Pronunciation
Declension of Nouns
     Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns
          
Type I
          
Type II
     Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns
          
Type I
          
Type II
          
Type III
          
Type IV
          
Type V
     Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns
          
Type I
          
Type II
          
Type III
Declension of Adjectives
     
Strong Declension
     
Mixed Declension
     
Weak Declension
Declension of Pronouns
     Personal Pronouns
          
First and Second Persons
          
Third Person
     
The Indefinite
     
The Reflexive
     
Relatives
     
Demonstratives I
     
Demonstratives II
     
Interrogatives and Their Relatives
Declension of Determiners
     
The Definite Article
     
All Other Determiners
Conjugation of Verbs
     
-AN Verbs
     
-UN Verbs
     
-ASD Verbs
Numerals

 

Pronunciation

į yy

-a

uw

 

i y

u

 

 

e ø

o

 

 

æ œ

uCC oCC

 

 

aCC

a aew

 

ai

 

au

 

ei

 

Blbl

L-Dnl

Dnl

Alv

Palv

Retr

Pal

Vlr

Ulv

Plos

p, b

 

 

t (-d), d-

 

 

 

c (-cg), g-

 

Nsl

m

 

 

n

 

 

 

ng

 

Trill

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

r

Fric

 

f (vh), v

þ, ð

s

s(g)I-, j

rr

Ich

ch (-g)

 

Appr

w

 

 

 

 

 

i

 

 

LAppr

 

 

 

l

 

 

 

 

 

I = e, æ, i, į, ø, y, œ

 

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The Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns (Type I)

 

Singular

Plural

N

bloma

blomo

A

bloma

blomo

D

plome

blomum

G

blomas

blomer

You will notice that in the dative singular, all voiced plosives become voiceless. This mutation has evolved from the assimilation of a primitive dative particle *þa. This mutation occurs in the masculine declensions and it affects both strong and weak nouns alike.

 

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The Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns (Type II)

 

Singular

Plural

N

timmrand

timmranda

A

timmrand

timmranda

D

timmranda

timmrandum

G

timmrandas

timmrander

 

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The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type I)

 

Singular

Plural

N

gaiþno

gaiþnon

A

gaiþno

gaiþnon

D

gaiþno

gaiþnon

G

gaiþnor

gaiþnoer

 

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The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type II)

 

Singular

Plural

N

mærį

mærįan

A

mærį

mærįan

D

mærį

mærįan

G

mærįr

mærįer

 

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The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type III)

 

Singular

Plural

N

cwinnįnn

cwinnynn

A

cwinnįnn

cwinnynn

D

cwinnįnn

cwinnynn

G

cwinnįnner

cwinnynner

 

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The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type IV)

 

Singular

Plural

N

vhearn

vhearnan

A

vhearn

vhearnan

D

vhearn

vhearnan

G

vhearner

vhearnaner

 

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The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type V)

 

Singular

Plural

N

miana

mianan

A

miana

mianan

D

miana

mianan

G

mianer

miananer

 

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The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type I)

 

Singular

Plural

N

gįsn

gįsna

A

gįsn

gįsna

D

gįsn

gįsna

G

gįsnas

gįsner

 

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The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type II)

 

Singular

Plural

N

þeargo

þeargu

A

þeargo

þeargu

D

þeargo

þeargu

G

þeargos

þeargur

 

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The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type III)

 

Singular

Plural

N

nama

naman

A

nama

naman

D

nama

naman

G

namas

namer

 

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Strong Declension of Adjectives

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

N

-e

-a (-į)

-a (-ai)

-a (-į)

A

-an

-a (-į)

-an

-an

D

-am

-er

-am

-um

G

-as

-er

-as

-ar

 

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Mixed Declension of Adjectives

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

N

-e

-a (-į)

-a (-ai)

-a (-į)

A

-an

-a (-į)

-an

-an

D

-an

-an

-an

-an

G

-an

-an

-an

-an

 

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Weak Declension of Adjectives

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

N

-

-a (-į)

-

-a (-į)

A

-an

-a (-į)

-an

-an

D

-an

-an

-an

-an

G

-an

-an

-an

-an

 

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The Declension of the First and Second Person Pronouns

 

Singular

Dual

Plural

N

ech

þunn, Ynn

wįdd

įdd

wør

ør

A

micg

þicg, Ycg

ungan

yngan

wans

yððan

D

mer

þer, Įrwer

ungrer

yngrer

wansrer

yððrer

G

mynn

þynn, Įrwynn

unger

ynger

wanser

yððer

I

minne

þinne, Įrwinne

udde

ydde

wænse

yððe

Notes: In the second person singular conjugation, the second form (Ynn) is used for those the speaker respects, both singular and plural.

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The Declension of the Third Person Pronouns

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

N

e

siį

þe

A

enn

sienna

þenn

D

ymm

siennį

þwį (þy)

G

enns

siįnner

þenns

I

enne

siįnne

þenne

 

Plural

Indefinite

Reflexive

N

siþþau

su

-

A

siþþaew

þaew

sicg

D

siþþeim

þeirį

ser

G

siþþer

þeirer

sįnn

I

siþþenne, þasþennoe

þeirre

sinne

 

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Relatives

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

N

irį

þirį

A

irįnn

sįa

þirįnn

D

irwyr

sįrį

þirwyr

G

irynn

sįrrer

þirynn

I

irįnne

sįnne

þirįnne

 

Plural

 

N

issau

A

issaew

D

isseim

G

isser

I

issenne

 

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The Definite Article and the Demonstrative (I) Pronouns

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

N

sa

so

þad

A

þann

þana

þadan

D

þonnum, -'ir *

þænnį, -'ir *

þannum, -'ir *

G

þanns

þænner

þadnas

I

sannae

sænnoe

þadnae

 

Plural

 

N

þasþan

A

þasþaew

D

þasþeim, -'imm

G

þasþas

I

þasþennoe

 

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* This enclitic form has evolved from an earlier dative article þænnįr.

‡ This is only used as a demonstrative as nouns aren't declined in the instrumental.

The first form is used as an article, the second as a demostrative.

The definite article is placed before the noun it modifies in all cases save the dative (this rule holds true for all other determiners as well). In the dative case, the definite article comes directly behind the modified noun. If an adjective or an adjectival prepositional phrase is used in conjunction with a noun in the dative case, it comes between the noun and the article. If there is any confusion as to which noun the postposed article is modifying, the article may be attached to its noun or to an adjective modifying its noun with a hyphen. More and more often, though, the hyphen is used even when there isn't much room for confusion. In many dialects of Cepperjoleddicg, datives are only conjugated in the singular and the definite article is used to show number (I believe this convention is used as the dative plural often differs from the nominative and accusative plurals) - for example, the title of Z. Fordsmender's famous narrative Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-'imm, "About the Occurrences of the Last Few Nights" (About the_gen. Last_gen. Few_gen. Nights_gen. their Occurrence-'the_dat.-pl.). This example brings us to another important grammatical point. Because the genetive proceeds the modified noun, in long constructions the audience may lose sight of what is being possessed and what is possessing. In order to solve this problem, Cepperjoleddicg may place a genetive pronoun after the genetive phrase and before the possessed down. This is the function of siþþer in Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-'imm. Such usage is also reflected in the names of the coat of arms of the Kepperlands - Þænner Smyggar siįnner Bįsnsgæll so Maira, The Greater Coat of Arms of the Smygga Dukedom (The_gen. Smygga_gen. her Coat-of-Arms the Greater).

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Demonstratives II

HERE

THERE

OVER THERE, YONDER (denotes removal)

here jinn

hither jind

hence jiþþre

there þar

thither þærd

thence þæþre

over there iainer

thither iaind

thence iainþre

 

 

 

now ninn

until now jinnund, ninnund

henceforth jiþþrog, niþþrog

then þinn

until then þinnund

thenceforth þæþrog

back then iain

until then iainund

thenceforth iainþrog

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ENGLISH : interrogative - relative
WHY : vhe? - duvhe
HOW : vhaewa? - vhaewa
WHEN : vhanne? - miþþan (
nairs'į)
WHERE : vhar? Vharrað
? - þærrį
WHAT (that which) : vhad? - þad, s'į

WHO : vha? - irį, sį,
þirį, savharug s'į, s'į, vharug saį, þissvharug s'į

Notes: nairs'į is used to mean when in the sense of German als, not as a conjunction, but as an adverb used for time reference. miþþan is roughly equivalent to English whenever, though it may be used to mean "while" or "during."

vharrað is used in the past tenses.

irį is used concerning male animates, is used for feminines, þirį for neuters, and s'į (contracted from an earlier -and harder to pronounce - form, saį) may be used for any of the three. Savharug s'į, vharug saį (s'į), and þissvharug s'į are all roughly equivalent to whoever, whosoever.

All of these are pronouns, not adverbs (save nairs'į), therefore the relatives are translated in the following ways: duvhe the reason why, vhaewa the way how, miþþan the time when, þærrį the place where, þad what/that which, and irį he who. All of the above, with the exception of nairs'į, decline.

 

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Determiners are a small body of modifying words like the definite article that decline according to their own paradigm. The important determiners are swįlch such, such a; wįlch which/what a; møng much, many; nocgain a certain; øng/sum some; all, ann all, any; įlch each; værį every; and n'ain no. Adjectives of nationality (such as Cepperjoleddicg, English, and German) and the possessive forms of pronouns also decline according to the determiners' paradigm. All of the determiners are regular, save the fact that those that end in "įlch" change to "ylch" in the dative plural.

 

Declension of Determiners

 

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

N

n'ain

n'aina (-į)

n'ain

n'aina (-į)

A

n'ainan

n'aina (-į)

n'ainan

n'ainan

D

n'ainam

n'ainer

n'ainam

n'ainum

G

n'ainas

n'ainer

n'ainas

n'ainer

Adjectives following the determiners follow the mixed declension, except for those following definite article, which take the weak declension. Adjectives are also declined according to the weak paradigm in vocative constructions - for example: þunn o unsellį þræll, you treacherous slave!

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-AN

Supine
ga~edd

Present Participle
~end

Past Participle
(ga)~enn

Indicative

Subjunctive

Present

Preterite

Present

Preterite

-a
-er
- þ

-am
-d
-as

-aða
-aðar
-aða

-aðam
-aðar
-aðas

-įe
-įer
-įe

-įan
-įan
-įan

-aðįe
-aðįer
-aðįe

-aðįan
-aðįan
-aðįan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-UN

Supine
ga~idd

Present Participle
~und

Past Participle
(ga)~unn

Indicative

Subjunctive

Present

Preterite

Present

Preterite

-o
-or
-uþ

-um
-ud
-os

-uðo
-uðor
-uðo

-uðum
-uðor
-uðos

-įu
-įur
-įu

-įun
-įun
-įun

-uðįu
-uðįur
-uðįu

-uðįun
-uðįun
-uðįun

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-ASD

Supine
ga~asd

Present Participle
~asnd

Past Participle
(ga)~esn

Indicative

Subjunctive

Present

Preterite

Present

Preterite

-asg
-asd
-asd

-aim
-asd
-ass

-aðasd
-aðasd
-aðasd

-aðaim
-aðasd
-aðass

-įasd
-įasd
-įasd

-įasd
-įasd
-įasd

-aðįasd
-aðįasd
-aðįasd

-aðįasd
-aðįasd
-aðįasd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Numerals

 

Cardinal
(non-human)

Pronunciation

Cardinal
(human)

Pronunciation

Ordinal

Pronunciation

1

ain

ent, Ent

ainzer

Ents'@(R)

frynsd

fRYnst

2

twaia

twe'@

twedder

twet'@(R)

ifdum

Ift'Um

3

þrįa

TRi'@

þridder

TRIt'@(R)

þįrd

TiRt

4

fydder

fuz'@(R)

fyddrer

fuz'R@(R)

fiaewrd

fja:t

5

fimf

fIn'If

fimmer

fIm'@(R)

find

fInt

6

seaxa

Siks'@

seaxder

Si'@t@(R)

seaxd

Si'@t

7

sivuna

Siv'n.@

sivunder

Siv'n.t@(R)

sivund

Siv'Unt

8

agdau

ot'o

agdaewr

ot'a(R)

agdud

ot'Ut

9

nynna

nYn'@

nynder

nYnt'@(R)

nynd

nYnt

10

teaxna

ti'@n@

teager

ti'@x@(R)

teaxnd

ti'@nt

11

eaxna

ji'@n@

eager

ji'@x@(R)

eaxnd

ji'@nt

12

tweaxna

twi'@n@

tweager

twi'@x@(R)

tweaxnd

twi'@nt

ain, twaia, fydder, fimf, agdau, teaxna, eaxna, and tweaxna are masculine. þrįa, seaxa, sivuna, are nynna are feminine. ainzer through tweager are all masculine.

Cepperjoleddicg numerals act as nouns and the words they modify are placed in the genetive singular (this is the genetive-number system employed in Russian). Thus, two hands is twaia gandur or gandur twaia, "two of hand." Numeral-Noun constructions are more popular in common speech whereas the Noun-Numeral pattern is considered "good" Cepperjoleddicg.

Animates (not humans) require the use of the word gauvaþ "head." Thus, four cows is csyr gauvæz fydder, "four head of cattle."

People are counted with a special set of numerals that don't require modification unless the speaker wishes to further specify. agdaewr is "eight people," mauðer agdaewr is "eight young women," and swinþar mænir agdaewr is "eight strong comrades."

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