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Paul Lutherborough and Anne Jackson © Paul Lutherborough's exact date and place of birth is not known, but it is believed he was born in Hull and parish records of Hull show he was baptized at the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, Yorkshire on the 16th November, 17741. The eldest son of William Lutherborough and Betty nee Wardell, Paul had a younger sister, Mary Anne born around 17761, and a younger brother Robert born 17781. Sadly Robert died a short time after his birth and three weeks later Paul’s mother also died2. Paul’s level and place of education is unknown, but given his occupation in 1796, it is almost certain he was educated, and possibly to a reasonable standard. Our story of Paul starts in 1796, when at the age of 22 he was arrested and charged ‘for Forgery at Beverley 13th April last in Forging an endorsement on a Bill of Exchange for 210Pounds, 4Shillings and 8Pence in the name of R. Johnson’, and drawn by Messrs Pease, Harrison & Co. Bankers of Hull, on Sir James Sanderson & Co. London’3, 4 & 5. At the time of the forgery, Paul was in the employment of Messrs Martin and Booth, Wharfingers of Hull, and based on information in later documents, it is assumed Paul had been an apprentice to the company, and then been an employee for a number of years. Wharfingers are described as being ‘persons who own, or are in charge of, a Wharf’. In an Examination of Paul, taken in Beverly on the 10th May, 1796, before Mark Hewith, Deputy Mayor, Paul stated ‘that upwards of four years last past he has lived with the said Martin and Booth as their clerk’. Paul admitted ‘on or about the eleventh day of April last … searched a Bill of Exchange belonging to Martin and Booth, drawn by Pease Harrison and Co. Bankers in Hull on Sir James Sanderson & Co. London’ and that he ‘applied at the Bank of Harland & Luke to have the Bill discounted and that a Clerk there paid him in notes and cash’. When questioned he gave the ‘reason for writing the name or characters of R. Johnson instead of this examinants own name was that he might not be found out’. This examination was taken as his confession. Witness statements were also procured from: Francis Shepherd, Clerk to Bankers Messers Harland & Luke; and Godfrey Martin, partner of Martin & Booth, Wharfinger, and Paul was then indicted3, 4 & 5. The indictment in the Assizes Northern and North-Eastern Circuit Indictment Files is very long and detailed, as well as the language being quite colourful, the record stating that ‘Paul Lutherborough … had in his Custody and possession a certain Bill of Exchange … that the said Paul Lutherborough afterwards to wit…. with force and arms feloniously did falsely make forge and counterfeit …. with Intention to defraud Weedley Harland and John Luke’. It appears that Paul was released on Bail of £50.00, and did not spend the time awaiting his trial in jail3, 4 & 5. It has been suggested that Frances Shepherd, a clerk to Messrs Harland and Luke of Beverly may have guaranteed the Bail, indicating he may have been a friend and why Paul chanced his luck in cashing the Bill. On Saturday the 9th July, 1796, in the York Assizes, held in York Castle, charges were read and the case adjourned until the following Monday. The Courts of Assize were periodic criminal courts held around England and Wales to hear and judge the most serious cases, committed to it by the local county courts quarter sessions, held four times per year. Minor offences were dealt with summarily by Justices of the Peace in petty sessions, also known as Magistrates' Courts. The word assize refers to the sittings or of the judges, known as ‘Justices of Assize’. These were judges of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, who travelled around the country on five commissions. Two were Civil Commissions: the Commission of Assize; and the Commission of Nisi Prius (generally all legal actions tried before judges). The other three were Criminal Commissions: the Commission of the Peace; the Commission of Oyer and Terminer (to hear and determine); and the Commission of Gaol Delivery. At 11 o’clock, on the 11th July, 1796, Paul appeared to answer the charges laid against him. His Judges: The Honourable Sir Giles Rooke & The Honourable Sir Soulden Lawrence, both Knights and Justices of King George III. His Jurors: Sir George Cooke; Sir George Armitage; Sir John Ramsden; Sir Charles Turner, all Baronets; and Henry Tame Choburley; William Wrightson; Sam’l Andrew Ward; John Lister Kaye; Walter Tawkes; and Charles Beandling, all Esquires. At his trial Paul entered a Guilty plea, and there appears to be no record of a defence, although he must have been a reasonably intelligent and articulate person. However, justice in those times was extremely harsh. The judiciary had pre-determined procedures and penalties, and until 1836 legal council could not defend a prisoner, so the defence of any crime was very much dependent on uncovering some legal flaw in the charge or process as in proving innocence. Documents found which relate to Paul’s trial make no mention of any family, and although his father William is listed in the Hull Directories as the Victualler of a public house in Blanket Row Hull, 1770-1799, William had died in 17922. A document for the administration of William's goods, amounting to the value of 300Guineas, has been located and this shows Paul inherited all his father’s goods in 1796. The document relating to the administration of his father's goods also indicates a Bond was entered at the time and Paul swore in his declaration that his father had died Intestate26. Could it be he stole the money to pay this Bond so he could inherit? Paul was found Guilty to the charge of Grand Larceny, and charged ‘with the benefits of the State to be severely transported by the seas for 7years’6. Court records show that after the Guilty verdict, Paul was held in the York Gaol from the 15th July to the 27th September, 1796, before being transferred on the 29th September, 1796, to a Prison ship which was moored in Portsmouth Harbour, to await his transfer to a Convict Ship for transportation to New South Wales, Australia7. The next twelve months would have been a rude awakening for Paul and the beginning of a completely new life, one that he probably never imagined he would have to live. Possibly unused to the crowded and inhospitable conditions that prevailed on the hulks, he would also have found the work very different from his previous quiet and ordered employment. There were 301 convicts aboard the Hulk the ’Lion’ with Paul, and they were employed ‘when weather and health permitted’ under the instructions of a Public Works Supervisor. During the time Paul was on the Hulk it is likely the convicts were engaged in work on fortifying the Gosport Battlement. This had been built nearly a century earlier to protect the Weevil Estate, which had been developed into the main Navy Victualing Yard. This was a consolidation of all the Naval stores that had previously been scattered all over Portsmouth. Eventually assigned to the ‘Barwell’ for transportation, Paul finally left the shores of his birth on the 7th November, 1797. The ship was captained by John Cameron, and it was to be an eventful voyage. Due to calm conditions and adverse winds the Barwell took over 2months to reach the Cape, arriving around the 20th January, 1798. The ship was to stay in the Cape for another 2months, because the officers wanted to sell all of their European trade goods before proceeding. Leaving the Cape around the 20th March, the Barwell finally berthed in Port Jackson, Sydney, on the 18th May, 17988. One can only imagine the despair of those confined to the bowels of the ship for the 6months it took to reach their final destination. Normal conditions on the early convict ships were generally appalling. Living space was extremely overcrowded as Captains strived to increase their profit and crammed in as many bodies as possible. From the outset of transportation food rations were based on the allowance for the Royal Navy, with convicts receiving two thirds of that allowance. With an allowance barely enough to sustain life, convicts often failed to receive their full ration due to under measuring by the guards. Added to this, convicts were frequently kept below decks for days at a time, in order to quell unruly behaviour. Such circumstances often led to drastic actions, and on this particular voyage, reports of the journey indicate that soon after leaving the Cape a plot was allegedly hatched between the convicts and the soldiers to combine to seize the ship. Ensign George Bond, of the New South Wales Corps, was named as one of the ringleaders, and the Barwell’s master, John Cameron, having consulted the ship’s officers and Ensign Bayly, Bond’s superior officer, ordered Bond to be confined in irons. Several of the soldiers of the detachment were also thrown into irons. Many of the convicts were flogged, one or two being given eight dozen lashes as principal ringleaders, but the majority being given three dozen. In all, about 50 convicts and guards were punished for having their irons off or as being implicated in the alleged mutiny9. Although the ship’s log is silent on the matter, a private letter written from the Cape by Richard Dore, who was proceeding to Sydney to take up his appointment as Judge Advocate, states that on the passage to the Cape 25 prisoners had planned to seize the ships arms while the sailors were aloft and murder the officers. The plot was disclosed by an informer the night before the attempt was to be made, and next morning, as the convicts reached the deck, the conspirators were seized, double-ironed and chained together. When the Barwell reached Sydney, Ensign Bayly charged Bond with drunkenness and other offences, but supported, apparently by his officers, Bond was permitted to resign his commission rather than face a court-martial, nothing more is known of the fate any of the convicts involved10. It seems Paul was not implicated in this attempted mutiny as his name does not appear in any of the records related to any of the incidents. Eventually arriving in Port Jackson, Sydney, how relieved Paul must have been to finally reach dry land, and while he would now be a servant of another person he must have really appreciated the fresh air, with living conditions that were possibly even a slight improvement on the past twenty-two months. The Convict Indent shows that shortly after his arrival, Paul was indented to a Lieutenant Thomas Hobby at Windsor. It is not known in what capacity Paul was set to work, but it is believed he stayed with Mr Hobby until around 181011. The word ‘indented’ or ‘indenture’ was used to describe a contract binding one person to work for another for a given period of time. In the case of convicts, this generally meant until they had served out their sentence. The Convict Indentures were contracts assigning named convicts to the person or persons the government had agreed to pay to undertake the responsibility of transporting the convicts to the colony. Upon their arrival in New South Wales, the contractor, or his agent, usually the master of the vessel, then re-assigned the convicts to the Governor. In Paul’s case it is not clear whether he had been indented to Thomas Hobby before leaving England, or whether Mr Hobby, as a government employee, requested a convict labourer after the ship had arrived. Thomas Hobby assisted William Cox in the construction of the first road through the Blue Mountains, to the rich grazing or agricultural areas of the inland. Today this route is known as the Cunningham’s Gap. Windsor is approximately 60km north-west of Sydney. First settled in the late-1790s, it is the third oldest British settlement in Australia. The location was chosen for its accessibility by coastal shipping, and to take advantage of the fertile river flats for agriculture. Known as the ‘bread basket’, Windsor was meant to ensure the survival of the colony. Originally called ‘Green Hills’, Governor Macquarie renamed it Windsor, after Windsor-on-the-Thames in England. While in Windsor, Governor Macquarie ordered the main institutions of organised settlement to be erected, such as a church, a school-house, a gaol and a ‘commodious inn’ - the Macquarie Arms. Of these new buildings, the most outstanding was Francis Greenway's Saint Matthew's Anglican Church. Records indicate that it wasn’t long before Paul again found himself in trouble with the authorities. On the 5th March, 1801, Paul and several others, were tried, convicted and sentenced to death for the theft of a boat, belonging to William Haines, from Hunters River12. However, the Provost Marshal, Philip Gidley King, took into account ‘the sufferings they had experienced and from the example already made’, granted their plea for mercy and they were pardoned13. It evident that Paul was returned to Mr Hobby, as it has been claimed Paul received a second Colonial Conviction in 1802, for unlawfully selling grain that belonged to Mr Hobby, it is believed he received 50 lashes for this12. It is assumed Paul met his future wife, Anne Jackson, within days of her arrival in Australia 1806, and it is thought Paul & Anne’s employers may have known each other and at some point both Paul & Anne were at the same place at the same time. Anne Jackson was also a transported convict, but not much is known of her life before her trial, which was held in the Guildhall Carlisle at the Cumberland Quarter Sessions, on Monday the 9th January, 180415 &16. The Guildhall is a half-timbered building which dates from the late 14th Century and was built as a private house for Richard of Redness. Richard left the house to the city in his will and it became a meeting point for various trade guilds and was also used as a court house. What is known of the ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the earliest recorded inhabitants were the Carvetii tribe of Brythonic Celts who made up the main population of ancient Cumbria and North Lancashire. According to some early historians, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain, but others suggest it began as a Roman Settlement in 43AD when the Romans invaded England. The settlement was named Luguvalion or Luguwaljon, meaning 'strength of the god Lugus'. It was latinised to Luguvalium and later still was derived to Caer-luel, ‘Caer’ meaning fort in Common Brittonic. Located at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Aldew and Petteril, the town sits just 16km south of the Scottish border and because of its proximity to the border it is said to have become an important military stronghold. Most Romans had left England by the middle of the 5th Century, but the settlement was not completely abandoned. While the town may have declined, it remained a part of a Celtic Kingdom until the 7th Century, and there were many villagers and farmers in the village and surrounding area. The Celts gave it the name Carlisle, calling it ‘Caer Luel’ meaning the fortified place belonging to Luel, and in 685, St Cuthbert founded a Monastery there. Falling to the Saxons in the 7th Century, the town was then captured by the Vikings in 876, with the Saxons regaining control by the 10th Century. Carlisle was rebuilt and revived by King Ruftus who, in 1092, built Carlisle Castle, which is still today relatively intact. King Ruftus also actively encouraged people to move back into Carlisle. By the 12th Century stone walls had been erected around Carlisle, however, this did not stop the Scots laying siege and taking control until 1173. Carlisle was given its first charter in 1158 and Carlisle’s main industries became wool, which was woven and dyed in the town, and leather tanning. Carlisle, like many other places in Great Britain, was devastated by the Black Plaque, suffering several more outbreaks which decimated the population each time. The town didn’t fully recover until the 16th Century, and during the next century also had to deal with Civil War and starvation. The situation began to change in the late 18th Century with the Industrial Revolution transforming the town, the Wool Industry and the town began to boom. Nicknamed the Great Border City, Carlisle today is the main cultural, commercial and industrial centre for north Cumbria, and is home to a variety of museums and heritage centres. I have found no mention of Anne’s family in any records, and unfortunately have no conclusive proof of Anne’s parents or birthplace. Never-the-less, I do believe she was born somewhere in Cumbria England around 1776. I have located several references to baptisms of Anne Jackson in Cumberland Church Records, 1773-1779, but none that are conclusive. Taking the naming pattern of her children it is possible her father's name was Thomas and her mother’s name Mary. The 1841 Census of New South Wales17 indicate that Anne gave her religion as Church of Scotland, but again this is unconfirmed. It is likely that Anne fell to criminal activity because of poverty. The numbers of poor in rural England had been increasing steadily from the early 1700s, and as they crowded into the cities looking for work, growing poverty within those cities became a major problem, and history suggests it was no different in Carlisle. Thieving was a common crime for women in this era, as they had few employable skills. History tells us that the recorded crime rate for more than 50% of female prisoners in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries being 'other larcenies’, which generally referred to petty thievery of minor items, often items necessary for survival. A newspaper report in the Carlisle Journal, on the 14th January, 1804, tell us that Anne’s crime was to steal linens from the house where she lodged, and was possibly a housemaid or servant. It is also said she was co-habituating with a James Leggatt. James was also accused, but he was acquitted and no further information has been located on him. However, under the British legal system of the time, and its rule of transporting all women irrespective of the severity of their crime, Anne was found guilty and sentenced to seven years transportation to New South Wales, Australia16. It would appear Anne had to wait nearly two years, probably in the most appalling conditions, possibly being shifted from a crowded gaol cell in Cumbria, to either an equally crowded prison in London, or to a prison hulk in Portsmouth, before finally consigned to the William Pitt in 1806, to start her journey to Australia. A fairly new ship, built in 1804, the William Pitt was larger than the normal female transport ship, and maybe this is the reason the voyage took so long. Leaving Portsmouth England on the 1st September, 1805, the voyage took over 7months, with the William Pitt finally reaching Port Jackson NSW on the 11th April, 1806. It has been reported that Smallpox raged for well over two months during the voyage. However, it was also reported that only one of the convicts who had become infected with the disease, had died on the voyage8. As the names of those who caught and recovered from the disease were not listed, it is not known if Anne was affected by the disease. But, how did Anne cope with the separation from all that was familiar, her family and friends, the horrors of the journey, the harsh environment in New South Wales and the uncertainty of her future? Young women like Anne were at constant risk of being molested by predatory males, especially those responsible for their welfare on the voyage, and once they arrived in the Colonies they were at even greater risk from their employers. Unable to find work other than in domestic service, female convicts were often placed in isolated locations where older, powerful men could make demands for sexual favours, and where there was little opportunity for the female convict to complain or receive fair justice. Anne possibly began her new life in NSW at the Female Factory in Parramatta, as she waited to be assigned. These institutions were called factories because each was a site of production. The women produced spun wool and flax in the factories. Other work was also undertaken, such as sewing, stocking knitting, and straw plaiting. It is certain that like most other transported convicts, Anne had no family to turn to, she was female and vulnerable, and despite the toughening dimensions of her experiences in English goals, on the convict hulks and the transportation voyage, she must have been very apprehensive about her future. The Female Factory was also often used as a marriage broker, where unmarried settlers could pick a wife, but this was not to be Anne’s fate. She was soon indented as a personal servant to Jennett Evans, the wife of George Evans of Windsor14. As with Paul, it is not known if George or his wife had arranged for Anne’s indenture before Anne was transported, or if they applied directly to the Female Factory after she had arrived. George Evans was a surveyor for the NSW Government and as such he was required to complete a survey of the proposed new access road across the Blue Mountains to the much needed interior grazing lands18. As George’s wife, Jennett would have been considered as belonging to the upper class, and as such she was eligible, and even entitled, to one or more servants. It is not known just how Paul may have met his future wife, Anne Jackson, but it is presumed they met shortly after Anne’s arrival in 1806, their first child being born only 10 months after Anne’s arrival. As Ann was assigned to the Windsor area, it is reasonable to think that Paul & Ann’s employers probably knew each other, as they were both in the Windsor area. It is also interesting to note that a Lieutenant Thomas Hobby was also involved in the building of the same road as George Evans19, so they may have even been close neighbours. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to imagine that Paul and Ann may have met through their ‘masters’. As both Paul's and Anne's employers were government officials, this leads to the speculation that their relationship was possibly encouraged. It was quite common for convicts to ‘set-up’ house while they waited for permission to marry, for a Ticket-of-Leave, Emancipation, or Pardon. In fact, the government tended to ignore, and even encourage convict couples to marry, as it was believed it stabilized the convict population, and would lead to greater prosperity and expansion in the fledgling settlement. Whatever the circumstances, Paul & Anne's first child, Betty, was born on the 31st February, 18071, and a second child, William, followed on the 16th October, 18081. Paul was granted a Ticket-of-Leave on the 21st July, 181020. A Ticket of Leave was a document given to convicts granting them the freedom to work and live within a given district of the colony, before their sentence expired or they were pardoned. Ticket of Leave convicts could hire themselves out, or be self-employed, they could also acquire property. Church attendance was compulsory, as was appearing before a Magistrate when required. Permission was needed before moving to another district, and 'passports' were issued to those convicts whose work required regular travel between districts. Convicts applied through their masters to the Bench Magistrates for a Ticket of Leave, and needed to have served a stipulated portion of their sentence. A 7year terms, such as Paul’s, needed 4years service with the same master. Less than three weeks after receiving his Ticket-of-Leave, at St Matthews, Windsor, on the 13th August, 1810, Paul and Anne were married21. Six months later, on the 2nd February, 181120, Anne was issued with her Certificate of Freedom. Certificates of Freedom were introduced in 1810 and issued to convicts at the completion of their sentence. Paul and Anne’s third child, Thomas, was born on the 6th January, 18121, and along with his older siblings, he was baptized at St Matthews a few weeks later, on the 2nd February1. On the 31st January, 1813, Paul was issued with a Conditional Pardon20. This meant they were now free to leave the district if they wished. Conditional Pardons freed convicts and were granted on the condition that the convicts did not return to England or Ireland. To control this original copies of the pardons were sent to England, while duplicates remained in Australia. Copies were also given to the convicts as a proof of pardon. A Conditional Pardon records generally give date, name, where and when tried, sentence, ship and date of arrival. On the 1814 Muster of NSW14 Paul is listed as ‘Constable’, ‘On Rations’, and he is mentioned in the Sydney Gazette, on the 11th June, 181422, where he is described as ‘Pound Keeper at Castlereagh’. Castlereagh being approximately 10km south west of Windsor. Records show that Paul and Anne’s family increased in 1815 with the birth of another son, Paul. On the 17th August, 1819, Paul was granted 40Acres of Land in the District of Prospect23, in the area originally known as the Field of Mars, but re-named Kissing Point by 1800. It is here where second daughter, Mary Anne was born on the 5th December, 18211. Conditions of the Land Grant were that Paul would ‘not sell or alienate the same for the space of Five Years … and to Cultivate Twelve Acres within the said period … and reserving to Government the right of making a road through … and reserving for the use of the Crown such timber … deemed fit for Naval use’. The Grant deed was signed by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. The name Field of Mars was given by Governor Phillip when, in January 1792, he granted sections of land to eight former British marines and named the settlement the Field of Mars. It is believed that Phillip gave it that name with direct reference to Mars the Roman god of war, and the marine’s service in the colony, so meaning ‘land of the soldiers’. Today the Field of Mars Reserve is the remnant of a district which once extended from Dundas to the Lane Cove River. Those early grants were soon followed by grants to emancipated convicts. These later grants were further east of the marine grants and became known as Eastern Farms and by late 1790 had become Kissing Point. The name Kissing point is believed to have originated from the way in which heavily laden boats passing up the Parramatta River bumped or 'kissed' the rocky outcrop which extends into the river at the point25. The 1822 General Muster14 show that Paul did indeed cultivate the required land on his grant. Growing 5Acres each of Wheat and Maize, 1Acre of Potatoes, 1Acre of Orchard and 12Acres of Garden. He also had 3 Head of Cattle, 12 Hogs, and 20 Bushels of Grain in Hand. Colonial Secretary’s Correspondence indicate Paul at some stage applied for and, in 1832, was assigned a Convict Labourer20. One has to wonder why Paul had applied for, or was assigned a 'Convict Labourer'. Possibly he needed help to get his land ready to produce the necessary grain etc., or could it have been an attempt to help someone overcome the horrors of transportation, as he and his wife Anne appear to have done. One has to wonder, did Paul or Anne feel any remorse at having another human being tied to them, as they had once been tied to others. According to Church and Schools Corporation Records, Paul was the first Teacher at the 1826 Chapel School House, Kissing Point, a position he held until 1828. He was also a Chorister, Parish Clerk, and records show he also assisted in the organization of building operations. James Orr the Registrar at Parramatta received an account submitted, from Paul, for the preliminary building costs amounting to £117.10s, and Paul is reported as serving on the Jury Panel at Ryde in 1827. Paul’s name also appears as a witness to the first marriage recorded in the St Anne’s Church Register at Ryde24. The register records ‘... [the couple] were married in the presence of Paul Lutherborough, Clerk of Field of Mars....'. This same register records the marriage of Paul's son, Paul on the 25th May, 1841, sadly it also records the same son Paul's burial just a month later. It would appear Paul and his family stayed on his land grant for the required time, until on the 9th March, 1826, he agreed to lease the block of land to a Thomas Charles Swarsbuck, for the sum of Five Shillings23. Yet on the 10th March, 1826, there is recorded a release for the same parcel of land for the amount of Twenty Pounds in Spanish Dollars at Five Shillings each23. It is assumed this means Paul sold it to Mr Swarsbuck on the very next day. The 1828 Census17 has Paul listed on the NSW Muster as ‘Parish Clerk’ Kissing Point, with 1 Horse and 9 Horned Cattle. The Muster also shows his wife, Anne, and four of their children: William, Thomas, Paul and Mary Anne at the same address. According to the 1841 Census17, Paul and Anne were still living at Kissing Point, with one male servant, in a house of Wood and Stone, engaged in the occupation of Orchardist and Agriculture. Nothing further is known of Paul and Anne's movements until Paul died, aged 86, on the 10th June, 185926, after being an inmate of the Benevolent Asylum at Parramatta for a year. The NSW Benevolent Society, which was established in 1818 as a philanthropic organisation caring primarily for the needy of Sydney, presented a petition to Governor Macquarie soliciting finance for an asylum. Macquarie was receptive and a suitable building was designed and erected at Government expense. The asylum was opened to receive inmates on 12th October 1821, the Government having supplied furnishings for sixty persons. In a colony where so many had been separated from their families through transportation or emigration it served a vital role in its time, caring for the poor, abandoned, destitute and sick. An Asylum in the sense of being place of refuge, it did not house the insane. Located on George Street close to present-day Broadway, it backed on to the Old Sydney Burial Ground (Devonshire Street Cemetery). In 1901, the building was demolished to make way for the current Central Railway Station. The cause of Paul’s death is given as 1year in the Asylum & Old Age, his occupation as a Schoolmaster, his place of birth as Hull, Yorkshire (61years in the Colony), the name of wife is recorded as Unknown, but it is recorded he married in Windsor and that he had 2 sons living. As no records of Paul’s admittance or time at the Asylum have been located, the reason for his admittance to the Asylum is not known, nor are there any clues as to where his wife Anne was at the time. The informant was a Dr Thomas, the Master of the Asylum and he registered the death on 11th June, the same day Paul was buried in St John’s Cemetery, Parramatta. The actual location of his grave is unknown, and it is believed there is no marker on his grave. Formerly the Parramatta stock paddock on the outskirts of Parramatta, St John’s Cemetery was established as a general burial ground for people of all denominations, and is outstanding as a place of cultural heritage, a true pioneer cemetery. It is the oldest existing European burial ground in Australia, with many early landholders, settlers and convicts buried there. The first interment being that of James Magee, a convict’s child, buried on the 31st January 1790. While the first burial to be marked with a stone memorial was that of Henry Edward Dodd, buried on the 28th January, 1791. This is the earliest settler’s grave in Australia with a complete headstone in situ. Henry E Dodd, Superintendent of Convicts at the Government Farm, is noted for growing the first successful wheat crop in the colony. The remarkable cemetery wall, with many of its bricks stamped with government arrows, was built by public subscription in the 1820s, replacing the 1811 bank and ditch enclosure. The Lychgate is a modern copy of James Houison’s entry gate. In colonial times, bodies from the convict hospital were carried to their graves by the chain gang, contrasting sharply with elaborate funerals of the hierarchy of the colony. Today the cemetery is visited by many tourists, and historical researchers. Just over a year after her husband Paul had died, and shortly after she had been admitted to the Parramatta District Hospital, Anne died on 3rd July, 1860, she was 87years old26. The Parramatta Colonial Hospital was established in 1818, and became the Parramatta District Hospital in 1844. Historical records indicate this hospital was in George Street, and there are indications it may have been next to former Military Barracks or Convict Barracks. All that remains of this building today are the foundations, which lay under the modern Parramatta Justice Precinct. Anne’s death was registered on the 4th July by George Green, an employee of the Hospital. The cause of her death given as Old Age and Exposure of unknown duration, her occupation given as Unknown. The name of her husband was recorded as Paul Lutherbury. Her place of Birth, Time in Colony, Parents details, Place of & Age at Marriage, and Children of Marriage, are all recorded as Unknown. One can only guess at why she should have died alone and uncared for, as at least two of her children were still living at this time. Ann was laid to rest on the 4th July, 186026, in St Johns Cemetery Parramatta, and like for her husband Paul there appears to be no marker for on Anne’s grave.
References:
2. Parish Burial Record via
East Riding of Yorkshire Archives 8. Log of Logs Volume 1. Ian Nicholson (State Library Queensland 2001)
9. Plot on the Barwell, The
http://www.safeandsoundstorage.com.au/familytree/gray/stories/trial.html 11. Convict Indent. Principals Super of Convicts: Alphabetical Listing 1788–1800. 4/4003 H–O, Fiche 616, 4 of 4. Archive Authority of NSW 1999
12. Colonial Convictions. The Archive Authority of NSW 1999
18. WebPage: W.M. Cox Road Builder
https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/mrbirrell/pg000005.htm
Other Sources:
Australia’s Convict Past by Coupe, Robert (2002) Blackheath Connection, The: a web site book http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/blackheath/thebc38.htm Carlisle http://www.visitcumbria.com/car/carlisle.htm Colonial Hospital, The http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_colonial_hospital Conditions on early ships http://members.iinet.net.au/~perthdps/convicts/ships.html FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/search/ Female Factory http://members.iinet.net.au/~perthdps/convicts/confem.html Holy Trinity http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp287-311
NSW Pre-Separation Index QLD State Archives Sydney Benevolent Asylum http://www.sydneybenevolentasylum.com/index.php?page=records-of-the-benevolent-asylum
Thank you mother England: Paul Lutherburrow and Families by
Gweneth Bruen (1986) Transported https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/why-were-convicts-transported-australia Winsdor http://www.aussietowns.com.au/town/windsor-nsw
Writers guide to everyday life in Regency and Victorian England:
from 1811-1901, The. By Kristine Hughes (1998
York Probate Administration. Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of
York |
