AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#CC9900" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="043005a0dwnjzk.gif"> <div> <A HREF="default.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PHARMACILOGY QCM"><U><B>home</B></U></A><B>     | </B><B> </B><B> </B><B>  </B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>PHARMACILOGY QCM</B></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="general"><U><B>general</B></U></A><B>   |   </B><B>AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY </B><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="salicylate intoxication"><U><B>salicylate intoxication</B></U></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="surgery pharm"><U><B>surgery pharm</B></U></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="antiobic and chemotherapy"><U><B>antiobic and chemotherapy</B></U></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" 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intoxication"><U><B>salicylate intoxication</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="surgery pharm"><U><B>surgery pharm</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="antiobic and chemotherapy"><U><B>antiobic and chemotherapy</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="anesthetic"><U><B>anesthetic</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id24.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="EPILEPSY TREATMENT"><U><B>EPILEPSY TREATMENT</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id27.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="asthma trt"><U><B>asthma trt</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="cardiopharm"><U><B>cardiopharm</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ANESTHESIOLOGY"><U><B>ANESTHESIOLOGY</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U><B>Contact Me</B></U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>Other names</B> </div> <div> visceral </div> <div> vegetative </div> <div> involuntary</div> <div> <B>Function - regulates activity of structures not under voluntary control</B> <IMG SRC="04fb3c50.gif" border=0 width="691" height="453" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> smooth muscle </div> <div> cardiac muscle </div> <div> secretory glands</div> <div> <B>Structural arrangements</B> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">connections — 2 neurons </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">neuronal fiber leaving brainstem and spinal cord synapses outside the CNS at a ganglion -- <I>preganglionic neuron </I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">second neuron impacts on effector organ -- <I>postganglionic neuron </I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">two divisions in ANS </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">based on differences in </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">anatomy </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">function</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions (T1-L3) of the spinal cord </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ganglia are located near the spinal cord (distant from effector organ) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">other than a second neuron, preganglionic neurons innervate the adrenal medulla which is embryologically and anatomically analogous to other sympathetic ganglia </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">one preganglionic neuron may act on many postganglionic neurons (up to 1:20) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">diffuse distribution pattern leads to widespread massive responses </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">desirable if organism is confronted with a sudden emergency (e.g., pain, asphyxia, strong emotions) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“fight or flight” response</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">parasympathetic (craniosacral) division </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">fibers originate in tectal region of the brain stem (oculomotor [III], facial [VII], glossopharyngeal [IX] and vagus [X]) and sacral segments (S2-S4) of the spinal cord </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ganglia are located near the end effector organs (distant from spinal cord) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">generally 1 preganglionic:1 postganglionic neuron </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">discrete distribution leads to fine and limited responses </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">functionally important in protection, conservation and restoration of bodily resources</div> <div> <B>Innervation <IMG SRC="04ee11f0.gif" border=0 width="737" height="543" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some tissues receive only parasympathetic innervation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">parotid gland </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">lacrimal gland </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nasopharyngeal glands</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some tissues receive only sympathetic innervation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sweat glands </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">adrenal medulla </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">piloerectors </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">most blood vessels</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some tissues are innervated by both </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">salivary glands </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">heart </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">lungs (bronchial muscle) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">abdominal and pelvic viscera</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Effect of specific drugs on organs depends on relative degree of innervation</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="638" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="241"><div> <B>Characteristic</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF><NOBR><div> <B>Sympathetic</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF><NOBR><div> <B>Parasympathetic</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><div> Spinal Cord Origin</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Thoraco-Lumbar</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Cranio-Sacral</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><div> Length of Postganglioinc Fiber</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="179"><div> Long</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="198"><div> Short</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="241"><div> Innervation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Diffuse (1:20)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Discrete (1:1)</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 30 WIDTH="241"><div> Function</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><div> Fight or Flight</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="198"><div> Minute-to-Minute Control</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 30 WIDTH="241"><div> Preganglioinc Neurotransmitter</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="179"><div> ACh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="198"><div> ACh</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 30 WIDTH="241"><div> Postganglionic Neurotransmitter</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="179"><div> NE, ACh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="198"><div> ACh</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>Neurotransmission</B> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Communication between cells in the nervous system is accomplished by chemical mediators (<I>transmitter, neurotransmitter, NT</I>) which are released by the nerve terminals or varicosities. The NT interacts with a specific <I>receptor</I> on a second neuron (<I>synapse or synaptic junction</I>) or on a target tissue (<I>neuroeffector junction</I>) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Neurotransmitters in the ANS are </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">acetylcholine (ACh) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">norepinephrine (NE) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">since epinephrine (Epi) is released into the circulation it is referred to as a <I>neurohormone</I> rather than a neurotransmitter</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">neurons which <U>release</U> ACh are called <I>cholinergic </I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">neurons which <U>release</U> NE are called <I>adrenergic</I> </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Neurotransmitters associated with the autonomic nervous system </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sympathetic division </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">preganglionic neurons release ACh </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">postganglionic neurons release </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">NE (ACh --> NE) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ACh - at sweat glands (ACh --> ACh)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">adrenal medulla releases Epi, NE (ACh --> Epi, NE)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">parasympathetic division </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">preganglionic neurons release ACh </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">postganglionic neurons release ACh (ACh --> ACh)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Caution: </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cholinergic ? parasympathetic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">adrenergic ? sympathetic</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Receptors in the autonomic nervous system </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cholinoceptors </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">muscarinic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">actions of ACh on effector organs is similar to the plant alkaloid muscarine </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">action of both ACh and muscarine are similar to parasympathetic nerve stimulation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all the actions of muscarine and parasympathetic nerve stimulation can be blocked by atropine (a muscarinic antagonist) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">subtypes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">via pharmacologic techniques </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">via molecular biologic techniques</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nicotinic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">action of ACh on autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla is similar to that of nicotine </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">action of ACh on skeletal muscle is also similar to nicotine, although antagonist selectivity is different indicating that these nicotinic receptors are not alike</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">adrenoceptors </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">activation of adrenergic receptors results in contraction of some smooth muscles and relaxation of others </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">certain antagonists demonstrate selectivity in blocking the various effects of NE </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">adrenergic receptors are classified as being either <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >a</FONT> or <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >b</FONT> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">in general, stimulation of <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >a</FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" > </FONT>receptors results in contraction whereas stimulation of <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >b</FONT>receptors results in relaxation (<I>exception</I>: heart - <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >b</FONT>receptors produce contraction) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >vs </FONT>b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">a<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1 vs </FONT>a<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">presynaptic receptors regulate the amount of NE released by action potentials </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700b400000000.gif" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Potential sites of drug action within autonomic neurons</B> <A HREF="file:///A:/AUTONOMIC%20PHARMACOLOGY%20-%20REVIEW%20AND%20OVERVIEW_files/Generic_Tx_Release.gif" TARGET="_top" TITLE="file:///A:/AUTONOMIC%20PHARMACOLOGY%20-%"><U><IMG SRC="04c84580.gif" border=0 width="900" height="600" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B>Summary of tissue responses to adrenergic and cholinergic nerve stimulation </B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="801" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF HEIGHT= 39 ><NOBR><bR> <div> <B>Organ Or Tissue Function</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF><NOBR><div> <B>Adrenergic</B></div> <div> <B>Receptor</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF WIDTH="168"><div> <B>Adrenergic</B></div> <div> <B>Response</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF WIDTH="168"><div> <B>Cholinergic</B></div> <div> <B>Response </B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#0000FF WIDTH="122"><div> <B>Dominant</B></div> <div> <B>Tone</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> <B>Eye</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> <B>C</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Radial muscle of the iris</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Contraction (mydriasis)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> —</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Sphincter of the iris</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> —</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> —</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Contraction (miosis)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="207"><div> Ciliary muscle</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Relaxation for far vision</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Contraction for near vision</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> <B>Heart</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> <B>C</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Rate (SA node)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Decrease</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Contractile force (atrium)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Decrease</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Contractile force (ventricles)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> None</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> <B>Lungs</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Bronchial smooth muscle</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Relaxation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Constriction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> <B>C</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="207"><div> Bronchial glands</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a1, b2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Decreased secretion, Increased secretion</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Increased secretion</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> <B>Blood vessels </B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> <B>A</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="207"><div> Arterioles (viscera, skin, brain)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Constriction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Dilatation (via EDRF)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Coronary vessels</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2 (</FONT>a1, a2<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >)</FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Dilatation (constriction)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Constriction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Skeletal muscle</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2 (M?)</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Dilatation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Dilatation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Veins</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Constriction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> —</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="207"><div> GI tract </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> C</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 39 ><NOBR><div> Walls (Tone and motility) </div> <div> Sphincters</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a2, b2 </div> <div> a1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Relaxation </div> <div> Contraction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Contraction</div> <div> Relaxation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="207"><div> Urinary bladder</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="106" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Detruser muscle</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Relaxation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Contraction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> C</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Trigone-sphincter</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Contraction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Relaxation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A, C</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Uterus</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Contraction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Variable </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="207"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="207" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Relaxation (non-preg>preg)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="168" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Penis, seminal vesicles</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Ejaculation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Erection</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="122" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 76 WIDTH="207"><div> Salivary glands</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a1</div> <div> b</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increased secretion of K<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >+</FONT> and H<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>0</div> <div> Increased secretion of amylase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increased secretion of K<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >+</FONT> and H<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> C</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="207"><div> Sweat glands</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Increased secretion</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increased secretion (sympathetic)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> C</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Liver</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Glycogenolysis</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> Glycogen synthesis</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Fat cells</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b (b3)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Lipolysis</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> None</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Renin secretion</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> b1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> None</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="207"><div> Insulin secretion</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="106"><div> a2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Decrease</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="168"><div> Increase</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="122"><div> A</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> * C= Cholinergic, A=Adrenergic</div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>