Nouns

With the exception of correlatives (which will be discussed later), all nouns end in -ë when in their normal form. To make a noun be plural, change the -ë to ae. Also, if the noun is the direct object of a sentence rather than the subject, add -n at the very end of the word. Here's a short list of how the ending of a noun looks for certain situations:
       Nominative singular noun: -ë
       Nominative plural noun: -ae
       Accusative singular noun: -en
       Accusative plural noun: -aen
If the word order of the sentence is subject-verb-object, then the accusative ending is optional. If this standard word order is broken, however, the accusative must be used.

Correlatives

If you want to show proximity, add tol in front of the correlative. This word corresponds with cxi in Esperanto. To make the correlative plural, add andas before it. And, lastly, if you want to show proximity and make it plural, use tolánd.

Adjectives

The adjective is never changed to be plural. It is, however, changed if the word that it modifies is accusative. If that is the case, the adjective (which normally ends in -a), takes the ending -an:
       Nominative adjective: -a
       Accusative adjective: -an
Like the noun, the accusative is only required if the word order of the sentence is not subject-verb-object. Adjectives can either precede or follow the noun that they modify, so long as you stay consistent within a sentence.

Adverbs

All adverbs end in -ui. So, you can drop the -a of an adjective and add -ui to change it to an adverb.

Verbs

All verb infinitives end in -i. In order to conjugate the verb, do the following steps in order:
   1. Drop the -i ending.
   2. Choose the ending for the tense that you want to use:
          Past -o
          Present, Imperative -a
          Future -e
          Conditional -au
   3. Add the person ending:
          First person singular -l
          Second person singular -th
          Third person singular -r
          First person plural -ch
          Second person plural -f
          Third person plural -nd
   4. If you want to make the verb perfect, add -on.
   5. Continue only if you want to make a sentence optative, imperative, or into a question:
          Optative: Add Nae at the beginning of the sentence.
          Imperative: Add a immediately before the verb. If you want to make the imperative
             negative, add no before the a.
          Question: Unless the question will contain a question word (like who, when, and
             what), add Abél at the beginning of the sentence.

Participles

The participles are quite simple. Simply add the letter that determines tense in the verbs, and then attach -thi to the end:
   Past participle: -otha
   Present participle: -atha
   Future participle -etha

Word Order

Adjectives can come either before or after the noun that they modify, so long as you stay
   constant within a sentence.
Word order is typically SVO.
However, you may put the words in any order, so long as:
       1. If the word order is not SVO, the object and its adjective(s) have -n attached.
       2. Prepositional phrases remain together.
       3. The word "no" comes immediately before the word it negates.

Explanation of Some of These Terms and Examples

Accusative
This is a form of an adjective or a noun that is the object of the sentence. Here are some examples, with all accusative nouns in italics, and accusative adjectives in bold:

I love you.
The little green men abducted a frightened child
A frightened child bit the little green men.
Leif Ericsson discovered a new land, America.
J. R. R. Tolkien wrote good books.

To make an adjective be accusative, add -n after the -a. To make a noun be accusative, add -n after the -ë.

Adjectives
Words that are adjectives describe things. Here are some examples, with the adjective in italics:

An angry boy hit the stupid kid in his ugly face.
The golden sun rose over the grassy plain, making brilliant colors.
The hopping girl made an annoying sound.
His cow jumped over the moon

In English, we often make adjective from nouns and vice versa. For example, you get "angry" from "anger" and "happiness" from "happy". However, you can never really tell what ending to add unless you just have heard it enough times. For example, how do I know that the noun form for "stupid" is "stupidity" rather than "stupidness"? I've just heard it enough times until it finally stuck into my brain. In Almalinian, there is no guess work: to change a noun word into an adjective, drop the -ë (which shows that a word is a noun) and add an -a on. Here are some examples:

rumbë ("cloud") --> rumba ("cloudy")
enyë ("fun") --> enya ("funny")
felnë ("metal") --> felna ("metallic")
nyë ("I") --> nya ("my" or "mine")

Adverbs
Adverbs are words that tell how something is done. Here are some examples, with the adverbs in italics:

I read perfectly.
He ran around the track fast (or quickly).
Hurry slowly! [From a comic in Latin I once read which said "Festina lente!"]
The good-spirited man lives salubriously.
George can not think well.

To make an adverb, drop the ending of the word and then add -ui, which shows that a word is an adverb.

Correlatives
For the most part, you can just look on the chart and figure out which word you want.

However, you may want to show that something is close by, like in these examples:
telnel ("that person") – tol telnel ("this person")
telmen ("that" or "that thing") – tol telmen ("this" or "this thing")
telgael ("then") – tol telgael ("now")

igael ("sometime") – tol igael ("sometime very soon") If you want to make the word be plural (like chaning "that person" to "those people"), you add andas before the correlative. Of course, on some correlative (particularly the ones that are under the "Universal" and "Negative" headings) can not have this word added, because it wouldn't make sense. Here are some examples:
áquegael ("when") – andas áquegael ("what times")
inel ("somebody") – andas inel ("some people")

To change the correlative to be both close in proximity and be plural (like changing "that thing" to "these things"), add tolánd. Once again, this word can not be used on correlatives that fall under the "Universal" and "Negative" headings. Here are some examples:
telnel ("that person") – tolánd telnel ("these people")
áquegael ("when") – tolánd áquegael ("these times")
áquelon ("how") – tolánd áquegael ("these methods/ways")

Nominative
The nominative is the normal form of the noun. This form is also the way that the words in the dictionary are listed.. Here are some examples of sentences, with the nouns in nominative form in italics, and the adjectives in nominative form listed in bold:

A big, hairy, round monster jumped on me*.
The happy boy bought a balloon.
A mean woman popped the balloon.
The happy boy is now a sad boy**.

*Note that in English, the pronouns (which are words like I, he, she, it) after prepositions are in the accusative form (and so you have "on me" rather than "on I"), but in Almalinian, you use the nominative form after the prepositions (and so to translate the sentence above into Almalinian, you would write "on I".)
**Also note that if you use a form of "to be" (am, is, are, was, were, will be) as the verb of the sentence, the words that come after the verb keep their nominative form.

Nouns
Nouns are words that are places, things, people, or ideas. Here are some example sentences, with the nouns in italics:

The big kid with his mother was walking the greyhound.
The principal called me to his office.
I see you.
Their language is a bad thing.

Similar to adjectives, you can make nouns from other words. Drop whatever ending they might have, and add "-ë". Here are some examples:

nénebi ("to scream") --> nénebë ("a scream")
melina ("rich") --> melinë ("richness" or "wealth")
cógniti ("to wonder") --> cógnitë ("a wonder")
bruina ("white") --> bruinë ("whiteness")

In the Almalinian dictionaries, nouns are listed with the singular form (which means only one of something). The plural form (which is two or more of something, like in the words "boys, girls, farms, leaders") is formed by dropping the -ë and adding -ae.

Optative
The optative form of a verb is a situation in which you hope that something will happen or you or wishing for it. Here a few examples with the optative:

God bless you.
Be it that you shall find the blessed isle.
Be it that Gacatë will be defeated in the end of days.

You form the optative by adding Nae at the beginning of the sentence.

Participles
Participles are adjectives that are formed from verbs in a different way than just changing the verb ending -i to -a. Let's look at some examples:

The verb conbeni means "to bond" or "to stick together". If you dropped the verb ending -i and changed it to -a, thus creating conbena, the word would more or less mean "sticky". But what if you want to create an adjective that shows that the verb was done to the noun, or that the noun is currently doing something? The past participle is formed by dropping the verb ending -i and adding -otha. This gives conbenotha, which means "stuck" (as in, "The stuck boys could not escape.") or "bonded" (as in, "The two bonded metals were very strong."). Theni means "to behold" and from that you can create thenotha which means "beheld" (as in, "The warrior, beheld by his people, shouted triumphantly.")

The present participle is formed by adding -atha rather than -otha. Here are some example sentences, with the present participle in italics:
1. The jumping boy fell down.
2. A soaring balloon faded into the sky.
3. The shimmering water reflected a beautiful face.
4. The boy who was thinking cried, "Eureka!" (Note that this isn't truly a participle, but in Almalinian, the phrase would simply be changed to a single word, a present participle.)

The future participle is formed by addig -etha as the ending of a word. The future participle is similar to the present participle except that is describes things that will happen in the future. There is no future participle in English, and so here I give phrases such as "who will be thinking" although these aren't true participles. Just keep in mind that such phrases all become on word, a future participle, when in Almalinian.
1. The boy who will be thinking will stop the corruption.
2. The man who will die will give a great revelation to mankind.
3. A man who will save us will come. (To translate this sentence into Almalinian, you would say "[future participle of "to save"][man][for][we][third personal singular future form of "to come"]")

Person
Person on verbs is not used in English, but it is in the Romance languages, among others. To put person on verbs, you first have to determine what the subject of the sentence is.

If the subject is "I," add the first person singular ending (which is -l) onto the word. An example for when you would use this ending is in the sentence "I see a cat."

Second singular is used when the subject is "you," but only when you're talking to one person. Third person singular is used if the subject is "he, she, it"; third singular is also used for any other subjects.

Third singular is used for the subjects "he", "she," and "it". It is also used for any other singular subjects (such as in the sentence, "The bird flew.") If you can't decide whether or not a verb subject should fall into this category, try replacing the subject with a pronoun (so, in the bird example, you would think "It flew" -- Since "it" is a third singular pronoun, this is form you should use.)

First plural is used when the subject is "we" or any other thing that means "we" (such as, "you and I," and, "Mary and I").

Second plural is used when talking to someone about that person, but you are speaking to a group. (In some English dialects, this is the situation for which you might say "y'all" or "you guys".) Imagine that you are looking at a group of three people and you want to tell them all that they are beautiful; second plural is the form you would use. If, however, you had just one of them in mind, you should use second singular instead.

Third plural is used when the subject is "they" or anything that means "they" (such as, "Bob and his friend," "he and she," or, "the diplomats from Berlin"). If in doubt, try to replace the subject with the word with "they" and see if it makes sense. For example, if you tried to change, "The diplomats from Berlin negotiated," to, "It negotiated," that would not make good sense. You should realize that you need to say, "They negotiated," instead.

Prepositions
Prepositions are words like on, in, at, for, to, with, by, of, against, after, before, off, on, in front of, out of, behind, above, and through. The main thing to keep in mind about these is that if you decide to change the word order of a sentence, you keep the preposition in the right place. For example, if you wanted to change, "I went to town," into a different order that you don't accidentally make it something like "Went town to I." (It should be, "Went to town I.")

Questions
There are essentially two types of questions: those that use correlatives (such as sentences like, "Where did it go?" and, "What will he say?") and those that don't (such as sentences like "Is he running?" or "Will she do it?") To create the sentences that don't use the correlatives (which are words like, "what, where, why, when"), simply add "Abél" to the beginning of the sentence. Here are two examples of a sentence and then the same sentence in question form:

He sees the horse. - Laurebayar i calnosen.
Does he see the horse? - Abél laurebayar i calnosen?

You have to go. - Silmath enuili.
Do you have to go? - Abél silmath enuili?

Verbs
A verb is a word that makes action happen. Here are some examples, with the verbs in italics:

A dog chased the cat.
The cat will get vengeance.
The dog is talking to the mouse.
The dog and the mouse have decided to ally against the cat.

There are different types of verbs. Here are some examples of the types that are used in Almalinian:

Present: talks, is talking, is, am, drinks, is drinking
Past: talked, saw, was, were going, drank, was drinking
Future: will talk, will be, will be going, will make
Imperative: go! hurry up! run!
Conditional: would go, should, could be
Present Perfect: has been talking, has been, have been thinking
Past Perfect: had been thinking, had been crying, had been
Future Perfect: will have been, will have been jumping
Conditional Perfect: would have been, could have been playing

Now that you know what these terms mean, you can use the chart at the top part of this page to determine what you should do. However, note there are passive forms as well. Here are some examples:

could have been killed (by a murderer)
had been eaten (by a Cyclops)
was hit (by something)
will have been seen (by someone)
will be hunted (by an animal, etc.)

As you can see, these forms usually have the word "by" after them. If you want to use these forms put the form of "to be" that you need followed by a past participle of the verb. Here are some examples:

adoron ("he had been") beotha ("eaten")
aderon ("he will have been") laurebayotha ("seen")
adachon ("we have been") frecamotha ("hit")

Word Order
Suppose you wanted to say, "A hungry cat ate a grey mouse," in a different order. In Almalinian, you could choose to say, "Ate mouse grey cat hungry," and you could still make sense. The reason for this is the different endings on words that distinguish between their different forms. For example, in this sentence, the words "grey" and "mouse" would both end in -n due to their accusativity (See "Accusativity" above for an explanation of what it is.). "Hungry" and "cat" would simply end in the normal, nominative form, and so you could still recognize that these words are part of the subject of the sentence.

If you decide to keep the sentence in subject-verb-object order (which is what the original sentence, "A hungry cat ate a grey mouse," is in) you don't have to make the object ("grey mouse," in this case) be accusative; it's optional. However, if you decide to change the word order to any other form (The second sentence above is in verb-object-subject ["VSO"] order.), then you must put the accusative on the appropriate nouns and adjectives so that a reader can still figure out what is being said.

Adjectives can come either before or after the noun, so long as you don't sporadically change in the middle of a sentence. (So, you could say, "Ate mouse grey cat hungry," but not, "Ate mouse grey hungry cat.") Another example in which an adjective follows its noun is, "The Sun bright blinded eyes blue my."