Malaysia's history has been one of continual interaction with foreign powers & influence because of it location between the Indian Ocean & the South China Sea which allows it to become meeting place for traders & travellers. Archaeological findings at Bujang Valley in the state of Kedah furnishes evidences of a Hindu-Buddhist civilisation that dated back to 300AD. It was an important centre of trade & commerce till the 13th century when Malacca attracted colonial powers. By 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese, the in 1641, the Dutch took over & finally the British in 1815. The British consolidated their hold on Malayan states following Francis Light's arrival in Penang in 1786. Sarawak was ruled by a British adventurer, James Brooke since 1841. In 1888, Sarawak & North Borneo (Sabah) became British protectorates. In 1930s, the 1st stirring of Malayan nationalism were felt. On 31st August 1957, the Federation of Malaya gained the independence. In 1963, Malaysia was formed.