Asiatic Calendar (History of the World)
Asiatic Calendar (History of the World)
Rulers Of The Roman and Bynzatine Empires (including dates of reign)
Julius Caesar; however he actually represents a pre-Empire and not the actual Empire.
Augustus, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, 27 BC-AD 14 start of Pax Romana
Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, AD 14-AD 37
Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius, 37-41
Claudius, uncle of Caligula, 41-54
Nero, stepson of Claudius, 54-68
Galba, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, 68-69
Otho, military commander, 69
Vespasian, military commander, 69-79
Vitellius, military commander, 69
Titus, son of Vespasian, 79-81
Domitian, son of Vespasian, 81-96
Nerva, elected interim ruler, 96-98
Trajan, adopted son of Nerva, 98-117
Hadrian, ward of Trajan, 117-38
Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian, 138-61
Marcus Aurelius, adopted by Antonius Pius, 161-80
Lucius Verus adopted by Antonius Pius; ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius, 161-69
Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, 180-92
Pertinax, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard, 193
Didius Julianus, bought office from the Praetorian Guard, 193
Severus, proclaimed emperor, 193-211
Caracalla, son of Severus, 211-17
Geta, son of Severus, ruled jointly with Caracalla, 211-12
Macrinus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, 217-18
Heliogabalus, cousin of Caracalla, 218-22
Alexander Severus, cousin of Heliogabalus, 222-35
Maximin, proclaimed emperor by soldiers, 235-38
Gordian I, made emperor by the senate, 238
Gordian II, son of Gordian I, ruled jointly with his father, 238
Balbinus, elected joint emperor by the Senate, 238
Pupienus Maximus, elected joint emperor with Balbinus by the senate, 238
Gordian III, son of Gordian II, 238-44
Philip (the Arabian), assassin of Gordian III, 244-49
Decius, proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, 249-51
Hostilianus, son of Decius, colleague of Gallus, 251
Gallus, military commander, 251-53
Aemilianus, military commander, 253
Valerian, military commander, 253-60
Gallienus, son of Valerian, coemperor with his father and later sole emperor, 253-68
Claudius II, military commander, 268-70
Aurelian, chosen by Claudius II as successor, 270-75
Tacitus, chosen by the senate, 275-76
Florianus, half brother of Tacitus, 276
Probus, military commander, 276-82
Carus, proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard, 282-83
Carinus, son of Carus, 283-85
Numerianus, son of Carus, joint emperor with Carius, 283-84
Diocletian, militiary commander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with Maximian and Constantius I, 284-305
Maximian, appointed joint emperor by Diocletian, 286-305
Constantius I, joint emperor and successor of Diocletian, 305-6
Galerius, joint emperor with Constantius I, 305-10
Maximin, nephew of Galerius, 308-13
Licinius, appointed emperor in the West by Galerius; later emperor in the East, 308-24
Maxentius, son of Maximian 306-12
Constantine I (the Great), son of Constantius I, 306-37
Constantine II, son of Constantine I, 337-40
Constans, son of Constantine I, 337-50
Constantius II, son of Constantine I, 337-61
Magnentius, usurped Constans' throne, 350-53
Julian (the Apostate), nephew of Constantine I, 361-63
Jovian, elected by the army, 363-64
Valentinian I, proclaimed by the army; ruled in the West, 364-75
Valens, brother of Valentinian I; ruled in the East, 364-78
Gratian, son of Valentinian I; coruler in the West with Valentinian II, 375-83
Maximus, usurper in the West, 383-88
Valentinian II, son of Valentinian I, ruler of the West, 375-92
Eugenius, usurper in the West, 392-94
Theodosius I (the Great), appointed ruler of the East by Gratian, later sole emperor; last ruler of united empire, 375-95
EMPERORS IN THE EAST
Arcadius, son of Theodosius I, 395-408
Theodosius II, son of Arcadius, 408-50
Marcian, brother-in-law of Theodosius II, 450-57
Leo I, chosen by the senate, 457-74
Leo II, grandson of Leo I, 474
EMPERORS IN THE WEST
Honorius, son of Theodosius I, 395-423
Maximus, usurper in Spain, 409-11
Constantius III, named joint emperor by Honorius, 421
Valentian III, nephew of Honorius and son of Constantius III, 425-55
Petronius Maximus, bought office by bribery, 455
Avitus, placed in office by Goths, 455-56
Majorian, puppet emperor of Ricimer, 457-61
Libius Severus, puppet emperor of Ricimer, 461-65
Anthemius, appointed by Ricimer and Leo I, 467-72
Olybrius, appointed by Ricimer, 472
Glycerius, appointed by Leo I, 473-74
Julius Nepos, appointed by Leo I, 474-75
Romulus Augustulus, put in office by Orestes, his father, 475-76
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire, successor state to the Roman Empire (see ROME), also called the Eastern or East Roman Empire. It was named for ancient Byzantium, which CONSTANTINE I rebuilt in AD 330 as his capital, Constantinople. The Roman Empire split permanently (395) into East and West, but after the Western Empire fell (476) the Eastern Empire claimed the entire Roman world. Boundaries shifted, but the core of the Byzantine Empire was ASIA MINOR and the S BALKAN PENINSULA. . The reigns of BASIL I (9th cent.) and his successors brought renewed imperial splendor and vigor, until the defeat by the Seljuk TURKS (1071) and the loss of Asia Minor. The empire was further weakened by the attacks of the Norman leaders ROBERT GUISCARD and Bohemond. After a brief resurgence under ALEXIUS I, a century of decay ended with the Fourth CRUSADE, the fall of Constantinople (1204), and the breakup of the empire into NICAEA, TREBIZOND, and EPIRUS. The weak Latin empire of Venice was conquered by the Nicaean emperor MICHAEL VIII, who restored the Byzantine Empire. Gradually, however, the empire was encircled by the OTTOMAN Turks, and despite a desperate defense under CONSTANTINE XI Constantinople fell (1453) to MUHAMMAD II. The modern era is traditionally reckoned from that date. A table of Byzantine emperors follows this article.
Rulers Of The Byzantine Empire (including dates of reign)
Constantine I (the Great), 330-37
Constantius, 337-61
Julian (the Apostate), 361-63
Jovian, 363-64
Valens, 364-78
Theodosius I (the Great), 379-95
Arcadius, 395-408
Theodosius II, 408-50
Marcian, 450-57
Leo I (the Great or the Thracian), 457-74
Leo II, 474
Zeno, 474-75
Basiliscus, 475-76
Zeno (restored), 476-91
Anastasius I, 491-518
Justin I, 518-27
Justinian I (the Great), 527-65
Justin II, 565-78
Tiberius II Constantinus, 578-82
Maurice, 582-602
Phocas, 602-10
Heraclius, 610-41
Constantine III and Heracleonas, 641
Heracleonas, 641
Constans II Pogonatus, 641-68
Constantine IV, 668-85
Justinian II Rhinotmetus, 685-95
Leontius, 695-98
Tiberius III, 698-705
Justinian II (restored), 705-11
Philippicus Bardanes, 711-13
Anastasius II, 713-15
Theodosius III, 716-17
Leo III (the Isaurian or the Syrian), 717-41
Constantine V Copronymus, 741-75
Leo IV (the Khazar), 775-80
Constantine VI, 780-97
Irene, 797-802
Nicephorus I, 802-11
Stauracius, 811
Michael I, 811-13
Leo V (the Armenian), 813-20
Micheal II (the Stammerer), 820-29
Theophilus, 829-42
Michael III (the Drunkard), 842-67
Basil I (the Macedonian), 867-86
Leo VI (the Wise or the Philosopher), 886-912
Alexander, 912-13
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 913-19
Romanus I Lecapenus, 919-44
Constantine VII (restored), 944-59
Romanus II, 959-63
Basil II Bulgaroktonos, 963
Nicephorus II Phocas, 963-69
John I Tzimisces, 969-76
Basil II (restored), 976-1025
Constantine VIII, 1025-28
Zoe and Romanus III Argyrus, 1028-34
Zoe and Michael IV (the Paphlagonian), 1034-41
Zoe and Michael V Calaphates, 1041-42
Zoe and Theodora, 1042
Zoe, Theodora, and Constantine IX Monomachus, 1042-50
Theodora and Constantine IX, 1050-55
Theodora, 1055-56
Michael VI Stratioticus, 1056-57
Isaac I Comnenus, 1057-59
Constantine X Ducas, 1059-67
Michael VII Ducas (Parapinaces), 1067-68
Romanus IV Diogenes, 1068-71
Michael VII Ducas (restored), 1071-78
Nicephorus III Botaniates, 1078-81
Alexius I Comnenus, 1081-1118
John II Comnenus, 1118-43
Manuel I Comnenus, 1143-80
Alexius II Comnenus, 1180-83
Andronicus I Comnenus, 1183-85
Isaac II Angelus, 1185-95
Alexius III Angelus, 1195-1203
Isaac II (restored) and Alexius IV Angelus, 1203-4
Alexius V Ducas, 1204
Theodore I Lascaris, 1204-22
John III Vatatzes or Ducas, 1222-54
Theodore II Lascaris, 1254-58
John IV Lascaris, 1258-61
Michael VIII Palaeologus, 1259-82
Andronicus II Palaeologus, 1282-1328
Andronicus III Palaeologus, 1328-41
John V Palaeologus, 1341-76
John VI Cantacuzenus (usurper), 1347-55
Andronicus IV Palaeologus, 1376-79
John V Palaeologus (restored), 1379-91
John VII Palaeologus (usurper), 1390
Manuel II Palaeologus, 1391-1425
John VII Palaeologus (restored as coemperor), 1399-1412
John VIII Palaeologus, 1425-48
Constantine XI Palaeologus, 1449-53
