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COYOTE:
In the Native American
oral tradition, the vulgar but sacred Trickster assumes many
forms such as Old-Man Coyote among the Crow tribes, Raven in
northwestern Indian lore, or, generically, "The Tricky One"
(Wakdjunkaga among the Winnebago or Manabozho among the Menomini),
to mention a few.
Trickster alternately
scandalizes, disgusts, amuses, disrupts, chastizes, and humiliates
(or is humiliated by) the animal-like proto-people of pre-history,
yet he is also a creative force transforming their world, sometimes
in bizarre and outrageous ways, with his instinctive energies
and cunning. Eternally scavenging for food, he represents the
most basic instincts, but in other narratives, he is also the
father of the Indian people and a potent conductor of spiritual
forces in the form of sacred dreams.
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MOSES:
(mo´zis), Hebrew lawgiver, probably b. Egypt. The prototype
of the prophets, he led his people in the 13th cent. BC out of
bondage in Egypt to the edge of Canaan. The narrative in the
Bible is the chief source of information on his life. His historical
existence has been questioned, although there is nothing improbable
about the general outline of the narrative after allowances for
distortion over time are made. According to the biblical account,
Moses was divinely protected as an infant, and as a young man
he received a special calling at the burning bush. He lived in
constant touch with God, who guided him in leading all Israel
out of Egypt and across the desert. Through him God promulgated
the Law, including the Ten Commandments, the criminal code, and
the whole liturgical law. In his old age, when the Hebrews were
at the Jordan River ready to cross, God gave Moses a view of
the Promised Land from Mt. Pisgah; but he did not enter it, for
he died and was buried in Moab.
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VISHNU:
(vish´noo), one
of the greatest gods of Hinduism , also called Narayana.
First mentioned in the Veda as a minor deity, his theistic cults,
known as Vaishnavism, or Vishnuism, grew steadily from the first
millennium BC, absorbing numerous different traditions and minor
deities. By his worshipers Vishnu is regarded as the supreme
God, of whom other gods are secondary manifestations.
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It is against
Islamic law to create a pictoral representation of Muhammed.
The few times Muhammed is found in art in the Islamic world he
is covered in a veil (above) or shown as a flame.
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MUHAMMAD:
(meham´ed)[Arab.,praised],
570?-632, the name of the Prophet of Islam , one of the
great figures of history, b. Mecca.
Islam has enshrouded
Muhammad's life with a mass of legends and traditions (contained
in the Hadith). Islamic dogma stresses his exclusively
human nature, while presenting him as infallible on matters of
prophecy. Muhammad is still perceived as the ultimate subject
of emulation. At a popular level, Muslims throughout the world
venerate Muhammad by expressing their love and devotion to him
through numerous poems, folk songs, and formulaic prayers invoking
God's blessings. Many believe that he will intercede for the
Muslim community on the day of judgment. His deeds and sayings
are collected in the sunna. He is considered by most Muslims
to have been sinless. Muhammad is probably the most common given
name, with variations including the W African Mamadu and the
Turkic Mehmet. He was known to medieval Christianity as Mahomet.
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BUDDHA:
His given name was
Siddhartha and his family name Gautama (or Gotama). He was born
the son of a king of the Sakya clan of the Kshatriya, or warrior,
caste (hence his later epithet Sakyamuni, the sage of the Sakyas)
in the Himalayan foothills in what is now S Nepal. It was predicted
at his birth that he would become either a world ruler or a world
teacher; therefore his father, King Suddhodana, who wished Siddhartha
to succeed him as ruler, took great pains to shelter him from
all misery and anything that might influence him toward the religious
life.Siddhartha spent his youth in great luxury, married, and
fathered a son. The scriptures relate that at the age of 29,
wishing to see more of the world, he left the palace grounds
in his chariot. He saw on successive excursions an old man, a
sick man, a corpse, and a mendicant monk. From the first three
of these sights he learned the inescapability of suffering and
death, and in the serenity of the monk he saw his destiny. Forsaking
his wife, Yashodhara, and his son, Rahula, he secretly left the
palace and became a wandering ascetic.
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AMARATERASU:
(shin´to), ancient
native religion of Japan still practiced in a form modified by
the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism. In its present form
Shinto is characterized less by religious doctrine or belief
than by the observance of popular festivals and traditional ceremonies
and customs, many involving pilgrimages to shrines. Shinto,a
term created to distinguish the indigenous religion from Buddhism,
is the equivalent of the Japanese kami-no-michi,the way
of the godsor the way of those above.The word kami,meaning
aboveor superior,is the name used to designate a great host of
supernatural beings or deities.
Amaterasu is the Great
Sun Goddess of Japan. She is the supreme deity of the Shinto
religion and is queen of all the Kami, the forces inherent in
nature. The rice does not grow without Her. "Great Shining
Heaven."
It is the rising sun,
Amaterasu's emblem that appears on Japan's national flag and
Japanese people welcome Her each morning with prayer and hand-clapping.
Celebrations in Her
honor as Amaterasu-o-mi-kami, queen of all the Kami take place
on July 17.
She is also honored
on December 21, the winter solstice, as the birth of light
Amaterasu coming out of Her cave to once again warm the earth.
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JESUS CHRIST:
(je´zes krist,
je´zez) or Jesus Christ, 1st-century Jewish teacher and
prophet in whom Christians have traditionally seen the Messiah [Heb.,annointed
one, whence Christfrom the Greek] and whom they have characterized
as Son of God and as Word or Wisdom of God incarnate. Muslims
acknowledge him as a prophet, and Hindus as an avatar. He was
born just before the death of King Herod the Great (37 BC-4 BC)
and was crucified after a brief public ministry during Pontius
Pilate's term as prefect of Judaea
(AD 26-36).
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GREAT
MOTHER GODDESS:
in ancient Middle Eastern religions, mother goddess, the great
symbol of the earth's fertility. She was worshiped under many
names and attributes. Similar figures have been known in every
part of the world. Essentially she was represented as the creative
force in all nature, the mother of all things, responsible particularly
for the periodic renewal of life. The later forms of her cult
involved the worship of a male deity, variously considered her
son, lover, or both (e.g., Adonis, Attis, and Osiris), whose
death and resurrection symbolized the regenerative powers of
the earth. Although the Great Mother was the dominant figure
in ancient Middle Eastern religions, she was also worshiped in
Greece, Rome, and W Asia. In Phrygia and Lydia she was known
as Cybele; among the Babylonians and Assyrians she was identified
as Ishtar; in Syria and Palestine she appeared as Astarte; among
the Egyptians she was called Isis; in Greece she was variously
worshiped as Gaea, Hera, Rhea, Aphrodite, and Demeter; and in
Rome she was identified as Maia, Ops, Tellus, and Ceres. Even
this listing, however, is by no means complete. Many attributes
of the Virgin Mary make her the Christian equivalent of the Great
Mother, particularly in her great beneficence, in her double
image as mother and virgin, and in her son, who is God and who
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ATHEIST:
(a´the-izem),
denial of the existence of God or gods and of any supernatural
existence, to be distinguished from agnosticism , which
holds that the existence cannot be proved. The term atheism
has been used as an accusation against all who attack established
orthodoxy, as in the trial of Socrates. There were few avowed
atheists from classical times until the 19th cent., when popular
belief in a conflict between religion and science brought forth
preachers of the gospel of atheism, such as Robert G. Ingersoll.
There are today many individuals and groups professing atheism.
The 20th cent. has seen many individuals and groups professing
atheism, including Bertrand Russell (pictured here) and
Madalyn Murry O'Hair.
The atheist in the
illustration is holding the symbol for pi, symbolic of mathematics
which is arguably the only truth which does not depend on faith.
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