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IhaveaDream

byMartinLutherKing,Jr.

DeliveredonthestepsattheLincolnMemorialinWashington
D.C.onAugust28,1963

Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadow
westandsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.Thismomentous
decreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegro
slaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.
Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightof
captivity.

Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfactthat
theNegroisstillnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelife
oftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesof
segregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyears
later,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthe
midstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyears
later,theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmerican
societyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Sowehave
comeheretodaytodramatizeanappallingcondition.

Inasensewehavecometoournation'scapitaltocashacheck.
Whenthearchitectsofourrepublicwrotethemagnificentwords
oftheConstitutionandthedeclarationofIndependence,they
weresigningapromissorynotetowhicheveryAmericanwasto
fallheir.Thisnotewasapromisethatallmenwouldbe
guarranteedtheinalienablerightsoflife,liberty,andthe
pursuitofhappiness.

ItisobvioustodaythatAmericahasdefaultedonthis
promissorynoteinsofarashercitizensofcolorareconcerned.
Insteadofhonoringthissacredobligation,Americahasgiven
theNegropeopleabadcheckwhichhascomebackmarked
insufficientfunds.
justiceisbankrupt.Werefusetobelievethatthereare
insufficientfundsinthegreatvaultsofopportunityofthis
nation.Sowehavecometocashthischeck--acheckthatwill
giveusupondemandtherichesoffreedomandthesecurityof
justice.Wehavealsocometothishallowedspottoremind
Americaofthefierceurgencyofnow.Thisisnotimetoengage
intheluxuryofcoolingoffortotakethetranquilizingdrug
ofgradualism.Nowisthetimetorisefromthedarkand
desolatevalleyofsegregationtothesunlitpathofracial
justice.Nowisthetimetoopenthedoorsofopportunitytoall
ofGod'schildren.Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthe
quicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockof
brotherhood.

Itwouldbefatalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthe
momentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.This
swelteringsummeroftheNegro'slegitimatediscontentwillnot
passuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomand
equality.Nineteensixty-threeisnotanend,butabeginning.
ThosewhohopethattheNegroneededtoblowoffsteamandwill
nowbecontentwillhavearudeawakeningifthenationreturns
tobusinessasusual.Therewillbeneitherrestnortranquility
inAmericauntiltheNegroisgrantedhiscitizenshiprights.
Thewhirlwindsofrevoltwillcontinuetoshakethefoundations
ofournationuntilthebrightdayofjusticeemerges.

ButthereissomethingthatImustsaytomypeoplewhostandon
thewarmthresholdwhichleadsintothepalaceofjustice.In
theprocessofgainingourrightfulplacewemustnotbeguilty
ofwrongfuldeeds.Letusnotseektosatisfyourthirstfor
freedombydrinkingfromthecupofbitternessandhatred.

Wemustforeverconductourstruggleonthehighplaneof
dignityanddiscipline.Wemustnotallowourcreativeprotest
todegenerateintophysicalviolence.Againandagainwemust
risetothemajesticheightsofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoul
force.ThemarvelousnewmilitancywhichhasengulfedtheNegro
communitymustnotleadustodistrustofallwhitepeople,for
manyofourwhitebrothers,asevidencedbytheirpresencehere
today,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwith
ourdestinyandtheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoour
freedom.Wecannotwalkalone.

Andaswewalk,wemustmakethepledgethatweshallmarch
ahead.Wecannotturnback.Therearethosewhoareaskingthe
devoteesofcivilrights,"Whenwillyoubesatisfied?"Wecan
neverbesatisfiedaslongasourbodies,heavywiththefatigue
oftravel,cannotgainlodginginthemotelsofthehighwaysand
thehotelsofthecities.Wecannotbesatisfiedaslongasthe
Negro'sbasicmobilityisfromasmallerghettotoalargerone.
WecanneverbesatisfiedaslongasaNegroinMississippi
cannotvoteandaNegroinNewYorkbelieveshehasnothingfor
whichtovote.No,no,wearenotsatisfied,andwewillnotbe
satisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousness
likeamightystream.

Iamnotunmindfulthatsomeofyouhavecomehereoutofgreat
trialsandtribulations.Someofyouhavecomefreshfromnarrow
cells.Someofyouhavecomefromareaswhereyourquestfor
freedomleftyoubatteredbythestormsofpersecutionand
staggeredbythewindsofpolicebrutality.Youhavebeenthe
veteransofcreativesuffering.Continuetoworkwiththefaith
thatunearnedsufferingisredemptive.

GobacktoMississippi,gobacktoAlabama,gobacktoGeorgia,
gobacktoLouisiana,gobacktotheslumsandghettosofour
northerncities,knowingthatsomehowthissituationcanand
willbechanged.Letusnotwallowinthevalleyofdespair.

Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends,thatinspiteofthe
difficultiesandfrustrationsofthemoment,Istillhavea
dream.ItisadreamdeeplyrootedintheAmericandream.

Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandlive
outthetruemeaningofitscreed:"Weholdthesetruthstobe
self-evident:thatallmenarecreatedequal."

IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesons
offormerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeable
tositdowntogetheratatableofbrotherhood.

IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,a
desertstate,swelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeand
oppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomand
justice.

Ihaveadreamthatmyfourchildrenwillonedayliveina
nationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskin
butbythecontentoftheircharacter.

Ihaveadreamtoday.

IhaveadreamthatonedaythestateofAlabama,whose
governor'slipsarepresentlydrippingwiththewordsof
interpositionandnullification,willbetransformedintoa
situationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeable
tojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalk
togetherassistersandbrothers.

Ihaveadreamtoday.

Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,every
hillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplaceswillbe
madeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,and
thegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallsee
ittogether.

Thisisourhope.ThisisthefaithwithwhichIreturntothe
South.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthe
mountainofdespairastoneofhope.Withthisfaithwewillbe
abletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoa
beautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.Withthisfaithwewillbe
abletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostruggletogether,
togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,
knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.

ThiswillbethedaywhenallofGod'schildrenwillbeableto
singwithanewmeaning,"Mycountry,'tisofthee,sweetland
ofliberty,oftheeIsing.Landwheremyfathersdied,landof
thepilgrim'spride,fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring."

AndifAmericaistobeagreatnationthismustbecometrue.So
letfreedomringfromtheprodigioushilltopsofNewHampshire.
LetfreedomringfromthemightymountainsofNewYork.Let
freedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania!

LetfreedomringfromthesnowcappedRockiesofColorado!

LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceouspeaksofCalifornia!

Butnotonlythat;letfreedomringfromStoneMountainof
Georgia!

LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee!

Letfreedomringfromeveryhillandeverymolehillof
Mississippi.Fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring.

Whenweletfreedomring,whemweletitringfromeveryvillage
andeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,wewillbe
abletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod'schildren,blackmen
andwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,
willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheold
Negrospiritual,"Freeatlast!freeatlast!thankGod
Almighty,wearefreeatlast!"