Logic Notes.
Logic comes from a Greek word, "Logos." Logos is a gathering toegehter, a regahtering and then a placing forth. Which is exactly what logic is. Logic makes sense.
This is the reason for the "Stupid Project," to find something stupid occurring in our daily lives. We need to practice using our "dumb sheilds."
The father of logic was Aristotle. There are three basic laws of logic and they are
this law stated that A=A, this table is this table.
The law of Non-Contradiction
This law states that not both not A and A. -(A + -A) This table cannot be this table and that chair and this trashcan.
Excluded Middle
this law states that A or not A. Either it's A or it't not A. This table is either this table or it's not, it's something else.
Philosphers and logic people dispute wether non contradiction is the same as excluded middle. Some say that the last to state the first law.
There are examples of claims on page 5 of the text book.
deliberate determination of wether we should accept, reject or susped judgeent about a claim. We make claims to communicate information, as well as other reasons such as humor, politics, and peruasive compariosons.
Matter of controversy or uncertainty, a dispute, in doubt, or up for review. Using the word 'wether.'
It's important to address the issue and not put it off to the side, which is a logical fallacy known as 'smokescreen,' like in the great Republic of Boulder where whinning is an art form.
a set of claims, one which is the conclusion that is supported by the rest of the claims. Those suporting claims are now called premise. (pg 11)
With the introduction of premise and conclusion we move to
a minor premise
and when you add them together, you get
All men are mortal.
Socrates is mortal.
indicates that a claim is true.
a claim that is believed or judged to be true after some thought.
An issue is a bout a factual matter if there are established methods to settle it.
See matters of pure opinion on page 13.
means many different things including...
ground, structure, form, account, principle, patter, substance, reason, foundation, order, speech, word (as in 'word up,')and story.
There are two schools of thought when it comes to logic, they are very basic.
The first school is the one that says that thought is or requires language.
The second school says that thought is not language, but only requires "seeing" or looking.
It thought requires language then thought is a rule, thought is semantics (the study of what words mean). Take note of thesse two following words, denote which is 'meaning' and connotaion which is the undertone. "That woman will be the death of me!" (Bernice)
Syntactics studies the rules for putting words together. Look at Short Circit and the indain guy who says, 'I think I have for hotpants you.'
Pragmatics is how the actual language is used or practiced.
If artifical intelligence is posible then the school that says thought is language must be correct.
Many people say that if one takes care of the syntactics the semantics will take care of itself.
The other school says that artifical intellegence is not possible because you "see" with your mind's eye.
This considers things like this...
I have no money, Ich habe Kein Geld, Okane, and the speaking versions of these.
How many sentances are there? One or three or two or six??
These all espress the sae meaning, sometimes called a proposition.
If thought consists of language and language occurs i your mind, then it consists of subjective things.
But people say that some things are simply objective no matter what. For example, find 4. Four is a meaning because I could be thinking about all these 4's...
IIII
four
vier
yon
shi
We are going to play a game. This game is called "poor man's chess." It came from a mocie, "Last year at Mrienbad." He plays this game when he goes to bars because he can't lose.
I
III
IIIII
IIIIIII
You can take as many from one row as you want and you want to leave the other person with one tally left. When I figure this game out I might tell you.
objective = true or false
subjective = pure opinion
There is argument wether claims are objective or subjective.
Egregous = outstandingly bad.
Somethings are beyond argument, and those are the laws of logic.
There is a position called Relativism. This view claims that belif makes truth and truth and belifs are not distinguished. If I like heroin, then heroin is good for me. Or there's a good job at HP and I am going to get it because it is going to be good for me, so I'll lie on the resume. If you know about physis and nomos this view is obviously nomos, the view of the Sophits.
The other view is called Objectivism. Beliefs may or not be true and just because something is believed doesn't make it true, the only thing that is true is knowledge. This view corresponds to physis, the view of Socrates and Plato.
If you take the Relativism side you will have to eventually end up arguing that A = -A, which is obsurd and contradictory. This is a fallacy called 'petitio pincipii, ' the Latin meaning for 'begging the question.' An example of this fallacy is I know the bible is true because it says so in the bible.
For an example of objectivism is from the movie, "City of Angels." Nicholas Cage says "Somethings are simply ture wether or not you believe them!
Who's to say wether or not the bible is true? Well if you say that and agree with the rleativist thought you would have to say who's to say about who's to say and who are you to say who's to say about who's saying? This is another fallacy called, circular reasoning.
THIS IS THE END OF CHAPTER ONE. NOW WE GO ON TO THE EXERCISES!!!
