Human Anatomy & Physiology

A. INQUIRY SKILLS

Students will design and conduct scientific investigations Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations Use appropriate tools, technology, and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret data Organize and maintain a journal showing all phases of investigations Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models using evidence and logic Use mathematics to explain, interpret, and improve investigations and communications Construct logical relationships between evidence and explanations Identify and analyze alternative explanations, models, and predictions Demonstrate understanding about scientific inquiry Use fair test procedures
Students will communicate scientific procedures and explanations Demonstrate effective methods to organize and display scientific concepts Present investigative procedures and results to others verbally, graphically, and in writing Communicate science concepts accurately and clearly, using scientific vocabulary

B. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CONTENT

Students will use a standard set of terms to describe body structures and functions Determine common language between physiology and other sciences such as chemistry, physics, and biology Differentiate between levels of organization related to body structures and functions Investigate how body systems function synergistically
Students will understand that chemical substances form the structural basis of matter and interact in metabolic processes Describe the relationship between chemical substances and physical processes Explain that all processes of life involve the transfer of energy arising from chemical reactions Identify the structural units for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Distinguish between basic processes such as absorption, biosynthesis, and respiration

Students will recognize cells as the basic organizational units of the body Describe the general characteristics of a cell List methods by which substances enter and leave a cell Describe cellular metabolism in terms of energy changes Distinguish between solutions that are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic in a laboratory setting Describe the life cycle of a cell and explain how cells reproduce Compare characteristics and functions of different tissue types
Students will describe homeostasis Determine how humans maintain an intricate balance of life processes when faced with constant changes Analyze the importance of homeostasis for living things Explain the feedback mechanism controlling homeostasis
Students will explain the human as a vertebrate animal Define vertebrate as a bony, jointed endoskeleton that grows and supports the body Evaluate the five essential body functions performed by the skeleton system Illustrate how bones support and protect the body organs Describe the histology and development of bone in terms of intramembranous ossification and intracartilaginous ossification Classify anatomical joints according to lever actions and types of movements
Students will explain the role of muscles in the human body Compare the three types of muscles and describe their role in movement, heat production, and temperature regulation Analyze the impact of medical technology on muscle physiology and disease Analyze the synergistic actions of muscles to produce movement Differentiate between isotonic and isometric muscle contraction Describe the process of converting chemical energy from nutrients into movement
Students will understand the role of the nervous system in coordinating body activities Identify neurons as structural and functional units specialized to react to changes in their surroundings Analyze the chemical nature of impulse transmission at a synapse Describe the two major divisions of the nervous system Evaluate effects of injury to different areas of the nervous system Trace the pathway of a nerve impulse in a reflex action Distinguish the chemical, electrical, and mechanical nature of sense receptors for touch, smell, taste, vision, and hearing Investigate the wave principles associated with optics and sound to demonstrate the operations of the optic and auditory sense organs Determine the role of the nervous system in conditioned responses (examples: learning, speech, posture, movement)
Students will determine the relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems Describe the location and function of selected endocrine glands Analyze the role of hormones as regulators
Students will understand the role of the circulatory system in providing nutrients and oxygen to the body Analyze the composition and functions of blood Describe the means by which the heart provides blood for the metabolic requirements of all body cells Compare and contrast the morphology and physiology of the vascular system
Students will explain the role of the respiratory system in obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide Explain the structures and functions of the respiratory organs Describe the mechanics of breathing, including application of gas laws, and neural and chemical regulators Analyze principles affecting oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and exchange within the body
Students will understand how the digestive system receives, modifies, and absorbs food, and eliminates solid wastes Explain how the digestion and absorption of food is accomplished by each organ/gland of the alimentary system Analyze factors that may lead to malnutrition Define metabolism as the total of all chemical processes from the time nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine until it is excreted from the body as waste products Analyze the anabolic and catabolic activities of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Students will describe how the urinary system eliminates nitrogenous wastes and maintains fluid balance Determine the structures and functions of the urinary system Analyze the homeostatic nature of the urinary system
Students will understand vital functions of the integumentary system Explain how the skin enables individuals to respond to changes in the environment Describe how different structures of the skin protect the body
Students will know the role of the reproductive system in the continuation of the species Identify the structures associated with the reproductive system and how they function Analyze the reproductive process from formation of the gametes, through conception, birth, and nourishment of the offspring

C. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Students will demonstrate abilities in technological design Design and construct a new solution to an identified problem Determine the effectiveness of the solution Design and conduct an investigation to determine the quality of commercial products (examples: aspirin, antacids)
Students will understand the relationship between science and technology Determine how science and technology are interrelated Compare the intended benefits and unintended consequences of a technology related to physiology Explain constraints in technological designs (examples: potential negative effects, costs, design flaws, safety factors, aesthetics)

D. PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

Students will practice safety Demonstrate personal and group safety when engaged in science activities Describe health problems related to light and sound (examples: electromagnetic fields, noise pollution) Analyze the use of personal safety devices (examples: hearing protectors, sun glasses, UV filters)
Students will evaluate factors that affect environmental quality Establish criteria for environmental quality Analyze factors that impact on the quality of the environment (examples: air quality, water quality)
Students will understand the availability and consumption of natural resources Distinguish between nonrenewable and renewable natural resources Analyze how human consumption depletes nonrenewable resources and places stress on renewable resources
Students will evaluate risks and benefits of natural and other hazards Describe the risks associated with chemicals Discuss the benefits and risks associated with social decisions related to chemical and social hazards Evaluate human actions that have created hazards and environmental degradation

E. HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE

Students will investigate examples of science as a human endeavor Describe examples of scientists who collaborate and conduct investigations in teams Examine the ethical traditions of scientists Investigate contributions from scientists representing different cultures and genders Research a selected scientific career (examples: costs, required professional preparation, job opportunities)

Students will explain the nature of scientific knowledge Explain how science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing Analyze criteria used by scientists in their research and publications

Students will understand important historical events of science Describe the efforts of scientists, valued in their societies, who have contributed to scientific knowledge Explain how the center of scientific research has shifted between cultures and continents over time. Investigate how scientific and technological advances have made long lasting contributions to society (examples: germ theory, AIDS/HIV research, cancer research, blood analysis)