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The Making of the Modern Jew
From the Second Temple to the State of Israel

by Milton Steinberg, 1948 rev. 1964
      The church, the state, and the mob had conspired against him. They had put a badge of shame on his garment, confined him to a ghetto, refused him the right to till the soil or to acquire membership in the guilds, burned him and his books in public bonfires. By every rule of reason, his very memory should have been obliterated. And yet, stubbornly, uncannily, he persisted and survived. Like truth crush to earth, he rose again at the first relaxation of pressure. He not only survived, he maintained a culture and made it creative. What could mere reason make of such a spectacle? Wherefore the medieval mind created a legend in which the fantastic immortality of the Wandering Jew mirrored the even more fantastic deathlessness of the Jew of flesh and blood.

      The myth is gone; the mystery persists. Israel still runs true to form as a riddle to the nations of the earth, and indeed to itself also. It is a rare Gentile, and almost as rare a Jew, who has any clear notion of how this people contrived to keep going, or what resources sustained it under circumstances in which life should have been intolerable. This then is one mystery we shall seek to explore in this book: Jewish survival.

      Still another riddle attends the Jew: the contradictions in his character, which are fully as puzzling as those presented by his history, and of even wider interest and concern. After all, one may readily avoid contact with the Jewish past. It is not so easy to elude modern Jews and their problems.

      Now consider, for a moment, some of the paradoxes and conflicts of the contemporary Jewish scene.

      Along the streets of some modern city on a Saturday morning, a Jew makes his way from the synagogue. His handkerchief is bound about his wrists, for rabbinic edict prohibits the carrying of even the slightest burden on the Sabbath. Five precepts of the Law of Moses forbid shaving; therefore, no razor has even touched his face. The weather may be inclement, but he will not ride, even in a public conveyance driven by and for Gentiles. He has recited prescribed Sabbath prayers; soon he will eat food prepared the day before in strictest conformity with traditional rules of diet. Twice more, before the sacred day is finished, he will join in the formal worship of God. At dusk, he will kindle a fire for the first time in twenty-four hours, sending the Sabbath angels away with the sweet savor of spices: for so it was ordained of old. In the eyes of the world, he may be an anacrhonism, the lingering ghost of a vanishing medieval world. In his own eyes, he is a loyal Jew, obeying God's will as revealed on Mount Sinai and finding the experience graceful and lovely.

      Along the same street, in perfect forgetfulness of the Sabbath, another Jew drives his automobile from his place of business to a luncheon engagement. From the point of view of the Jewish tradition, he is a sacrilege in motion, a surfeit of sin. He has shaved, he has worked, he is riding, he has not prayed. The food he is to eat is forbidden, and no wine cup wil be blessed before he drinks. The game of golf or bridge which will afford his afternoon's entertainment is a travesty on the ancestral conception of a day of rest. If he is at all typical, he has long since ceased to give the matter even a passing thought. At most, he has suffered a twinge of conscience, or momentary longing for an older way of life, and then has dismissed it all as obsolete and fit only for those Jews who are not sufficiently modern to know any better. p. 19-21

      It [development of Zionism] has divided the theorizeers of Jewish life into two major and many minor camps over the most fundamental questions of all: What is Judaism? What is Jewishness? Here, on issues which one would imagine to be the simplest of all and lest liable to disagreement, division are in actual fact deep and passionately held. There are those who hold that Judaism is basically-- some would say exclusively-- a religion, and Jewishness a form of memership in a communion. Others contend just as stoutly that the whole business of being a Jew is ultimately soemthing secular, a matter of social identity perhaps, or of membership in the people of Israel, or of nationality or culture. Both camps in turn split into sub-groups: among the religionists, into Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform wings, differing form one another in theology, ritual and ideology; among the secularists, into Zionists and anti-Zionists, Hebraists and Yiddishists.

      Out of this chaos of contradictions one truth emerges as beyond challenge: that whatever may have been the case in the past, Jews today are quite without that unity which is ascribed to them in popular imagination Of all the misconceptions concerning them, none is so widespread as the myth that they band together, thinking, acting, and living in international accord. p. 23

      Thus, almost everywhere in the Western world, the Jews are city-dwellers. They were not such in the Biblical or Talmudic periods. How came they to be urbanized? Again, living in towns, they tend to huddle together in Jewish neighborhoods. Where did they get this habit of gregariousness? How does it happen that whereas in ancient times they were, almost to the man, farmers and artisans, they are these days so preponderantly engaged in commerce and the professions? Where did they pick up their reputation for business acumen and, in some circles, for sharp practices? Or for that matter, their inordinate interst in philanthropy and social justice? Whence did they acquire their bookishness, their ardor for learning, their high concentrations in literary and artistic fields? How is one to explain that though, when they were at their peak numerically in 1936, they were still less than one per cent of the world's populatio, they nevertheless furnished thirteen per cent of the Nobel Prize winners? p.25-26

      In the second place, it [the racial theory of success] explains to much. Every trait and its opposite is accounted for by the one word, heredity. But a hypothesis which explains anything and its antithesis is fully worthless as one which explains nothing at all. p. 26

      To the modern Christian, crusaders are romantic figures. He tends to visualize them as gallant knights, clad in shining armor and imbued with teh spirit of a holy quest. There can be no doubt that many, ifnot most, of the cursaders were fired with a high ideal. That crusading had to be made attractive by indulgences and the remission of debts, does not militate against the sincerity of man y who embarked on the great adventure to regain the Sepulcher.

      But to the Jews of the Middle Ages, the crusader, or the mob stirred up by his passage, was a curse, a menace and a devouring flame. In 1096, the crusading armies passed through the Rhineland. When they had gone their way, ten thousand Jews who had refused baptism had been butchered in cold blood. As the first Crusade was baptized in Jewish blood, so did it end. When at last Godfrey de Bouillon entered Jerusalem as conqueror, he drove all the Jews of the Holy City into a synagogue and ahd them burned alive.

      Each succeeding Crusade took its tool, now in Germany, now in France, or in England. And when the whole ghastly process was over, the Jew had lost his security entirely. It was understood now that the Jew was fair game. Later generations were not remiss in profiting by experience. The political and economic effects of the Crusades... wiped out the last civil rights which Jews possessed. p. 43

      The ideas and ideals of a people may give it significance, but its group habits give it life. For naked ideas are frail things that often die upon being transplanted to a new climate. The mortality risk of an idea clothed in a habit is much lower. A people in exile fortified only with concepts would have lost both its concepts and its own life. A people bound by a common law, ritual and habitual practises might coneivably save its law, its ideas and even itself. Or, as a modern Jewish thinker [Ahad ha'Am -BF] once put it, "More than Israel observed its Sabbath, did the Sabbath preserve Israel." p. 52-53 [it's a play on the words 'observe' and 'preserve' which have the same root in the Hebrew].

      The quotation from the Talmud which follows offers a vivid case in point [of ethical idealism penetrating religious law].



      This passage from the tradition is quoted here because it reveals clearly the penetration of the law by moral idealism--- a penetration in this case to the point of interruption and intrusion. For the whole latter portion of this Talmudic text is really irrelevant to the issue at hand. p. 55


Preface to Masorti Siddur
Va'ani T'fillati

ed. R' Simcha Roth
quoted from
http://www.masorti.org/siddur/editorpref.html

"No sin shall befall the righteous; but the wicked are filled with evil" [Proverbs 12:21]. The midrash on this verse reads: "No sin shall befall the righteous - when he acts in all innocence; but the wicked are filled with evil - this refers to one who says one thing but means another" [Midrash Mishlei 12].

      When someone says one thing but has some other meaning in his mind, Scripture terms him a wicked person; furthermore, in the continuation of the Midrash, what he says is termed "an abomination". And the Talmud [Pesachim 113b] tells us that "God hates three things..." - and one of the three is someone who says one thing but means another. If this is the case with speech in general, how much more must it be the case as regards prayer, which is our speech with God. When the prayer that we utter does not conform to the truth that is in our heart it is considered to be "an abomination" and the worshipers are considered to be "wicked" - according to the Midrash!

      One of my aims in editing the prayer-book [siddur] that you are now holding in your hand was to prevent such a situation. There is a good reason why this siddur is called "Va'ani Tefillati". The name is based on the well- known verse {Psalm 69:14]: "Let my prayer unto Thee, O Lord, be at an acceptable time; O God, in the abundance of Thy mercy, answer me with the truth of Thy salvation". The Talmud [Berakhot 7b] asks and responds: "What is an acceptable time? - when the congregation worships." In the light of the first midrash that I quoted we may offer a new interpretation: Va'ani Tefillati - I am my prayer; my prayer and I are one. I do not say one thing while meaning another. What my heart prompts is what determines the prayer that I utter. This siddur is for an Israeli, Hebrew-speaking public in general, and for the worshipers in the congregations of the Masorti Movement in particular. This public is varied in its opinions; therefore the siddur has several special characteristics. The siddur Va'ani Tefillati is Masorti [Conservative], Israel-Zionist, pluralistic and innovative.


from http://www.masorti.org/siddur/chairpref.html
R' Michael Graetz, the chair


      Moreover, our Sages said that one should not express in prayer anything which one does not take to be a truth. In the Talmud the question is asked how could Jeremiah and Daniel change the words of a prayer uttered by Moses? The answer given is that upon seeing the destruction of Jerusalem and of the nation they began to have doubts about some of God's qualities. Due to their difficult experience they could not truly believe in all of the attributes of God which Moses had articulated. The Talmud justifies this approach by saying: "...they knew that the Holy One blessed be He is truthful, and thus they did not lie to Him". [Yoma 69b] That is, God does not tolerate false statements by people. We must express the true beliefs of our hearts.


Conservative Judaism and Jewish Law

ed. Seymour Siegel, 1977

      The second part of the program of Conservative Judaism was to legitimate changes from the accepted practice. The legitmation of a modification was established by means of the following principles: a nonfundamentalist view of revelation; discernment of the needs of the time; a recognition of historical development; the need for perspective; the demands of the aggadic and ethical aspects of Judaism; and the acceptance of pluralism in the religious community. p. xix


Understanding Conservative Judaism

by Daniel Gordis, 1978

      Finally, and most important, the much discussed "return to religion" has a vital bearing on the future role of the modern rabbi. While this much-touted revival is often exaggerated, it is rea; its basic drawback is that, genuine as it is for many, it has often remained superficial, lacking deep roots in Jewish knowledge. Modern Jews, young or old, seeking to "return" are often at the mercy of the many voices-- siren or strident-- that compete in the marketplace for Jewish souls, and many are victimized in the process. Nevertheless, the new interest in religion will make it possible for the rabbi to become, in ever greater degree, the teacher and interpreter of Judaism as a world-view and as a way of life for those men, women, and young people who are intelligent in their quest for hama'or shebayahadut, "the light that is in Judaism."

      This religious revival is not of one piece. It takes the form of a pyramid consisting of three layers. The broad base at the bottom constitues the new, widespread interest in the message of religion; the middle, narrower segment above it represents an intellectual acceptance, in whole or in part, of the content of religion; the apex, narrowest of all, but the crowining glory of the pyramid, consists of those who have made a personal commitment to practice and observe the imperatives of religion. Each section of the pyramid poses a challenge and an opportunity for the rabbi, summoning up all his learning and piety, his sympathy and wisdom, his energy and patience.

      Evidence is mounting of a radical transformation in the future structure of the synagogue as well, affecting the role of the rabbi as its spiritual leader. Organized religion does not lack for critics today, many of whose strictures have a substantial measure of justice. It is often pointed out, sometimes in sorrow and often in anger, that organized religion today has become a massive institution, mechanical, impersonal, and expensive, particularly for young people early in their careers. It is unfortunately true that the church and the synagogue repel many of the most sensitive and potentially most valuable elements in the community. All too often, the million-dollar temple fails to establish those intimate links between the individual Jewish child, youth or adult and his faith which are the essence of the religious experience. Unfortunately, the remedy is harder to come by than the diagnosis. p. 187-188


from Waxman's book, Tradition and change

Toward the Formulation of Guiding Principles for the Conservative Movement

by Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, 1949
We point with pride to the many synogogues and community centers which have been built recently. We forget, however, that, except on the High Holidays, the average synogogue attendance of our congregations seldom amounts to more than ten percent of their memberships, and that the memberships themselves in large cities, where 85 per cent of our people live, amount to less than ten percent of the Jewish population. p.289

Even if those opinions [of Koestler that the Jewish people are an anachronism with assimilation rates as they are, Israel will soon cease being a Jewish country --BF] were no more than the expression of wishful thinking, the very circumstance that so many Jews of light and leading should wish to see Judaism liquidated is enough of a danger signal for those of us who are concerned with its conservation and enhancement.

The ideologies have become largely outdated. Their dividing lines are considerably faded, so that they merge into one another like the colors of the rainbow. But the four groups [of Reform, Reconstructionist, Orthodox, Conservative] have established their own organizations and institutions and have developed their own loyalties. The question is what shall these groups do? To ask them to realign themselves is to expect water to run uphill. On the other hand, as will be shown presently, there is nothing so urgent nowadays as for all Jews throughout the world to present a common spiritual front against the menace of Jewish self-liquidation. The only feasible strategy is for each existing group to do two things: 1) propose some formula as a common meeting ground for all groups on the highest possible level of common purpose, and 2) redefine or reformulate those of its principles and practices that had led it to take issue with the other groups. In line with this strategy, I submit the following analysis and program for the Conservative group. p. 290-91

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