THOMAS ANDERSON HUNT

THE WILLIAM CHESTER & MAGGIE BURGER HUNT FAMILY

My father Attorney Galen Hunt was the son of William Chester Hunt and Margaret (Maggie) Elizabeth Burger Hunt, the daughter of James Madison and Selinda Jane Ridenour Burger Hunt. Galen Otto Hunt, was born May 22, 1898/died 1975. William Chester was a school teacher and Maggie Burger was a student there. When WC first taught school, it was at Iowaville, a former indian settlement. There was a large ox-bow loop in the Des Moines River and about 350 acres which for hundreds of years had been a native campground. After a rain, WC would walk there and find arrow heads, some of them obsidian, which he believed came from the Yellowstone area.

When William Chester and Maggie Burger Hunt married and began their lives together, they lived at at Chequest Iowa. When Dad was born, Chequest was a small town with a general store. The Hunt's, Dad stated, were from northern Ireland and settled in Maryland, the immediate ancestor of whom he spoke having married a Maryland girl. These ancestors were Daniel and Barbara Beckenbach Fortney. She was born 1793 in Frederick, Frederick , MD. She died about 1829 in Preston, West Virginia. Barbara Beckenbaugh/Pickenpaugh is found listed in "Prominent Families of West Virginia."

HALLEY'S COMMET'S RETURN & OTHER SIGNS IN THE HEAVENS

God promised that before the end, there would appear “signs in the sun…moon, and …stars.”

(Luke 21:25) One of the stories my Dad would tell was of seeing Halley's Comet make it's appearance April 20, 1910, when he was about 12 years of age. Dad said that his father quoted his father TA Hunt in referring to Halley's Comet as a flaming sword, and a pure warning of war to come. One evening just after sundown, WC Hunt told his son to go out and look for the comet. He did and what he saw filled him with awe. He said it had the appearance of a fountain of fire. The comet itself was below the horizon. The tail extended perpendicular to the horizon. Dad was so excited that he went and brought his entire family to see the event and they were as excited as he was! Dad believed it was really sent from God to reveal and manifest is glory. Indeed, it's sighting four years before World War I, did seem ominous, like one of those prophetic signs and wonders the bible states will occur in the "end times." Dad enlisted at Burlington Iowa on November 3rd, was sworn in Nov 7th at Jefferson Barracks in St Louis. In early December he was sent to join Fourth Infantry for assignment to Company "B". The prophetic "sign in the heavens" had come true. Dad's step-mother Alice Rodabaugh Hunt was faithful to write to him through the years that he was in military service, until his war injuries sent him back home. Once home, he went to college on crutches, coughing blood into his hankey, lungs burned from poison gas. He later overheard doctors talking about the fact that they didn't believe Dad would live another ten years.

(Luke 21:25-38 King James Version (KJV) 25 And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring;

26 Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken.

27 And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory.

28 And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh.

29 And he spake to them a parable; Behold the fig tree, and all the trees;

30 When they now shoot forth, ye see and know of your own selves that summer is now nigh at hand.

31 So likewise ye, when ye see these things come to pass, know ye that the kingdom of God is nigh at hand.

32 Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled.

33 Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away.

34 And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares.

35 For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face of the whole earth.

36 Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man.

WC HUNT & GALEN HUNT VISIT PRESTON COUNTY,WVA

In 1934-35, Dad took a trip to Preston County, West Virginia with his father WC Hunt to visit the friends and relatives. They were concerned about how they were doing, and wanted to see them again. They had a marvelous time and took lots of photographs, and collected oral histories from family members. Some of these folks chose to write their information down and send it to Dad. During the visit some of these folks shared genealogical information with he and his Dad and my father returned and compiled a family history from information shared as well as public records. One of these is a letter on Centennial stationary.

THE HUNT/BURGER FAMILIES HOMESTEADING IN LACOMBE ALBERTA, CANADA

Many years ago, my husband and I took a trip east of the mountains in our home state of Washington and visited Edna Burger Culp, Dad's cousin. Edna's family homesteaded with the WC Hunt family in La Combe, Alberta, Canada for two years, and she had lots of stories to tell from her own recollections. They loaded their farm machinery, animals and household goods into a couple of railroad containers in March of the year, a trip of some three weeks duration. It was still very cold. Frequently the train got stuck in snow drifts in which it took a couple days to extricate themselves.

Uncle Sam Burger tried to ride in the caboose but was unable to sleep. The pusher engine at times would fairly lift the caboose clear off the track, and he was afraid that it would go off track and roll down the embankment. He only tried it the one hair raising night. When they finally reached La Combe, Alberta, they paid a dollar per barrel for melted snow water for the animals.

From Dad's memories of being 12, you would never expect this story that emerged and he could recall so vividly. Dead flies on the window ledge of their brand new home! It had been 65 degrees below zero in Alberta. They set up their stoves as soon as possible and the flies miraculously came alive and zoomed around the room. He said he'd never have thought it possible, but for seeing it with his own eyes.

The summer there was wonderful. His cousin Alva Burger and he were busy with six horses, sod busting, breaking new ground, burning grass, cutting alders and digging the roots out. There were not two weeks that there was not white frost at night. Corn planted did not freeze but only grew 10 inches high.

Herds of deer grazed with their cattle. But from the new soil they had heavy yields. WC hunt liked it there. Upon deciding to move back to the states and to life in Iowa two years later, they came back "on the cushions," as they said, meaning they took a passenger train, perhaps remembering all those snow drifts the train got stuck in enroute to Canada. They left the animals in Canada and purchased livestock when they returned home in Spring of 1912.

HUNT SURNAME ORIGINS & EARLY FAMILY HISTORY:

The origin of our surname "Hunt" is an Americanized version of the German "Hundt," meaning a "wolf." The surname "Hundt" in German when transliterated became either the surname Wolf or Hunt. Among our Wolf ancestors is Ludwig Lewis Wolf born: 24 Oct 1767 in Frederick Co, Md-died: 11 Nov 1841 in Monongalia Co, Va. He was the son of Johann Adam Wolf of Reishweiler, Bavaria and Maria Clara Catherine born: 1771 in Fredericks CO, MD. He married Charlotte Lauffer born: 15 Oct 1741-died: 28 Nov 1825 in Frederick CO, MD She was also known as Charlotte Runner, due to her marriage to Gottlieb Runner born: 1738 in Germany. Her maiden name was Charity Charlotta Fortney, and she was the daughter of Jean Henri Fortineaux. Catherine Wolf is another Wolf ancestor who married Andreas Schantz. Yet another is Jeremiah Wolf who married Minnie Belle Burger.

James Hunt was born abt 1750, and died on 22 Dec 1844. His marriage date to wife Mary Davys was on 22 Oct 1811.

James Hunt and Mary Davys Hunt's son Thomas Hunt Sr. married Barbara Fortney, the daughter of Daniel "The Pioneer" Fortineux. One of the earliest churches in that area was the Evangelical Luthern Church, which pre-dates America as a nation. Daniel Fortineau and wife Barbara had their daughter Susanna christened in this church when she was an infant.

Thomas Hunt was of Irish descent. The children of Thomas Hunt and Barbara Fortney Hunt were as follows:

Dad's grandfather, Thomas Anderson Hunt, came to Iowa with a married brother and settled in Vernon County. Iowa was a territory then. His mother's people took the last homestead in Jefferson County.

Barbara Fortney's father's (Daniel Fortineau's) family lineage goes through Huguenot immigrant's Jonas Fortineau and his son Jean Henri Fortineau, who fled their homeland following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

History records that Daniel Fortineaus's father Jean Henri Fortineux died after being struck with a bolt of lightening as he stepped outside his gate during a thunderstorm. He is buried in Old Fortney Cemetery. Jean Henri Fortineau II's father, Jonas Fortineau married Marie Menton. Concerning the surname Menton, this ancient surname is of French origins, and appeared in England following the Norman Invasion. Menton is a more recent derivation of the original French surname de la Montagne, and as such is believed to have been born by several of the followers of William the Conqueror in 1066. It later came a second time, if considerably more peaceably, being born by 17th century Huguenot refugees after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The Irish connection came in 1170 when the name travelled to there in the army of Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, when he 'assisted' the King of Leinster in his attempt to secure a united Ireland.

These early Irish 'settlers' were given lands in County Waterford where even today the name remains fairly prominent in the area. What is fairly certain is that all the 'de la Montagne' nameholders and the later 'de Montaigne' seem to have changed their spelling to Munton, Menton, Manton or Mountain. Examples of the surname recordings include William de Muntain in the 1273 Hundred Rolls of Oxford, and Matilda Montem in the same roll. Later recordings include those of Margarete Mountayn of St Giles Cripplegate, London on June 24th 1568, and Richard Mountain, at St Nicholas, Liverpool, on May 11th 1788.

Among the early settlers to the new American Colonies was Joseph Mountain aged 20 years, who embarked at Gravesend, Kent, on April 3rd 1635 in the ship 'Paul of London'. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Hugh de Muntein, which was dated 1273, the Hundred rolls of the county of Salop (Shropshire), during the reign of King Edward 1, known as 'The hammer of the Scots', 1272 - 1307. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.

THE THOMAS HUNT & BARBARA FORTNEY FAMILY

The son of Thomas Hunt and Barbara Fortney (daughter of Daniel Fortineux who was named Thomas Anderson Hunt was born on 27 July 1826 in Preston Co. Virginia and died 4 October 1899 and is buried in Heidelbaugh Cemetery, Davis County, Iowa. He married Sarah Swaim on 8 May 1851 in Davis County, Iowa. She was the daughter of Elis Swaim and Rachel Foster and was born 12 November 1832 in Monroe County, Ohio. and died 6 February 1881. Thomas Anderson Hunt, the son of Thomas Hunt is listed in the 1880 Salt Creek, Davis, Iowa census as a farmer age 54, and his birthplace stated as Virginia. Their children were as follows:

NOTE:

Thomas Hunt Sr married Barbara Fortney, a woman of French Huguenot descent on 27 August 1812 in Frederick County, MD. She was born 8 February 1792 in Frederick County, MD and christened 7 July 1792 in Evangelical Luthern Church, Frederick CO, MD., was the daughter of Daniel Fortney Sr. born in France in 1752-54 and Barbara Beckenbaugh, born before 1758 in Frederick County, MD who died 1829 in Preston, Virginia. Daniel Fortineau died 23 February 1818, in Reedsville, Valley Point, Preston County, West Virginia. He was a descendant of Johann Jonas Fortineau.

Daniel Fortineau and his wife Barbara are both buried in Old Fortney Cemetery. Jean Henri Fortineaux is listed in First Families of Maryland (1730) and the National Huguenot Society as well as the Maryland Lineage Society 95 Eligible Ancestors, and the official French Huguenot list.

Jean Henri Fortineaux arrived in America August 29, 1730 aboard the ship Thistle of Glasgow, from Rotterdam. A. W. Cissel writes the following: Several of the early area families though emigrating from the German provinces were originally of French or Swiss ancestry. These families had spent two of more generations as refugees in Germany, adopting the language and culture (even the spelling of their names) as their own.

Religious and dynastic wars rocked Western Europe for over a hundred years culminating in King Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes requiring conversion of all French Protestants (Huguenots) and forbidding emigration. The French had also conquered some of the Swiss cantons where there were many Mennonite followers. These French or Swiss Protestants fled to the neighboring non-Catholic countries.

The majority crossed the Rhine River to the provinces and city-states of Lutheran Germany.

Oral family history is that Daniel Fortney was born in 1752 in France, the son of Jean Henri Fortineux II and Maria/Mary Catherine "Charity" Berger. Some say he was born in Deer Spring, MD. Mary Catherine (Charity) Berger was the daughter of Andreas Berger (born 1693) and Philipina Reiff (daughter of Daniel Kulewein Reiff and Catherine Diese) She was born abt 1693. Andreas Berger emigrated to Maryland in 1760. (From transcipt at Germantown Historical Society) Daniel was not an only child. The following children were born:

The couple's son Daniel Fortineaux fathered 10 children, one or more sources say that five of which were born in France. His oldest child, a daughter named Catherine, who may have been named for her mother, was born in France in 1777. The couple's other 4 children which were born in France while the Fortineaux family resided in Europe for for several years include: Daniel (Jr): born 30 August 1781, Henry born 1783, Elizabeth born 02 Sept. 1786, and Jean (John) born 1789.

Daniel Fortineau was already married with several children when the couple purchased a parcel of land to accommodate their rapidly growing family. The land was owned by two of Daniel Fortineaux's brothers, who inherited it when they came of age following their father's (Jean Henri's) death. In early 1794, Daniel's mother, Catharine, died and Daniel and a neighbor, Francis Hoffman, were named as executors of her estate. Most of the estate was to be divided between Daniel and his sister, Charity Lauffer. In Daniel's mother's will (Catherine Berger Fortney) of 1794, she bequeathed to her grandsons, Daniel and Peter, 25 pounds "current money" when they attained theage of 21. These grandsons "are the children of my son David." Daniel's will was dated February 12, 1818. By 1797, not many family members remained in Frederick, Maryland. Brothers Peter and John Henry had gone to Virginia and Pennsylvania, respectively. A brother, David, had frozen to death at age 40. It appears that only Charity Lauffer remained. In 1795, Daniel and Barbara had their last child to be born in Maryland.

The French Huguenot progenitor of the Fortineux's in America is Jonas Fortineux, who married Sarah Menton, the daughter of Jacob Menton and Judieth Louys. As the French Louys family fled religious persecution, the nations into which they fled have had an impact upon how the surname is spelled. When they fled to Wales, it was spelled "Lewis."

The charter of Edward VI (1547-53) enabled the first French protestant church to be set up in England. Descended from this church is the one in Soho square. In 1589 the Protestant Henri de Bourbon, King of Navarre, inherited the French throne after the deaths of his three Valois cousins, sons of Catherine De Medici. Civil war continued, so in 1593, in the spirit of 'Paris is worth a Mass', Henri converted to Catholicism. Five years later the civil wars ended and Henri issued the Edict of Nantes which gave the Huguenots, his former co-religionists and comrades in arms, considerable privileges, including widespread religious liberty. Over time Huguenots became loyal subjects of the French crown.

However, their position became increasingly insecure as King Louis XIV, grandson of Henri IV, listened more and more to those who advised him that the existence of this sizeable religious minority was a threat to the absolute authority of the monarch. Gradually the Huguenots' privileges were eroded. In the 1680s Protestants in certain parts of France were deliberately terrorised by the billeting of unruly troops in their homes ['the Dragonnades'].

When the "irrevokable" Edict of Nantes was revoked which had guaranteed religious freedom to Protestants, with Protestantism being declared illegal, it was replaced with the Edict of Fontainbleau. At this time, there was a mass exodus from France into the surrounding countries such as England, Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia. It is estimated that between 200,000 to 1,000,000 fled. The Calvisit Elector Frederick William, welcomed them to assist in the rebuilding of his war-raved, under-populated country. By the 1600's the population of France declined by 856,000. The greatest population of surviving Huguenots resided in Basse-Guyenne, Saintonge-Aunis-Angoumois and Poitou. This mass exodus, which is a major event in history, is termed LeRefuge.

Daniel Fortney/Fortiney/Fortineaux, the son of Jean Henri Fortineaux II, was not born in Deer Spring as some have mistakenly asserted. Deer Spring was property that he purchased much later in his life. Some of his children of Jean Henri Fortineau, Daniel's father, were born in colonial America and some in Europe. In research, we must also take into account the wars of the period we're studying and the way in which these alter borders of nations. The family is recorded in Oren Frederic Morton's "A History of Preston County, West Virginia."

Jean Henry who is listed on the official French Huguenot. He immigrated to America in the 17th century, and settled in Maryland near Harper's Ferry. He was killed by a lightning strike, while standing outside the family house in summer 1753 during a storm. The family lived along the Monocacy River, near Frederick. Daniel Fortney/Fortineaux purchased property from his brother, John Henry. He was confirmed in the Frederick German Lutheran Reformed Church in 1773 along with his brother, Peter Fortney/Fortineaux.

Between late October 1797 and early December 1798, Daniel moved to Monongalia County, Virginia present day Preston County, West Virginia. On December 12, 1798, he purchased 380 acres of land on Three Forks Creek near his brother, Peter. His brothers Peter and John Henry both moved to Virginia and Pennsylvania, as well as another brother named David that froze to death when he was 40 years of age.

In 1797, Daniel and Barbara's last child born in Maryland was born. Between late October 1797 and early December 1798, Daniel moved to Monongalia County, Virginia present day Preston County, West Virginia. In 1798, he purchased 380 acres of land on Three Forks Creek near his brother, Peter's homestead. In 1800, he and Barbara's last child was born in Monongalia County, Virginia. On February 12, 1818, Daniel wrote his will and testament stating he was "weake of Body but of perfect mind and memory." He died February 23rd, and that month following his death, his family made a trip to the court house in Morgantown to record his will. On this trip, they also secured the marriage license for Daniel's youngest daughter.

Daniel Fortney/Fortineaux was the son of Jean Henry Fortineaux, who was born 22 SEP 1708 in Otterberg, Pfalz, Bayern/Died: 07 JUL 1753 and Maria/Mary Catherine (Charity) Berger, (born: 1710) at Monocracy, Frederick County, Maryland. She was the daughter of Andreas Berger and Regina Fahrerin.


More information on Daniel Fortineux, father of Barbara Fortney family.

Jean Henri Fortineaux/Fortinee II, who set sail from Rotterdam, August 29, 1730 aboard the sailing vessel "The Thistle of Glasgow," with Ship's Master Colin Dunlap, came to America with 260 others. He was the son of Jean Henri Fortineaux I (born: 2 April, 1675/died: 5 Nov. 1715/buried: 9 Nov 1715) and Renarde/Renata Spohn born: 1679 at Gunderweiler, Germany. She was the daughter of: David Spohn Birth: abt. 1650/1657 in Katzenbach, West Palatinate, Germany. The Fortineaux surname was shortened to Fortney or Fortin or a number of variant surnames. Ancestral names are recorded as having acted as sponsors for baptisms among Pastor Faucher's group. Church records exist in Otterburg for several. Historical records list Charles Faucher as "Pfarrer," the German term for "rector." He was born in approximately 1651 at Niemes/Frakr. In 1680 he married Anna Marie Bossett in Otterberg, Pfalz, Bayern.

He died 14 march 1690 at Schaumburg/Holzappel. Pastor Faucher pastored a group of 24 French Huguenot families, that included Johann Jonas Fortineaux. These French Protestant refugees fled to the neighboring non-Catholic countries during this era of severe religious persecution by the Catholic church in France.

The majority of them crossed the Rhine River to the provinces and city-states of Lutheran Germany.

In 1689, Pastor Charles Faucher led 24 families to the Country (Grafschaft) of Holzappel on the Lower Lahn, whose sovereign wa s Elizabeth Charlotte from 1687 to 1699. Among these families ar e that of Jonas Fortine of Otterberg. Source: ( Jahrbuch zur Ges chichte von Stadt und Landjreis Kaiserslautern Band h/9 1970/197 1. Kaller, Gerhard. " Bevolkerungsverluste und Bevolkerungswande l in Otterberg 1665-1712". P. 189 ). Abstracted tax list held b y the Otterberg Archivist, Franz Rink ( he also has a copy of th e abstracted French and Reformed KB records). Otterberg is in th e Pfalzregion near Kaiserslautern, Germany. Charlottenberg an d Holzappel are located in the hills North of the Lahn River

Jean Henri Fortineaux and Renard Spohn were married on 9 Feb 1703. She died: 14 Sept 1726 Otterberg, Germany.

Jean Henri Fortineaux was the son of Johann Jonas Fortineaux born: 2 JUN 1650 in Lambrecht,Rheinland-Pfalz Ottergerg, West Palatinate, Germany and Sara Menton, born: 1 JUN 1647 in Otterberg, Rhenish Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfaiz, Germany/Died: 12 DEC 1715 in Otterberg, Rhenish Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfaltz,Germany. (Sources: French Reformed Church records-Baptism Records, French Reformed Church, Otterberg, Pfalz, Germany 1657-1685) Sara Menton was the daughter of Jacob Menton born: Abt 1621 in Europe and Judith LOUYS born: Abt 1625 in Europe. (Photo: Menton, France-Jewel of the Riviera-On Italian border. Menton's lived at Ardennes,Vendee in early 1600s. In times of persecution, they fled into Switzerland, Rheinland, (Huguenots rallying at Otterberg's French Reformed Church) Austria, Spain and surrounding regions) They were married 1675 Otterberg, West Palatinate, Germany.

Children of Johann Jonas Fortineaux and Sara Menton.

Census: 1860 Davis Co., Iowa, Salt Creek Twp
His father was James Hunt I born 1750 or earlier. His son James Hunt was born 1770 or earlier. He was the husband of Mary Davys/Davey/Davies/Davis/David born 1753 in Virginia.James Hunt & Mary DAVIS
Children:

*Hunt Family Notes: Based upon genealogical information supplied by work done by my father, Attorney Galen Hunt, the son of William Chester Hunt & Margaret Elizabeth Burger Hunt, our ancestor James Hunt was the son of James Hunt.

Our ancestor James Hunt was the son of James Hunt who was born in Ireland abt 1750. He came to America as a child, perhaps as an orphan. He was a pre-Revolutionary War settler. He was crippled in his feet. He was a shoemaker by trade. The family settled in Maryland after the Revolutionary War. Later the trip was made from Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia, by boat on the Potomac, and by wagon and oxcart team. They decided to settle in Alexandria. James Hunt Sr. called his family around him and sang "How Firm A Foundation." He prayed the Lord's Prayer and gave thanks to God for a safe journey. They moved again near Newburg, Preston County, Virginia. Monongalia County records were destroyed by fire in 1796. Because of this, S.T. Wiley assisted by A.W. Frederick wrote "The History of Preston County."

The surname David is Hebrew, David, from dowd, to love, and is translated "Beloved." The etomology of the surname "Davys/Davis" originally derives from the surname David.

King David,(c.1037 BC - 967 BC) reigned Judah c.1007 BC - 1005 BC. He was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He was the first person on record to have the name "David." David rose from the status of a poor shepherd to become the greatest leader of Israel, wittily defeating the terrifying giant Goliath, and composing poetry and psalms, the latter ones being traditionally presented in the Bible.

Following the religious direction, the second historically known David is a 6th century saint from Wales.

The Davys/Davies/David/Davis name in Wales: Among the most common Patronymic surnames found in Wales today are: David/Davies/Davis - from David or Daffydd DAVIES (British). Meaning: "Son of David" - Davies is the typical Welsh spelling. It means 'the son of David', from the Hebrew male given name meaning "beloved". The name is not recorded in any part of Britain before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and is regarded as being a 'Crusader' introduction.

Coat of Arms: A red shield with a silver bend on which there is a black lion passant. Crest: A lion's head. Motto: Heb Dhuw heb ddym, Dhuw a digon. Motto Translated: Without God without anything, God is enough. Davies - Davis: Jewish Origins:

Meanwhile public opinion in England had been prepared by the Puritan movement for a sympathetic treatment of any proposal by the Judaizing sects among the extremists of the Parliamentary party for the readmission of the Jews into England. Petitions favoring readmission had been presented to the army as early as 1649 by two Baptists of Amsterdam, Johanna Cartwright and her son Ebenezer ("The Petition of the Jews for the Repealing of the Act of Parliament for Their Banishment out of England"); and suggestions looking to that end were made by men of the type of Roger Williams, Hugh Peters, and by Independents generally. Many were moved in the same direction by mystical Messianic reasons; and their views attracted the enthusiasm of Menasseh Ben Israel, who in 1650 published his Hope of Israel, in which he advocated the return as a preliminary to the appearance of the Messiah.

In the post Norman Invasion era, Jews in Britain came under persecution taking refuge under the cloak of Lombardism. The official control of financial and commercial operations was at the time lax, and little official difficulties would have been found by Jews masquerading as Lombards.

An example is in 1421 one Job, an Italian apothacary and son of John being found in country, was forced to accept baptism before receiving naturalization. Jews entering under the appearance of being Catholics attended Mass but upheld Jewish traditions in their homes. Sephardim frequently posed as Huguenots who as Protestant refugees from the continent were allowed to be non-Anglican. In America, one repost is that in the early days all early Sabbath keeping pastors were once named Davis.

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