Aronson (1988) defined conformity as when someone changes:

1. their behaviour because of other people
2. their behaviour because they’re told to by someone in authority
3. their behaviour/opinions and adopts those of their reference group
4. their behaviour/opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person/group
5. their clothes and puts on some mashed up old dirty ones

Insko et al. (1985) identified two psychological needs that lead people to conform:

1. Normative social influence
2. Influential approval
3. Informational social influence
4. Normally under the influence
5. Contagion influence

Kelman (1958) identified three types of conformity:

1. Compliance
2. Obedience
3. Internalization
4. Independence
5. Identification

Which two of the following are not examples of independence from conformity:

1. Someone who chooses to dress as they please, regardless of the current fashions
2. Someone who is unresponsive to the norms of the group
3. Someone who buys all the latest fashion accessories
4. Someone who listens to Abba because they liked them, even when it wasn’t cool to
5. Someone who deliberately and consistently opposes the norms of the group

Sherif investigated the emergence of group norms:

1. Using the autokinetic effect in 1953
2. Using the automatic effect in 1983
3. Using the automobile effect in 1938
4. Using the autokinetic effect in 1935
5. Using the autonomous effect in 1998

In Sherif’s experiment participants were asked to:

1. judge how far a light was moving.
2. make three estimates of a moving light.
3. make an estimate of a moving light, firstly on their own, then in a group.
4. judge the movement of three lights whilst on their own, and in a group.
5. make estimates of the movement of a stationary light, firstly on their own, then in a group, then on their own again.

For which reason did Asch criticise the task in Sherif’s research:

1. It was ambiguous, so Sherif was actually observing something obvious
2. It was open to demand characteristics so the results were confounded
3. It was ambiguous, with no obvious answer so it was not a good test of conformity
4. It was open to demand characteristics, so Sherif was actually observing obedience
5. It was ambiguous, so Sherif was actually observing the autokinetic effect

Asch asked participants to compare the length of a line (standard line) with three lines of differing length (comparison line). Which two of the following statements are not correct:

1. Asch used only male participants.
2. Most of the participants never conformed.
3. The more confederates that were used, the higher the rate of conformity.
4. When confederates were instructed to give the wrong answers, conformity rates were 32%.
5. When conformity rates were 32%, there was only one naïve participant, the rest were all confederates.

In which year did Asch conduct his research in to conformity:

1. 1942
2. 1952
3. 1958
4. 1962
5. 1968

Which three reasons did Asch’s participants tend to give for why they had conformed:

1. Participants were unaware that their estimates had been changed by the group
2. Participants thought their own estimates must be wrong
3. Participants were just doing what they had been told
4. Participants thought they would be ridiculed and excluded by the group
5. Participants were feeble-minded men

Which two of the following statements are true about variations to Asch’s experiments:

1. Conformity increased when participants wrote their answers instead of saying them
2. As the difficulty of the task increased, levels of conformity tended to decrease
3. Using three or four confederates is enough to produce the highest level of conformity
4. Women conform less than men
5. Conformity decreased when one other participant agreed with the naïve participant

Which of the following is not a criticism that has been made of Asch’s experiments:

1. Asch’s experiments were not really demonstrating conformity
2. His experimental procedure was uneconomical
3. His experimental situation lacked ecological validity
4. His findings say more about the historical & cultural climate of the USA at the time
5. Asch implied that conforming behaviour is intrinsically bad

Which of the following statements are consistently supported by research evidence:

Levels of conformity are usually lower amongst young people than older people

1. True
2. False

Levels of conformity have been found to vary significantly from country to country

1. True
2. False

Levels of conformity within a given culture have been found to change over time

1. True
2. False

Studies have consistently found a personality type associated with conformity

1. True
2. False

Levels of conformity can vary drastically, depending on the social and political climate

1. True
2. False

In which year did Zimbardo conduct his Stanford Prison Simulation Study

1. 1953
2. 1958
3. 1963
4. 1968
5. 1973

Which of the following statements is not true of Zimbardo’s investigation:

1. All participants were male
2. The experiment lasted for two weeks
3. Participants were paid
4. Guards wore uniforms and dark glasses in an attempt to deindividuate them
5. Prisoners were arrested, blind-folded, stripped and deloused as part of the procedure

Which two of the following statements are true of Milgram’s original investigation:

1. All participants were male
2. Participants were told it was a study of the role of punishment in learning & memory
3. The experiment took part at Harvard University
4. The teacher was a confederate
5. The learner received electric shocks for giving wrong answers

Milgram found evidence to support the ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis because levels of obedience were higher in Germany than America

1. True
2. False

For Milgram’s original study, all participants continued to administer shocks to at least:

1. 50V
2. 150V
3. 200V
4. 300V
5. 400V

For Milgram’s original study what percentage of participants administered the maximum shock of 450V?

1. 0%
2. 32%
3. 65%
4. 98%
5. 100%

In variations to Milgram’s basic procedure, different levels of obedience were found. Which procedure produced the highest level of obedience?

1. Teacher required to force the learners hand on to the plate to receive a shock
2. Teacher given support from 2 other teachers (confederates) who refuse to continue
3. Teacher is paired with an assistant (confederate) who threw the switches
4. Milgrams basic procedure
5. Venue is moved from the University to seedy offices in town

In variations to Milgram’s basic procedure, different levels of obedience were found. Which procedure produced the lowest level of obedience?

1. Teacher required to force the learners hand on to the plate to receive a shock
2. Teacher given support from 2 other teachers (confederates) who refuse to continue
3. Teacher is paired with an assistant (confederate) who threw the switches
4. Milgram's basic procedure
5. Venue is moved from the University to seedy offices in town

Why did Baumrind (1964) criticise Milgram’s experiments?

1. Baumrind supported Milgram because the means justify the ends.
2. Baumrind suggested that Milgram may have triggered evil in his participants.
3. Baurind believed that Milgram's experiments lacked reliability.
4. Baumrind said that Milgram's experiments were not properly standardized.
5. Baumrind said that Milgram had not taken adequate steps to protect his participants from possible psychological harm.

Orne and Holland (1968) criticised Milgram’s experiments for lacking ecological validity. What does the term ‘ecological validity’ mean?

1. The experiment was not environmentally friendly.
2. The extent to which the experiment relates to real life/is realistic.
3. His experiments were not reliable.
4. His experiments threatened to wipe out entire ecosystems.
5. The amount that an experimenter lies to the participants.

Hofling et al (1966) investigated obedience in a hospital setting.

Briefly describe what participants were asked to do?

1. Doctors were asked to give electric shocks to puppys.
2. Doctors were asked to dress up as nurses and chat up other men in the wards.
3. Old men and women were asked to give up their beds by a young man.
4. Nurses were asked to administer a drug to a patient.
5. Nurses were asked to administer eardrops annally to patients with earaches.

The level of obedience has been found to be affected by a number of factors. What affect would the following be expected to have on the level of obedience:

If the person giving instructions is not perceived to have legitimate authority

1. Obedience increases
2. Obedience decreases

If the person receiving instructions believes they have personal responsibility for their actions

1. Obedience increases
2. Obedience decreases

If the person carrying out instructions does not see the destructive consequences of their actions

1. Obedience increases
2. Obedience decreases

If the person who is giving the instructions is unwilling to cause a fuss

1. Obedience increases
2. Obedience decreases

According to Asch, what are the three main categories of independent behaviour:

1. Independence based on confidence
2. Independence based on false beliefs
3. Independence accompanied by withdrawal
4. Independence accompanied by tension and doubt
5. Independence associated with arrogance