The following is a list of terms that you should be able to identify or define.
Cell Structure and Function
Actin: A globular protein that links into chains, two of
which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
Cisternae: Membrane bounded sacs of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Cytoskeleton: A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
Polyribosome: An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): A type of RNA synthesized from DNA in the genetic material that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): The most abundant type of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the structure of ribosomes that coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to the series of mRNA codons.
tRNA: tRNA (transfer RNA): An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. It functions in making secretory proteins and
producing its own membrane by adding proteins and phospholipids.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. It functions in diverse metabolic processes, including the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and the detoxification of drugs and other poisons.
Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.
Tubulin: A globular protein that is the basic structural constituent of
microtubules.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
Double helix: The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
Microfilament: A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
Microvillus: One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the
epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
Microtubule: A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the
cytoskeleton.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Phospholipids: Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of
biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Glycogen: An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Ribosome: A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus,
functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
lumen: The cavity of a tubular structure, such as endoplasmic reticulum or a blood vessel.
Centriole: A structure in an animal cell, composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles, which are involved in cell division.
Cytoplasm: The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
Cytosol: The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Endomembrane system: The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell,related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
Keratin: One of a group of tough, fibrous proteins formed by certain epidermal tissues and especially abundant in skin, claws,hair, feathers, and hooves.
Protein :A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
Ribosome: A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus, functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Deoxiribonucleoside biphosphate:
Chiasma (sing.): The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.
Crossing Over: crossing over: The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister
chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.
Cytokinesis
diploid cell: A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
G1 Phase: The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
G2 phase: The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
S-Phase (synthesis): The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, constituting the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
Haploid cell: A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Mitosis: A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.
Meiosis: A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
Nucleosome:
Oogenesis: The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.
Spermatogenesis: The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis.
Synapsis: The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
Tetrad: In genetics, a pair of homologous chromosomes that have replicated and come together in prophase I of meiosis; consists of four chromatids.
Cell Reproduction and Protein Synthesis
DNA polymerase
Okasaki fragments
Continuous synthesis
Discontinuous synthesis
DNA ligase
5'end
3'end
codon
anticodon
Amino Acid
P site
A site
Ribosomal sub-units
Trancription
Translation
Start codon
Stop or termination codon
Initiation (translation)
Elongation (translation)
Termination (translation)
