Part I

(1)Which of these is a chemical released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body?

b. gland secretion

c. Hormone

d. enzyme

(2) Which of these is an endocrine gland?

b. mucous

c. Sweat gland

d. thyroid gland

(3) Which of these stimulates ovulation?

b. Luteinizing hormone

c. Cortisol

d. Oxytocin

(4) The master gland is ……………………

b. Parathyroid gland

c.hypothalamus

d. pineal

(5) Which of these is not produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

a. somatotropin

b. prolactin

c. antidiuretic hormone

d. thyroid stimulating hormone

(6) The cells that produce insulin are located in the ………………………

b. Islets of Bowman

c. Islets of Fangerhans

d. anterior lobe

(7) Which of these is released when blood sugar level is low?

b. glucocorticoids

c. insulin

d. hormones

(8) Fight-on- flight response is initiated by which hormone?

b. norepinephrine

c. adrenal hormone

d. thyroxine

(9) Which of these is not true about insulin?

a. it increases permeability of cells to glucose

b. it allows for the conversion of glucose to glycogen

c. it brings about a decrease in blood sugar

d. it brings about an increase in cell metabolism

(10)What structures in the ovary contain the egg and secrete estrogen?

b. ovaries

c. oviducts

d. follicles

(11)Which of these phases is not part of the menstrual cycle?

b. The development of ovarian follicles after ovulation.

c. The formation of corpus luteum following ovulation

d. The development of ovarian follicles before ovulation

(12) What holds the fetus in place during pregnancy?

b. cervix

c. fimbria

d. follicles

(13)Which of these is mainly a male hormone?

b. androgestrone

c. progesterone

d. steroids

(14)Which of these is true?

b. follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in females only

c. luteinizing hormone is produced in only females

d. spermatogenesis is the process in which testosterone produces sperm

(15)What kind of hormone is testosterone?

b.peptide

c. polypeptide

d. glucolipids

(16)The master gland is specifically controlled by the…………………..

b. anterior lobe

c. hypothalamus

d. cortisol

(17)Anabolic steroids mimic the hormone…………………………….

b. testosterone

c. estrogen

d. prostaglandis

(18) In response to stress epinephrine…………………………………….

b. converts proteins to glucose

c. decreases the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

d. mobilizes carbohydrate and steroids stores.

(19)Which of these is not true?

b. calcitonin raises calcium levels in the blood.

c. Thyroxin regulates the rate at which glucose is oxidized.

d. Parathyroid hormone raises calcium levels in the blood

(20)Which of these glands is found in the parathyroid glands?

b. epithyroid gland

c. anterior thyroid

d. none of these

Part II

1) Spermatogenesis: is the process by which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells.

2) Tropic hormones: are hormones that act upon other endocrine glands to regulate their secretions.

3) Pituitary gland, also called the “master gland”: is the gland at the base of the brain that, together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems.

4) Steroid hormones: are a group of hormones synthesized from cholesterol that includes male and female sex hormones and cortisol.

5) Hyperglycemia: is the condition in which blood sugar levels tend to rise very sharply following meals, without adequate levels of insulin.

6) Anabolic steroids: are substances that are designed to mimic many of the muscle-building traits of the sex hormone testosterone.

7) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: is a chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary.

8) Corpus luteum: is a mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation; secretes estrogen and progesterone.

9) Thyroxine: is the iodine-containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases the rate of body metabolism and regulates growth.

10) Target organ: is the organ influenced by the action of a hormone.

Part III

1) How does the body respond to stress situations in terms of hormonal changes?

Cortisol level in the blood increases to mobilize energy stores by converting proteins to glucose, and also to elevate blood amino acids, blood glucose, and blood fatty acids. Glucagon level increases to convert glycogen to glucose whereas insulin level decreases so that the conversion of glucose to glycogen is decreased.

2a) List the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

b) Describe the four phases listed.

a) The four phases of the menstrual cycle are: the flow phase, the follicle phase, the ovulation phase and the luteal phase.

b) The flow phase is marked by the shedding of the endometrium, or menstruation. It is the only phase that can be determined externally.

The follicular phase is characterized by the development of follicle within the ovary. As follicles continue to develop, estrogen concentration in the blood increases. This phase normally takes place between 6-13 days of menstruation. The ovulation phase is when the egg bursts from the ovary and follicular cells and differentiate into corpus luteum.

The luteal phase begins with the formation of the corpus luteum which is a mass of follicle cells that forms the ovary.

3) Mr. Smalls has a swelling in the neck area. As his endocrinologist, how would you call this disorder? And how does this disorder occur?

Answer

The swelling could be a goiter, which is due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This disorder is caused by inadequate amounts of iodine in the diet. Without iodine, the secretion and production of thyroxine which aids in body metabolism drops. This causes more and more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to be produced, and eventually, the thyroid is stimulated more and more. The sustained stimulation of the thyroid causes it to continue to develop and enlarge. When the enlargement becomes visible by the swelling in the neck it is termed as a goiter.

4) List the functions of the following structures.

ii. Epididymis

iii. Vas deferens

iv. Urethra

v. testes

vi. cervix

vii. Oviducts

viii. fimbria

ix. Ovaries

x. uterus

Structure - Function

Seminiferous tubules - produce immature sperm cells

Epididymis - Matures and stores sperm cells in coiled tubules.

Vas deferens - Carries sperm from the epididymis to the junction with the urethra.

Urethra - Carries semen during ejaculation. Carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

Testes - Produce sperm cells. Produce the hormone testosterone.

Cervix - Separates the vagina from the uterus. Holds the fetus in place during pregnancy. Dilates during birth to allow fetus to leave the uterus

Oviducts - Carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. Usually the site of fertilization

Fimbria - Sweep the ovum into the oviduct following ovulation

Ovaries - Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Site of ova (egg cell) development and ovulation

Uterus - Pear-shaped organ in which the embryo and fetus develop. Involved in menstruation

Part IV

At (2), insulin causes the liver and other body cells to become permeable to glucose. The liver coverts glucose to glycogen.

At (3), blood glucose level decreases to normal level thereby establishing homeostasis at (7).

At (4), blood sugar level is low after fasting and so the alpha cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas release the hormone, glucagon into the blood.

At (5), the liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood.

At (6), blood glucose level increases to normal level thereby establishing homeostasis.