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Students will design and conduct scientific investigations
- Identify questions that can be answered through scientific
investigations
- Use appropriate tools, technology, and techniques to gather,
analyze, and interpret data
- Organize and maintain a journal showing all phases of investigations
- Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models
using evidence and logic
- Use mathematics to explain, interpret, and improve investigations
and communications
- Construct logical relationships between evidence and explanations
- Identify and analyze alternative explanations, models, and
predictions
- Demonstrate understanding about scientific inquiry
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Students will communicate scientific procedures and
explanations
- Demonstrate effective methods to organize and display scientific
concepts
- Present investigative procedures and results to others verbally,
graphically, and in writing
- Communicate science concepts accurately and clearly, using
scientific vocabulary
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Students will understand atomic theory and atomic structure
- Provide evidence for the atomic theory
- Explain atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical
means
- Explain atomic number and mass number, including isotopes
- Analyze electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers,
atomic orbitals
- Explain periodic relationships (examples: atomic radii, ionization
energies, electron affinities, oxidation states)
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Students will understand chemical bonding
- Describe types of binding forces (examples: ionic, covalent,
metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals - including London
dispersion forces)
- Determine relationships between states, structures, and properties
of matter
- Explain polarity of bonds, including electronegativities
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Students will determine reaction types
- Explain acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry,
and Lewis; coordination complexes; and amphoterism
- Explain precipitation reactions
- Describe oxidation-reduction reactions (oxidation number,
the role of the electron in oxidation-reduction)
- Explain electrochemistry including electrolytic and galvanic
cells; Faraday's laws; standard half-cell potentials; Nernst
equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions
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Students will understand stoichiometry
- Explain ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems:
net ionic equations
- Balance equations including those for redox reactions
- Explain mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole
concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants
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Students will explain equilibrium
- Explain the concept of dynamic equilibrium (physical and
chemical), Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium constants
- Describe equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions, equilibrium
constants for reactions in solution (acids and bases, solubility
product constants and their application to precipitation and
the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds, common ion effects,
buffers, hydrolysis)
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Students will understand kinetics
- Explain the rate of reaction
- Use differential rate laws to determine order of reaction
and rate constant from experimental data
- Explain effect of temperature change on rates
- Describe energy of activation and the role of catalysts
- Explain the relationship between the rate-determining step
and a mechanism
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Students will understand thermodynamics
- State functions of thermodynamics
- Explain the first law of thermodynamics (change in enthalpy,
heat of formation, heat of reaction, Hesss law, heats of
vaporization and fusion, calorimetry)
- Explain the second law of thermodynamics (entropy, free energy
formation, free energy of reaction, dependence of change in free
energy on enthalpy and entropy changes)
- Explain the relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium
constants and electrode potentials
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