William Butler Yeats

YEATS, William Butler (1865-1939).

One of Ireland's finest writers, William Butler Yeats served a long apprenticeship in the arts before his genius was fully developed. He did some of his greatest work after he was 50 years old.

Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland, on June 13, 1865, the eldest son of an artist. Although the family soon moved to London, the children spent much time with their grandparents in County Sligo in northwestern Ireland. The scenery and folklore of this region greatly influenced Yeats's work. For a while he studied art, but during the 1890s he became active in London's literary life and helped found the Rhymers' Club.

Yeats's early work was not especially Irish. Soon, however, he began to look to the ancient rituals and pagan beliefs of the land for his artistic inspiration. He tried to merge this interest with his aristocratic tastes to create an original Irish poetry and to establish his own identity.

In 1896 Yeats met Lady Gregory, an aristocrat and playwright who shared his interest in Ireland's past, especially in its folklore. In 1899 they formed a literary society that was the predecessor of the Abbey Theatre. Among his plays were 'The Countess Cathleen' (1892) and 'Cathleen ni Houlihan' (1902), with Maud Gonne originating the title role. In 1899 he had proposed to her, but she refused to marry him. He later proposed to her daughter, who also refused. A free Ireland was the object of the actress' passion, and Yeats's love for her kindled his interest in the country's political struggles. From 1922 until 1928 he was a senator in the Dail Eireann, or Irish parliament. (See also Ireland.)

Believing that poems and plays would create a national unity capable of transforming the country, Yeats devoted himself to literature and drama. In his work for the Abbey, which opened in 1904, he persuaded John Millington Synge to return to Irish folklore for subject material, and Synge wrote some of the finest Irish plays ever produced. Yeats, Synge, and Lady Gregory were among the leaders of the Irish literary revival. In 1923 Yeats was awarded the Nobel prize for literature. (See also Irish Literature.)

Occultism played a significant role in Yeats's life. He was a member of the Theosophical Society and was impressed with the works of Emanuel Swedenborg, William Blake, Stephane Mallarme, and Charles Baudelaire. In 1917 he married Georgie Hyde-Lees, who was thought to be a medium.

As time passed, Yeats's poetry became more polished and profound. 'The Tower' and 'The Winding Stair' were his last great poetic works. In his last years he lived on the Irish coast in an old tower that served as a symbol in much of his later poetry. In a prose work called 'A Vision', Yeats set forth his theories of history and of human personality. Always controversial, Yeats caused much discussion with his edition of 'The Oxford Book of Modern Verse', published in 1936. Some critics thought the selections in the anthology were too individualized, reflecting Yeats's own interests and attitudes.

Yeats died on Jan. 28, 1939, in Roquebrune, France. His body remained buried there throughout World War II, but in 1948 it was brought back to Ireland for burial in County Sligo. In a poem composed in his memory, W.H. Auden wrote, "Earth, receive an honored guest; William Yeats is laid to rest."

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