§1 Pronunciation and Orthographical Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

     The most prominent difference in pronunciation between the Grœna and the Blaewa and Rauþøþlį is the treatment of the letter iod øftagall, j. In Grœna, j has one set pronunciation - it is always pronounced [ Z ]. Blaewa and Rauþøþlį treat j differently. In the other two languages, j is a voiceless palatal fricative ([ ç ]) before front vowels, a voiced postalveolar ficative ([ Z ]) before back vowels, as in Grœna, and mid-close front vowel [( I )] finally.

     In Grœna, g is a voiceless velar fricative ([ x ]) when it occurs between two back vowels or finally. In the Rauþøþlį and Blaewa, g is a voiced velar fricative ([ y ]) when it occurs between two back vowels.

     Where Grœna treats g as a voiceless velar fricative ([ x ]) in the initial position (such as in the word glaif), the Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį have a voiced glottal fricative ([ h ]). Blaewa and Rauþøþlį may also place a voiced glottal ficative before the r in words such as raun, relland, and ring, but this pronunciation is far less common and is restricted mainly to rural speech.

     The voicless retroflex fricative ([ s, ]) ri-, rr may be voiced ([ z, ]) intervocalically in the Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį.

     The cluster aew is written auw in the Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį.

     The g is pronounced [ v ] in the following Blaewa and Rauþøþlį words but as a [ x ] or [ ç ] in the Grœna: alg, balg, bearg, galga, magan, mylg, nœg, sgalg, þearg, þeargo, and þwearg.

     The diminutive suffix -øþlį causes J-Gradation in all cases and numbers in the Blaewa and Rauþøþlį.

     fimf, pronounced [ fInIf ] in the Grœna, is pronounced [ fem ] in the Blaewa and Rauþøþlį and it may even be written femm to reflect this pronunciation.

§2 Morphographical Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

     There are some differences in the conjugation of the verbs regarding the thematic vowel and the personal marker in the third person plural:

§3 Grammatical and Syntactic Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

     In the Blaewa and Rauþøþlį, a direct object comes immediately after the modal verb in sentences with complex verb phrases. In Grœna this is a stylistic option.

     In copullatic expressions (those with a linking verb) involving an adjective, in Blaewa and Rauþøþlį, the adjective is declined according to the strong declension. In Grœna, the adjective is not declined.

     In Blaewa and Rauþøþlį partive genetives must come after the noun they modify (for example, micgilla tal eavher, "a large number of horses"). This rule is not recognized in Grœna.

     In Blaewa and Rauþøþlį adverbs generally proceed the words they modify. In Grœna, they proceed when modifying an adjective or another adverb. One syllable adverbs proceed verbs, but adverbs of two or more syllables follow verbs.

     The word Cepperjoleddicg is always capitalized in Grœna but never in Blaewa or the Rauþøþlį, save at the beginning of a sentence.

     There are some differences in the ways people are adressed politely. In Grœna, the second person pronoun Ynn is used for singular and plural formal address. In Blaewa, Ynn still exists, but more frequently, the speaker will refer to the addressee in the third person. Address really is not a matter of concern in the Rauþøþlį because of how infrequently the language is actually spoken.

     In Blaewa and Rauþøþlį, "there is..." is denoted with þe jæþ... and in Grœna only the word ...erþ... is used. þe... is also used in the Blaewa and Rauþøþlį in constructions where there is no actual subject -- þe snaewþ, "it is snowing," for example. In Grœna, þar is used: þar snaewþ.

§4 Differences in Word Choice and Spelling Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

     The phrase to believe in God is n' Allwaldand (or na guþ) lœyfan in both Grœna and Blaewa, but the Rauþøþlį is a bit a more complicated -- Allwaldand (or guþ), þarna lœyfan. The idea there is that higher beings should not be made the object of a sentence whenever possible so the adverbial þarna ("thereupon," "therein") is used.

     In Grœna, the word aew, officially glossed as "eternity," is a dialectal form of eavha, "river."

     gundain means "one hundred" in Grœna but "one hundred and twenty" in Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį. gundainfalþ means "one-hundred-and-twenty-fold" in all three languages.

     The below table summarizes the further differences in word choice among the languages.