the following aircraft:
    (i) Airplanes with a third attitude instrument system usable through
  flight attitudes of 360 degrees of pitch and roll and installed in accordance
  with the instrument requirements prescribed in Sec. 121.305(j) of this
  chapter; and
    (ii) Rotorcraft with a third attitude instrument system usable through
  flight attitudes of +/-80 degrees of pitch and +/-120 degrees of roll and
  installed in accordance with Sec. 29.1303(g) of this chapter.
    (4) Slip-skid indicator.
    (5) Sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure.
    (6) A clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second
  pointer or digital presentation.
    (7) Generator or alternator of adequate capacity.
    (8) Gyroscopic pitch and bank indicator (artificial horizon).
    (9) Gyroscopic direction indicator (directional gyro or equivalent).
    (e) Flight at and above 24,000 ft. MSL (FL 240). If VOR navigational
  equipment is required under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, no person may
  operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft within the 50 states and the
  District of Columbia at or above FL 240 unless that aircraft is equipped with
  approved distance measuring equipment (DME). When DME required by this
  paragraph fails at and above FL 240, the pilot in command of the aircraft
  shall notify ATC immediately, and then may continue operations at and above
  FL 240 to the next airport of intended landing at which repairs or
  replacement of the equipment can be made.
    (f) Category II operations. The requirements for Category II operations are
  the instruments and equipment specified in--
    (1) Paragraph (d) of this section; and
    (2) Appendix A to this part.
    (g) Category III operations. The instruments and equipment required for
  Category III operations are specified in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (h) Exclusions. Paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section do not apply to
  operations conducted by a holder of a certificate issued under part 121 or
  part 135 of this chapter.