The monera kingdom is made up of prokaryotes. The monera kingdom is split into two separate categories which include: archaebacteria, and eubacteria. Archaebacteria evolved differently from eubacteria and for this reason, systematists have separated them into a separate category from eubacteria.
Nearly all prokaryotes have cell walls external to their plasma membranes. The wall maintains cell shape, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypertonic environment. Instead of cellulose like in plant walls eubacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. Many prokaryotes have a capsule that is another layer of protection over their cell walls.
One of the most valuable tools for identifying eubacteria is the gram stain. Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls, with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. The walls of gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex in structure. Gram-negative bacteria are often pathogenic and more resistant to antibiotics because their outer membrane impedes the entrance of drugs
Motile prokaryotes have one of three mechanisms, which they use to move. The most common force is the flagella. A second motility mechanism used by helical shaped bacteria called spirochetes, is the use of several filaments that spiral around the cell under the outer sheath of the cell wall. In the third mechanism, some prokaryotes secrete slimy chemicals and move by a gliding motion that may result from the presence of flagellar motors that lack flagellar filaments.
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by the mode of cell division called binary fission.