Pronunciation
Declension of Nouns
Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns
Type I
Type II
Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns
Type I
Type II
Type III
Declension of Adjectives
Strong Declension
Mixed Declension
Weak Declension
Declension of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
First and Second Persons
Third Person
The Indefinite
The Reflexive
Relatives
Demonstratives I
Demonstratives II
Interrogatives and Their Relatives
Declension of Determiners
The Definite Article
All Other Determiners
Conjugation of Verbs
-AN Verbs
-UN Verbs
-ASD Verbs
Numerals
į yy |
-a |
uw |
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i y |
u |
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e ø |
o |
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æ œ |
u CC oCC |
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a CC |
a aew |
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ai |
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au |
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ei |
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Blbl |
L-Dnl |
Dnl |
Alv |
Palv |
Retr |
Pal |
Vlr |
Ulv |
Plos |
p, b |
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t (-d), d- |
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c (-cg), g- |
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Nsl |
m |
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n |
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ng |
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Trill |
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r |
Fric |
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f (vh), v |
þ, ð |
s |
s(g)I-, j |
rr |
Ich |
ch (-g) |
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Appr |
w |
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i |
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LAppr |
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l |
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I = e, æ
, i, į, ø, y, œ
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
bloma |
blomo |
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A |
bloma |
blomo |
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D |
plome |
blomum |
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G |
blomas |
blomer |
You will notice that in the dative singular, all voiced plosives become voiceless. This mutation has evolved from the assimilation of a primitive dative particle *þa. This mutation occurs in the masculine declensions and it affects both strong and weak nouns alike.
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
timmrand |
timmranda |
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A |
timmrand |
timmranda |
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D |
timmranda |
timmrandum |
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G |
timmrandas |
timmrander |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
gaiþno |
gaiþnon |
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A |
gaiþno |
gaiþnon |
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D |
gaiþno |
gaiþnon |
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G |
gaiþnor |
gaiþnoer |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
mærį |
mærįan |
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A |
mærį |
mærį an |
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D |
mærį |
mærįan |
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G |
mærįr |
mærįer |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
cwinnįnn |
cwinnynn |
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A |
cwinnįnn |
cwinnynn |
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D |
cwinnįnn |
cwinnynn |
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G |
cwinnįnner |
cwinnynner |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
vhearn |
vhearnan |
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A |
vhearn |
vhearnan |
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D |
vhearn |
vhearnan |
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G |
vhearner |
vhearnaner |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
miana |
mianan |
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A |
miana |
mianan |
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D |
miana |
mianan |
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G |
mianer |
miananer |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
gįsn |
gįsna |
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A |
gįsn |
gįsna |
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D |
gįsn |
gįsna |
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G |
gįsnas |
gįsner |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
þeargo |
þeargu |
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A |
þeargo |
þeargu |
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D |
þeargo |
þeargu |
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G |
þeargos |
þeargur |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
nama |
naman |
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A |
nama |
naman |
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D |
nama |
naman |
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G |
namas |
namer |
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Plural |
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N |
-e |
-a (-į) |
-a (-ai) |
-a (-į) |
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A |
-an |
-a (-į) |
-an |
-an |
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D |
-am |
-er |
-am |
-um |
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G |
-as |
-er |
-as |
-ar |
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Plural |
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N |
-e |
-a (-į) |
-a (-ai) |
-a (-į) |
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A |
-an |
-a (-į) |
-an |
-an |
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D |
-an |
-an |
-an |
-an |
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G |
-an |
-an |
-an |
-an |
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Plural |
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N |
- |
-a (-į) |
- |
-a (-į) |
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A |
-an |
-a (-į) |
-an |
-an |
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D |
-an |
-an |
-an |
-an |
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G |
-an |
-an |
-an |
-an |
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Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
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N |
ech |
þunn, Ynn |
wįdd |
įdd |
wør |
ør |
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A |
micg |
þicg, Ycg |
ungan |
yngan |
wans |
yððan |
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D |
mer |
þer, Įrwer |
ungrer |
yngrer |
wansrer |
yððrer |
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G |
mynn |
þynn, Įrwynn |
unger |
ynger |
wanser |
yððer |
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I |
minne |
þinne, Įrwinne |
udde |
ydde |
wænse |
yððe |
Notes
: In the second person singular conjugation, the second form (Ynn) is used for those the speaker respects, both singular and plural.
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
N |
e |
siį |
þe |
A |
enn |
sienna |
þenn |
D |
ymm |
siennį |
þwį (þy) |
G |
enns |
siįnner |
þenns |
I |
enne |
siįnne |
þenne |
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Plural |
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N |
siþþau |
su |
- |
A |
siþþaew |
þaew |
sicg |
D |
siþþeim |
þeirį |
ser |
G |
siþþer |
þeirer |
sįnn |
I |
siþþenne, þasþennoe |
þeirre |
sinne |
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
N |
irį |
sį |
þirį |
A |
irįnn |
sįa |
þirįnn |
D |
irwyr |
sįrį |
þirwyr |
G |
irynn |
sįrrer |
þirynn |
I |
irįnne |
sįnne |
þirįnne |
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Plural |
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N |
issau |
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A |
issaew |
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D |
isseim |
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G |
isser |
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I |
issenne |
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
N |
sa |
so |
þad |
A |
þann |
þana |
þadan |
D |
þonnum, -'ir * |
þænnį, -'ir * |
þannum, -'ir * |
G |
þanns |
þænner |
þadnas |
I |
sannae ‡ |
sænnoe ‡ |
þadnae ‡ |
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Plural |
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N |
þasþan |
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A |
þasþaew |
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D |
þasþeim, -'imm |
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G |
þasþas |
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I |
þasþennoe ‡ |
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* This enclitic form has evolved from an earlier dative article þænnįr.
‡
This is only used as a demonstrative as nouns aren't declined in the instrumental.The first form is used as an article, the second as a demostrative.
The definite article is placed before the noun it modifies in all cases save the dative (this rule holds true for all other determiners as well). In the dative case, the definite article comes directly behind the modified noun. If an adjective or an adjectival prepositional phrase is used in conjunction with a noun in the dative case, it comes between the noun and the article. If there is any confusion as to which noun the postposed article is modifying, the article may be attached to its noun or to an adjective modifying its noun with a hyphen. More and more often, though, the hyphen is used even when there isn't much room for confusion. In many dialects of Cepperjoleddicg, datives are only conjugated in the singular and the definite article is used to show number (I believe this convention is used as the dative plural often differs from the nominative and accusative plurals) - for example, the title of Z. Fordsmender's famous narrative Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-'imm, "About the Occurrences of the Last Few Nights" (About the_gen. Last_gen. Few_gen. Nights_gen. their Occurrence-'the_dat.-pl.). This example brings us to another important grammatical point. Because the genetive proceeds the modified noun, in long constructions the audience may lose sight of what is being possessed and what is possessing. In order to solve this problem, Cepperjoleddicg may place a genetive pronoun after the genetive phrase and before the possessed down. This is the function of siþþer in Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-'imm. Such usage is also reflected in the names of the coat of arms of the Kepperlands - Þænner Smyggar siį
nner Bįsnsgæll so Maira, The Greater Coat of Arms of the Smygga Dukedom (The_gen. Smygga_gen. her Coat-of-Arms the Greater).
HERE |
THERE |
OVER THERE, YONDER (denotes removal) |
here jinnhither jind hence jiþþre |
there þarthither þærd thence þæþre |
over there iainerthither iaind thence iainþre |
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now ninnuntil now jinnund, ninnund henceforth jiþþrog, niþþrog |
then þinnuntil then þinnund thenceforth þæþrog |
back then iainuntil then iainund thenceforth iainþrog |
ENGLISH : interrogative - relative
WHY : vhe? - duvhe
HOW : vhaewa? - vhaewa
WHEN : vhanne? - miþþan (
Notes
: nairs'į is used to mean when in the sense of German als, not as a conjunction, but as an adverb used for time reference. miþþan is roughly equivalent to English whenever, though it may be used to mean "while" or "during."vharrað is used in the past tenses.
irį
is used concerning male animates, sį is used for feminines, þirį for neuters, and s'į (contracted from an earlier -and harder to pronounce - form, saį) may be used for any of the three. Savharug s'į, vharug saį (s'į), and þissvharug s'į are all roughly equivalent to whoever, whosoever.All of these are pronouns, not adverbs (save
nairs'į), therefore the relatives are translated in the following ways: duvhe the reason why, vhaewa the way how, miþþan the time when, þærrį the place where, þad what/that which, and irį he who. All of the above, with the exception of nairs'į, decline.
Determiners are a small body of modifying words like the definite article that decline according to their own paradigm. The important determiners are swįlch such, such a; wįlch which/what a; møng much, many; nocgain a certain; øng/sum some; all, ann all, any; įlch each; værį every; and n'ain no. Adjectives of nationality (such as Cepperjoleddicg, English, and German) and the possessive forms of pronouns also decline according to the determiners' paradigm. All of the determiners are regular, save the fact that those that end in "įlch" change to "ylch" in the dative plural.
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Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Plural |
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N |
n'ain |
n'aina (-į) |
n'ain |
n'aina (-į) |
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A |
n'ainan |
n'aina (-į) |
n'ainan |
n'ainan |
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D |
n'ainam |
n'ainer |
n'ainam |
n'ainum |
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G |
n'ainas |
n'ainer |
n'ainas |
n'ainer |
Adjectives following the determiners follow the mixed declension, except for those following definite article, which take the weak declension. Adjectives are also declined according to the weak paradigm in vocative constructions - for example: þunn o unsellį þræll, you treacherous slave!
Su pinega~edd |
Present Partici ple~end |
Past Partici ple(ga)~enn |
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Indicative |
Subjunctive |
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Present |
Preterite |
Present |
Preterite |
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-a |
-am |
-aða |
-aðam |
-įe |
-įan |
-aðįe |
-aðįan |
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Su pinega~idd |
Present Partici ple~und |
Past Partici ple(ga)~unn |
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Indicative |
Subjunctive |
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Present |
Preterite |
Present |
Preterite |
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-o |
-um |
-uðo |
-uðum |
-įu |
-įun |
-uðįu |
-uðįun |
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Su pinega~asd |
Present Partici ple~asnd |
Past Partici ple(ga)~esn |
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Indicative |
Subjunctive |
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Present |
Preterite |
Present |
Preterite |
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-asg |
-aim |
-aðasd |
-aðaim |
-įasd |
-įasd |
-aðįasd |
-aðįasd |
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Cardinal (non-human) |
Pronunciation |
Cardinal (human) |
Pronunciation |
Ordinal |
Pronunciation |
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1 |
ain |
ent, Ent |
ainzer |
Ents'@(R) |
frynsd |
fRYnst |
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2 |
twaia |
twe'@ |
twedder |
twet'@(R) |
ifdum |
Ift'Um |
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3 |
þrįa |
TRi'@ |
þridder |
TRIt'@(R) |
þįrd |
TiRt |
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4 |
fydder |
fuz'@(R) |
fyddrer |
fuz'R@(R) |
fiaewrd |
fja:t |
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5 |
fimf |
fIn'If |
fimmer |
fIm'@(R) |
find |
fInt |
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6 |
seaxa |
Siks'@ |
seaxder |
Si'@t@(R) |
seaxd |
Si'@t |
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7 |
sivuna |
Siv'n.@ |
sivunder |
Siv'n.t@(R) |
sivund |
Siv'Unt |
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8 |
agdau |
ot'o |
agdaewr |
ot'a(R) |
agdud |
ot'Ut |
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9 |
nynna |
nYn'@ |
nynder |
nYnt'@(R) |
nynd |
nYnt |
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10 |
teaxna |
ti'@n@ |
teager |
ti'@x@(R) |
teaxnd |
ti'@nt |
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11 |
eaxna |
ji'@n@ |
eager |
ji'@x@(R) |
eaxnd |
ji'@nt |
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12 |
tweaxna |
twi'@n@ |
tweager |
twi'@x@(R) |
tweaxnd |
twi'@nt |
ain
, twaia, fydder, fimf, agdau, teaxna, eaxna, and tweaxna are masculine. þrįa, seaxa, sivuna, are nynna are feminine. ainzer through tweager are all masculine.Cepperjoleddicg numerals act as nouns and the words they modify are placed in the genetive singular (this is the genetive-number system employed in Russian). Thus, two hands is twaia gandur or gandur twaia, "two of hand." Numeral-Noun constructions are more popular in common speech whereas the Noun-Numeral pattern is considered "good" Cepperjoleddicg.
Animates (not humans) require the use of the word gauvaþ "head." Thus, four cows is csyr gauvæz fydder, "four head of cattle."
People are counted with a special set of numerals that don't require modification unless the speaker wishes to further specify. agdaewr is "eight people," mauðer agdaewr is "eight young women," and swinþar mænir agdaewr is "eight strong comrades."