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This page has been created for two types of people: Christians who are struggling with their faith, and honest inquirers of any persuasion who are seeking spiritual truth. The articles below were selected for their outstanding quality. I have found them especially helpful in resolving difficulties for my own Christian belief. I hope you find them as useful as I did.

4. The case for the Christian revelation

4.1 How to assess the credibility of an alleged divine revelation 4.2 Are miracles possible?
4.3 Why Christianity makes sense 4.4 What do we really know about Jesus?
4.5 The moral character of Jesus 4.6 Were Jesus' teachings 100% true?
4.7 Was Jesus really the Messiah, as his followers claimed? 4.8 Evidence for the resurrection of Jesus
4.9 Christian miracles

4.1 How to assess the credibility of an alleged divine revelation

How do I decide between competing claims to revelation? by Glenn Miller.

Presuppositional Reasoning and False Faiths by Dr. Greg Bahnsen.
"Presuppositional apologetics as taught by Cornelius Van Til urges the Christian to argue with unbelievers in an 'indirect' fashion, doing an internal analysis of the unbeliever's worldview (his fundamental assumptions about reality, knowledge, and ethics) and comparing it to the worldview revealed in the Bible... Van Til's presuppositional approach to defending the faith is an effective tool for responding to all kinds of unbelievers, irreligious and religious alike. That is because all men think in the context of a broader worldview which can be internally criticized, even if it utilizes 'religious' concepts. The only religious concepts which can make philosophical sense out of life are those definite, concrete, truths revealed infallibly by God in His own word."


4.2 Are Miracles Possible?

4.2.1 Are there any good arguments against the possibility of miracles?

A Modern Defence of Hume

The Marvelous and the Miraculous by Robert Myers.
The following link to an essay by a skeptic who is a fan of Hume contains lots of Hume quotes, and rebuts some of the more simplistic arguments against Hume's rejection of miracles.


Standard Philosophical References

Miracles Article in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


Rebuttals of Hume

Hume's Abject Failure by Professor John Earman.
Part of Professor Earman's book on the failure of Hume's argument against miracles can be viewed online here. If you scroll down to page 43, you'll find a refutation of Hume's logic.

Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? A debate between Professor William Lane Craig and Professor Bart Ehrman, held on March 28, 2006.
Search for the word "Hume" and you'll find a sophisticated mathematical refutation of Hume's argument against miracles.

The Argument from Miracles: A Cumulative Case for the Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth by Professor Tim McGrew and Lydia McGrew. In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (ed. by William Craig and J. P. Moreland. For a carefully worded refutation of Hume's logic, scroll down to the section entitled, "Hume's maxim and World-view problems".

Miracles and Modern Scientific Thought by Professor Norman Geisler.

An Answer to the Arguments of Hume, Lecky and others Against Miracles by Alfred Russel Wallace.
This essay was first read at a meeting of the London Dialectical Society; it was subsequently presented at one of the "Winter Soirees" on 14 November 1870, and printed the following day in Number 15 of Volume 1 of the London magazine The Spiritualist. The version reproduced here was taken from a reprint that appeared in the March 1872 number of The Spiritual Magazine under the title "No Antecedent Impossibility in Miracles. A Reply to Modern Objectors."

The Problem Of Miracles: A Historical And Philosophical Perspective by Professor William Lane Craig.

Do No Miracles Today Imply None in the Past?: A Critique of Richard Carrier's Methodology by Amy Sayers.


4.2.2 How can miracles occur without God doing violence to the natural order of things?

Medieval Aristotelianism and the Case Against Secondary Causation in Nature by Professor Alfred Freddoso.

Comment on Van Inwagen's "The Place of Chance in a World Sustained by God" by Professor Alfred Freddoso.
Professor Freddoso diagnoses our contemporary difficulty in conceiving the possibility of miracles as stemming from from an incorrect understanding of the relation between God and creatures. Two false views which Freddoso rejects are the occasionalist view (according to which God is the only active cause in nature) and the conservationist view (which says that God continuously preserves all things - some directly, and others indirectly - and that God is typically a remote rather than an immediate cause of events). Most modern Christians implicitly accept the conservationist view, and thereby saddle themselves with difficulties in accounting for miracles (see below). Against these opinions, Freddoso upholds what he calls the concurrentist view: that the ordinary course of nature God's manner of giving rise to natural effects is to act with created agents as a concurring immediate cause of their own proper effects. Thus a natural action is an action of both God and secondary agents. Note that on this view: (i) God is an immediate, and not just a remote, cause of every natural effect; (ii) nevertheless, each material or corporeal substance possesses and exercises its own proper causal powers, which are in no way supplanted or rendered redundant by God's causal activity in nature. Thus God's causal activity in nature is not exhausted by His creating and conserving material substances and their causal powers, as proponents of the "conservationist" view allege. Professor Freddoso demonstrates that the concurrentist account is indeed the traditional Christian view, and argues that occasionalism and conservationism are theologically unsound. In particular, conservationism makes it difficult for Christians to give an account of miracles, without making God appear to interfere with nature, whereas concurrentism has no problem here. Freddoso makes his point with a Scriptural example:

Think of Shadrach sitting in the fiery furnace. Here we have real human flesh exposed unprotected to real fire, and yet Shadrach survives unscathed--even though the fire is so hot that it consumes the soldiers who usher him into the furnace. How, on the [conservationist] view, can God save Shadrach? Only, it seems, by either (i) taking from the fire its power to consume Shadrach, which is inconsistent with the soldiers' being incinerated but in any case amounts ... to destroying the fire and in that sense overpowering it; or (ii) endowing Shadrach's clothing and flesh with a special power of resistance, in which case God is opposing His creature, the fire; or (iii) placing some impediment (say, an invisible heat-resistant shield) between Shadrach and the flames, in which case God is yet again resisting the power of the fire. By contrast, on the ... concurrentist [model], God accomplishes this miracle simply by withholding His own action. The (real) fire is, as it were, beholden to God's word; He does not have to struggle with it or overcome it or oppose it. The fire's natural effect cannot occur without God's action, and in this case God chooses not to act in the way required. An elegant account, and one that does not in any way give any creature a power that God must oppose.

Creation, Providence and Miracle by Professor William Lane Craig.


4.3 Why Christianity makes sense

Pensees (Thoughts) by Blaise Pascal (1660). A Christian classic.

Orthodoxy by G.K. Chesterton (1908).
This classic by Chesterton still feels fresh and makes for an exciting read, a century after it was written.

Mere Christianity by C.S Lewis (1943).
This classic by a former atheist turned apologist lays out the case for basic Christianity.

Mystery and Promise: A Theology of Revelation by John Haught, professor of theology at Georgetown University.
The author deals with revelation from within a Roman Catholic perspective. Revelation comes in the form of a divine promise which upon reflection turns out to be nothing less than God's own self-donation to the world. It is the gift of an image of divine humility which renders reality intelligible in an unprecedented way.

The Impossible Faith - Or, How Not to Start an Ancient Religion by James Patrick Holding.
Offers 17 reasons why Christianity could not have survived in the ancient world unless it had indisputable evidence of the resurrection of Jesus.


4.4 What do we really know about Jesus?

Extrabiblical, Non-Christian Witnesses to Jesus before 200 A.D. by Glenn Miller, M.S.
Presents historical evidence outside the Bible that Jesus actually existed.

Did Jesus Really Exist? by Professor Paul Maier.
"In fact, there is more evidence that Jesus of Nazareth certainly lived than for most famous figures of the ancient past. This evidence is of two kinds: internal and external, or, if you will, sacred and secular. In both cases, the total evidence is so overpowering, so absolute that only the shallowest of intellects would dare to deny Jesus' existence."

Introduction to the New Testament. Part One: History, Jesus, and the Gospels. Course notes by Professor Craig Evans.
Presents historical evidence outside the Bible that Jesus actually existed.


4.4.1 The Life of Jesus

From Jesus to Christ: the First Christians.
The four-hour FRONTLINE TV series which tells the epic story of Jesus' life and the rise of Christianity. Based on interviews with twelve scholars - New Testament theologians, archaeologists, and historians.

The Life of Christ.
Explores the life, history and teachings of Christ online. There are excellent history links for those who wish to learn more about the world Jesus lived in.

Assessing Progress in the Third Quest of the Historical Jesus by Professor Craig Evans.

Jesus the Jew by Jonathan Went.
A short, illuminating article which highlights the Jewish character of Jesus.

The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah by Alfred Edersheim.
This thoroughly researched biography of Jesus makes for fascinating reading. Alfred Edersheim (1825-89) was a Vienna-born Jewish convert to Christianity and a biblical scholar. His two-volume masterpiece, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (1883), is his best-known work.

The Life of Christ by Frederic Farrar.
Frederic William Farrar (1831 - 1903), often known as Dean Farrar, was a theological writer, who became Canon of Westminster and later Rector of St. Margaret's, Archdeacon of Westminster and Dean of Canterbury. He was an eloquent preacher and a voluminous author. His Life of Christ was his most popular work.


4.4.2 What's Wrong with Sceptical Attacks on Jesus?

What Do We Actually Know About Jesus, On The Basis Of Historical Evidence?

Extrabiblical, Non-Christian Witnesses to Jesus before 200 A.D. by Glenn Miller, M.S.
Presents historical evidence outside the Bible that Jesus actually existed.

Extrabiblical, Non-Christian Witnesses to Jesus before 200 A.D.: The Evidence of Thallus (50-75 A.D.) by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Did Jesus Really Exist? by Professor Paul Maier.
"In fact, there is more evidence that Jesus of Nazareth certainly lived than for most famous figures of the ancient past. This evidence is of two kinds: internal and external, or, if you will, sacred and secular. In both cases, the total evidence is so overpowering, so absolute that only the shallowest of intellects would dare to deny Jesus' existence."

Josephus and Jesus by Professor Paul Maier.
"Flavius Josephus (A.D. 37 - c. 100) was a Jewish historian born in Jerusalem four years after the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth in the same city... Against this background, we should certainly expect that he would refer to Jesus of Nazareth, and he does - twice in fact."

The Evidence For The Historical Jesus by Professor Gary Habermas.

A Summary Critique: Questioning the Existence of Jesus by Professor Gary Habermas.
Seldom have recent scholars questioned or denied the historical existence of Jesus. Of the very few who have done so, G. A. Wells is probably the best known. In this article, Habermas outlines and then responds to some of his major tenets.

Can We Be Certain Jesus Died On A Cross? by Mike Licona.
"The atoning death and resurrection of Jesus are the cornerstone doctrines of Christianity. If either failed to occur, the Christianity preached by the apostles is false."

NBC Dateline and Jesus: The Last Days of Jesus.
Features interviews with both sceptical and Christian New Testament scholars, and follow-up comments by Professor Craig Evans.


Refutations of Sceptics Who Claim Jesus Never Existed

Writings on the Historical Jesus by Professor William Craig.
A collection of scholarly articles defending the truth of the Gospel accounts of Jesus' life against sceptical critics.

Errors of the Jesus Myth by ChristianCadre.org.
A collection of articles which refutes claims by Earl Doherty, author of The Jesus Puzzle, that Jesus never actually existed.

Fairy Castles Built on Sand by James Patrick Holding.
Refutes claims by Earl Doherty, author of The Jesus Puzzle, that Jesus never actually existed.

A review of Brian Flemming's DVD, "The God Who Wasn't There" by Michael Licona.
This is the lastest attempt by the hyperskeptical community to advance the thesis that Jesus never existed. In this review, Mike Licona takes a look at their case.

A Refutation of Acharya S's book, The Christ Conspiracy by Mike Licona.
Refutes claims by the sceptical mythologist Acharya S, that Jesus never actually existed.


Are the Gospels Myths?

Are the Gospels Mythical? by Professor Rene Girard.
"The Cross is incomparable insofar as its victim is the Son of God, but in every other respect it is a human event. An analysis of that event - exploring the anthropological aspects of the Passion that we cannot neglect if we take the dogma of the Incarnation seriously - not only reveals the falsity of contemporary anthropology's skepticism about human nature. It also utterly discredits the notion that Christianity is in any sense mythological. The world's myths do not reveal a way to interpret the Gospels, but exactly the reverse: the Gospels reveal to us the way to interpret myth."

Dr. Habermas debates sceptic Tim Callahan on the legitimacy of comparing the Resurrection of Jesus to ancient mythology. Scroll down to watch the video.

Was Jesus Christ just a Copy-cat Savior Myth? by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Did Paul invent Christianity? by Professor Ben Witherington.
Paul, more than any other of the original apostles, was responsible for the birthing of the form of community which was to become the early church. Though he did not invent its doctrines or even its ethics, he most consistently applied its truths until a community that comported with these truths emerged.

Did Paul invent Christianity? by Glenn Miller, M.S.
Argues that Paul, far from being a radical innovator, seems to be: (a) quite in line with the Old Testament (Tanakh) theology of the prophets; (b) quite in line with Jesus' teaching in the Gospels; and (c) quite in line with the only non-Pauline data we have from the early church (i.e. Peter, and John the Baptist). Also argues that Paul's view of the Mosaic Law is similar to those of the other early church founders: Peter, James, John, and the writer of Hebrews. Finally, Jesus did not come to perpetuate the Mosaic commandments, as demonstrated by His words and actions.

Why Apollonius of Tyana cannot be compared to Christ by James Patrick Holding.


Archaeological Evidence For Jesus' Existence

Shroudstory.com by Dan Porter.
A Website that will blow your mind and force you to re-think your scepticism about the Shroud of Turin. The author makes a very strong case for the authenticity of this relic.

How do you know that the image on the Shroud of Turin was not painted? by Ray Rodgers.
Ray Rogers is a Fellow of the University of California, Los Alamos National Laboratory and a charter member of the Coalition for Excellence in Science Education. He has published many scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Re-Thinking The Shroud Objectively - Analysis Of The Carbon-14 Dating: What Is Right And What Is Wrong by Daniel Porter.
A January 20, 2005 article in the scholarly, peer-reviewed scientific journal Thermochimica Acta (Volume 425, pages 189-194, by Raymond N. Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of California) makes it perfectly clear: the carbon 14 dating sample cut from the Shroud in 1988 was not valid. Madder root dyes (Alizarin and Purpurin), gum, a hydrous oxide mordant, cotton fibers and significant levels of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) have been found in the carbon 14 sample area and not anywhere else on the Shroud. The startling conclusion is that what was radiocarbon dated was chemically unlike the rest of the cloth. Thus it was an invalid sample.


Refutations of Sensationalist Attempts to Discredit the Gospels

Lost Tomb of Jesus Claim Called a Stunt From The Washington Post.
Leading archaeologists in Israel and the United States have denounced the purported discovery of the tomb of Jesus as a publicity stunt.

Have the bones of Jesus been found? From This Is London online magazine.
Quotes archaeologists who pour cold water on claims that the casket that held Jesus' bones has been found.

Problems Multiply for Jesus Tomb Theory and The Jesus Tomb? Titanic Talpiot Tomb Theory Sunk From the Start by Dr. Ben Witherington III.
Debunks claims made in James Cameron's documentary, "The Lost Tomb of Jesus", that the casket that held Jesus's bones has finally been found, and that Jesus fathered a son named Judah.

The Jesus Tomb Math by Dr. William Dembski and Professor Robert A. Marks II.
Debunks claims made in James Cameron's documentary, "The Lost Tomb of Jesus", that there are 600-to-one odds that the Talpiot Tomb is actually that of Jesus.

The Da Vinci Code FAQ by Rev. Dr. Mark D. Roberts.

The Mystery of the Jesus Papers.
An MSNBC report featuring an interview with Michael Baigent, who claims to have seen letters proving that Jesus survived the crucifixion, and follow-up comments by religious scholars.

How well-respected are the theories of Eisenman, Allegro, Thiering, and Baigent & Leigh concerning the Dead Sea Scrolls? by Glenn Miller, M.S.

What about the Gospel of Thomas?
A TV debate between Dr. Elaine Pagels (an expert on the gnostics) and historian Mike Licona. Interesting viewing.

Was Jesus of Alien Parentage? by Glenn Miller, M.S.


4.5 The moral character of Jesus

The Character of Jesus by Charles Edward Jefferson.
An excellent online book.

The Character of Jesus Christ. Article in The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910.

The Poise of Jesus by Rod Handley.

The Excellence of Christ by Jonathan Edwards, 1736.

Was Jesus really fraudulent, dishonest, sacrilegious, and conspiratorial? by Glenn Miller, M.S.


4.6 Were Jesus' teachings 100% true?

Was Jesus mistaken about his Second Coming? by Glenn Miller, M.S.


4.7 Was Jesus really the Messiah, as his followers claimed?

Why should we believe Jesus was the Messiah, if He didn't fulfill all the prophecies when He was here? by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Response to "The Fabulous Prophecies of the Messiah" by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Messianic Expectations in 1st Century Judaism by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Messianic Hopes and Messianic Figures in Late Antiquity by Professor Craig Evans.


4.8 Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus

4.8.1 Was Jesus raised from the dead?

4.8.1.1 Has the casket that held Jesus' bones been discovered?

Lost Tomb of Jesus Claim Called a Stunt From The Washington Post.
Leading archaeologists in Israel and the United States have denounced the purported discovery of the tomb of Jesus as a publicity stunt.

Have the bones of Jesus been found? From This Is London online magazine.
Quotes archaeologists who pour cold water on claims that the casket that held Jesus' bones has been found.

Problems Multiply for Jesus Tomb Theory and The Jesus Tomb? Titanic Talpiot Tomb Theory Sunk From the Start by Dr. Ben Witherington III.
Debunks claims made in James Cameron's documentary, "The Lost Tomb of Jesus", that the casket that held Jesus's bones has finally been found, and that Jesus fathered a son named Judah.


4.8.1.2 What historical evidence is there for the Resurrection of Jesus?
The Argument from Miracles: A Cumulative Case for the Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth by Professor Tim McGrew and Lydia McGrew. In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (ed. by William Craig and J. P. Moreland. The authors make an overwhelming case for the historicity of the resurrection of Christ. For a carefully worded refutation of Hume's logic, scroll down to the section entitled, "Hume's maxim and World-view problems".

Contemporary Scholarship and the Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Professor William Lane Craig.
After an appraisal of recent scholarship on the historicity of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, Professor William Craig contends that "the resurrection appearances, the empty tomb, and the origin of the Christian faith - all point unavoidably to one conclusion: the resurrection of Jesus".

The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus by Professor William Lane Craig.
It has been argued on the basis of Paul's testimony that Jesus's resurrection body was spiritual in the sense of being unextended, immaterial, intangible, and so forth. But neither the argument appealing to the nature of Paul's Damascus Road experience nor the argument from Paul's doctrine of the resurrection body supports such a conclusion. On the contrary, Paul's information serves to confirm the gospels' narratives of Jesus's bodily resurrection. Not only is the gospels' physicalism well-founded, but it is also, like Paul's doctrine, a nuanced physicalism.

The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus by Professor William Lane Craig.

The Historicity of the Empty Tomb of Jesus by Professor William Lane Craig.

The Guard at the Tomb by Professor William Lane Craig.
The story of the guard, reported only in Matthew's Gospel, is widely considered to be an apologetic legend, invented by a later generation of Christians. Professor Craig examines the evidence, and concludes that the historicity of the story is supported by two considerations: (1) as an apologetic, the story is not a fail-safe answer to the charge of body-snatching, and (2) a reconstruction of the history of tradition lying behind Jewish-Christian polemic makes the fictitiousness of the guard unlikely. The absence of the story from the other gospels may be due to their lack of interest in Jewish-Christian polemics.

Resurrection Research from 1975 to the Present: What are Critical Scholars Saying? by Professor Gary Habermas.
An overview of recent trends in scholarship pertaining to the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Experiences of the Risen Jesus: The Foundational Historical Issue in the Early Proclamation of the Resurrection by Professor Gary Habermas.
The substantially unanimous verdict of contemporary critical scholars is that Jesus' disciples at least believed that Jesus was alive, resurrected from the dead.

Risen Jesus.com - The apologetics Web site of Mike Licona.
Mike Licona is a New Testament historian and Christian apologist. On this Web site, he presents a powerful case for the Resurrection.

The Third Day by Sir Arnold Lunn (1945).
Arnold Lunn has been called the father of modern skiing, but he was also a famous Christian apologist who converted from agnosticism and ended up becoming a Catholic. Although his book is a little old, it is thorough in its argumentation, engaging and highly readable.

General Defences of the Resurrrection.
A collection of useful articles by ChristianCadre.org.


4.8.1.3 Refuting Sceptical Attempts to Explain Away the Resurrection of Jesus
Dr. Habermas debates Dr. Anthony Flew on the Resurrection of Jesus.
Dr. Flew was perhaps the most prominent atheist philosopher of the 20th century. (He is now a Deist.)

Explaining Away Jesus' Resurrection: The Recent Revival of Hallucination Theories by Professor Gary Habermas.
After almost a century of virtual dormancy, a number of naturalistic alternative hypotheses regarding Jesus' resurrection have appeared in recent publications. Similar to the situation at the end of the Nineteenth Century, hallucination and related subjective approaches are again the most popular among critics. Habermas surveys several of these recent formulations. Then he offers numerous critiques, both of such subjective approaches as a whole, as well as a couple of inclusive issues. He argues that these alternative strategies fail to explain the historicity of Jesus' resurrection appearances for a host of reasons, even when judged by critically-accepted standards.

Responding to the skeptical book The Empty Tomb.
A collection of articles by ChristianCadre.org, in response to the book, The Empty Tomb: Jesus Beyond the Grave published by Prometheus Publishers in early 2005. The Empty Tomb is a collection of anti-apologetic essays by various skeptics, many of whom are active on the internet.

Visions of Jesus: A Critical Assessment of Gerd Ludemann's Hallucination Hypothesis by Professor William Lane Craig.

Easter: Myth, Hallucination, or History? by Professor Edwin Yamauchi.
"I have tried to show that theories attributing the Resurrection of Christ to the borrowing of mythological themes, to hallucinations, or to alternative explanations of the empty tomb are improbable and are also inadequate to explain the genesis and growth of Christianity. To be sure, the Resurrection of Jesus is unprecedented, but Jesus himself is sui generis, unique."

Was Jesus Christ just a Copy-cat Savior Myth? by Glenn Miller, M.S.

Why Apollonius of Tyana cannot be compared to Christ by James Patrick Holding.

Barker's Blunders by David Wood.
A Response to Dan Barker's "Did Jesus Really Rise from the Dead?"


4.8.1.4 Can we build a strong case for the Resurrection of Jesus on historical grounds ALONE?
The Argument from Miracles: A Cumulative Case for the Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth by Professor Tim McGrew and Lydia McGrew. In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (ed. by William Craig and J. P. Moreland. The authors make an overwhelming case for the historicity of the resurrection of Christ. For a carefully worded refutation of Hume's logic, scroll down to the section entitled, "Hume's maxim and World-view problems".

Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? A debate between Professor William Lane Craig and Professor Bart Ehrman.
Craig argues that on the basis of the historical evidence, the Resurrection is an event whose mathematical probability is not computable, but which is nevertheless the best explanation for the events that are reliably attested to have happened on Easter Sunday; Ehrman contends that by its very nature, the Resurrection cannot be considered a probable event.

The JFK Assassination and Apologetics by Dr. Greg Bahnsen.
"If the dispute over Kennedy's assassination shows us that the facts do not speak for themselves - that the question is not settled simply over alleged evidences - how much more should Christian apologists realize that our debate with unbelievers over the resurrection of Christ (and other matters of Biblical truth) is not simply a matter of 'evidences.' It must eventually involve a challenge to the heart-commitment and intellectual presuppositions of the non-Christian."

Evidential Apologetics: the Right Way by Dr. Greg Bahnsen.
"In popular misconception today, the choice of an apologetical method facing a Bible-believing Christian is between arguing presuppositionally OR appealing to evidences from history and nature in support of Christianity. But that is entirely wrong."

Has Plantinga Refuted the Historical Argument? by Timothy McGrew.

Note: Plantinga's reply, "Historical Arguments and Dwindling Probabilities: A Response to Timothy McGrew," is not available on the Internet as far as I am aware, but can be found in Philosophia Christi 8 (2006): 12, 21.

On the Historical Argument by Timothy McGrew and Lydia McGrew.


4.8.2 What kind of body did the risen Jesus have?

The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus by William Lane Craig.

The Resurrection of the Son of God by N. T. Wright.


4.9 Christian Miracles

4.9.1 New Testament Miracles

Did the New Testament authors invent the miracle stories in the gospels? by Glenn Miller.


4.9.2 Post-New Testament Miracles

A Short History of the concept of miracles in the Christian Church

The Concept of Miracle from St. Augustine to Modern Apologetics. Article by Fr. John G. Hardon, S.J.
Discusses how the theological concept of a miracle has developed from the time of St. Augustine down to the present day.


Articles of general interest about modern miracles

Wonders Never Cease. Article by William G. Most, S.J. Discusses some notable Catholic miracles.

Miracles - Catholic and Protestant.
Describes rigorously documented miracles that have occurred in recent times.

Protestant philosopher at Notre Dame carves out intellectual room for God and miracles by Richard Ostling.
Article about Professor Alvin Plantinga, one of the greatest Christian philosophers living today.


Eucharistic Miracles

Eucharistic Miracles. The official Web site of the Real Presence Eucharistic Education and Adoration Association. Describes some extremely well-authenticated cases.

Eucharistic miracles.
This site describes the Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano.


Miracles at Lourdes

Web page of the Lourdes Medical Bureau.

Two Lourdes Miracles and a Nobel Laureate: What Really Happened? by Fr. Stanley Jaki.
An interesting article by Fr. Jaki, the 1987 Templeton Prize winner, on Dr. Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner in 1912 who witnessed a miraculous cure in Lourdes.

Medical Proof of the Miraculoius by Dr. E. Le Bec, a surgeon at St. Joseph's hospital (1923).


The Incorruptibles and Other Extraordinary Cases

Incorruptibles.
This site shows colour photos of saints whose dead bodies have not undergone the normal processes of disintegration. Without any kind mummification or embalming methods, their corpses have thus remained incorrupt, a few even after 1500 years.

Modern-day miracles of St. Charbel Makhlouf.

Mysteries, Marvels and Miracles in the Lives of the Saints by Joan Carroll Cruz.


Levitation and Other Well-documented Miraculous Feats Associated with St. Joseph of Cupertino

The flying saint by Renzo Allegri. Article in The Messenger of St. Anthony, January 2003. Excerpt:

He has entered history as the 'flying saint'. One of the characteristics of his extraordinary mystic experiences was his ecstasies. All he needed to see was an image of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, Saint Francis or another saint, or hear their names spoken aloud, and he went into ecstasy. He let out a cry and floated into the air. He remained there, suspended between the earth and the sky for up to even an hour, two hours, three hours... while people ran to see this phenomenon. Crowds of the devoted and curious thronged around him, all amazed and moved, while doctors and scientists attempted to reach him using ladders and ropes in order to subject him to tests and try to understand how such a thing was possible... 'To doubt is understandable,' Fr. Giulio Berettoni, rector of the Shrine of St. Joseph of Cupertino in Osimo tells me 'but it isn't justifiable. If we take a serious look at the saint's life from a historical point of view, then we see that we cannot question his ecstasies. There are numerous witness accounts. They began to be documented in 1628, and this continued until Joseph's death in 1663, i.e. for 35 years. In certain periods, the phenomenon is recorded to have taken place more than once a day. It has been calculated that Joseph's 'ecstatic flights' took place at least 1,000 to 1,500 times in his lifetime, perhaps even more, and that they were witnessed by thousands of people. They were the phenomenon of the century. They were so sensational and so public that they attracted attention from curious people from all walks of life, Italians and foreigners, believers and unbelievers, simple folk, but also scholars, scientists, priests, bishops and cardinals. They continued to occur in every situation, in whatever church in which the saint prayed or celebrated Mass. It is impossible to doubt such a sensational and public phenomenon which repeated itself over time. It is also worth noting that these events occurred in the seventeenth century, the time of the Inquisition. Amazing events, miracles and healings were labelled magic and the protagonists ended up undergoing a trial by the civil and religious Inquisition. In fact, St. Joseph of Cupertino underwent this very fate because of his ecstasies. But he was subjected to various trials without ever being condemned; final proof that these are sensational events, but also real, extraordinary and concrete facts.'

Joseph of Cupertino. Wikipedia article describing the saint's life and amazing feats of levitation, including one witnessed by Pope Urban VIII.

St. Joseph of Cupertino by Fr. Peter F. Mallin, O.F.M. Conv.
Tells the story of the life of a levitating mystic and Catholic saint, whose miracles were witnessed by thousands, including Pope Urban VIII.


The Well-documented Miracles of St. Francis Xavier

The Miracles of St. Francis Xavier by Fr. John G. Hardon, S.J.
This marvellous saint was reliably attested by his contemporaries to have the gift of prophecy and speaking in tongues, and to have performed feats of levitation, raising the dead, giving sight to the blind, and stopping an outbreak of the plague.


The Miracle of Calanda - Who says God doesn't heal amputees?

The Miracle of Calanda. Wikipedia article. The miracle of Calanda is an event that, according to 17th century documents (see article), took place in Calanda, Spain in 1640: the documents state that a young farmer's leg was restored to him after having been amputated two and a half years earlier. The event is described in detail in the book Il Miracolo, by Vittorio Messori.


Guadelupe

Our Lady of Guadelupe.
This site describes the image of Our Lady of Guadelupe, said to have been miraculously imprinted on a Mexican peasant's cloak which can still be seen today.


The Blood of St. Januarius

St. Januarius by Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J.
Article in The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910.

The blood of St. Januarius
By L.Garlaschelli, F.Ramaccini and S.Della Sala, of CICAP, the Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on the Paranormal. Suggests a naturalistic explanation for the miracle of St. Januarius.


The Miraculous Medal

How the Miraculous Medal Changed my Life by Fr. John G. Hardon, S.J.


Miracles of St. Faustina

Modern-day miracles worked by St. Faustina (d. 1938), a Polish nun and mystic.


4.10 Is Christianity Dead?

Interview With Benedict XVI: The Quest for 'Something Bigger' Wells Up Again in the West.
Here is a translation of an interview Benedict XVI gave to a panel of four German journalists on August 5, 2006 in the papal summer residence of Castel Gandolfo. The 40-minute interview was broadcast on German public television channels ARD and ZDF, on Germany's state-funded worldwide TV service Deutsche Welle, and on Vatican Radio.