Click here to read the previous part of the story: Situation, The
Manor, and Struggle for Independence.
The Netherlands emerged
from its long struggle with Spain as the wealthiest nation in Europe, and as such
one of the most powerful. It shone as a jewel coveted by other European
nations. It’s ‘Golden Age’ is considered to extend from 1640 through 1740.
Boarder districts such as
Tiel and Zaltbommel in western Gelderland, ravaged by warfare since the 1490s,
actually began their recovery in 1590. Herwijnen though only a small village
would have felt both the positive and negative effects of the greater economy
as they came. The demands for farm commodities during years of war sent prices
up, so during these times agriculture generally did better than other segments
of the economy. When markets were more open, during times of the peace, the
importation of grain from the Baltic and dairy products from Great Britain sent
commodity prices down. When the Spanish were pushed south of the Waal for the
first time in many years, the rivers were open for undisrupted trade. New
markets for produce were readily accessible in Germany and Spanish Netherlands
[today roughly Belgium (mainly Flanders) and Dutch Brabant].
After the Twelve Year
Truce (1609-1621) there would have been good demand for farm produce, spurred
by the heavy concentration of the defending army. During the thirty-five years
following the expiration of the truce agricultural thro-ughout the country
experienced a real boom. In part this was due to the Thirty Year War then
taking place in Germany; as the German countryside was devastated and the size
of the armies operating there, both defending and adversarial were increasingly
compelled to supplement their supplies with provisions imported from outside.
It was Dutch agriculture which met their enormous demand for provisions. In
1633 no fewer than 994 of the 1,121 ships which docked in the port of Hamburg
were Dutch, the majority bringing fish, meat, and other ag-ricultural produce
as well as horses, munitions, tobacco, beer, and wine. Not all these
commodities would have come from Gelderland, but the main flow of goods was
from west to east. Germany was not the only country to experience a shortage of
commodities during this time that the Dutch were able to supplement.
Cattle breeding and the cultivation of fruit trees were the chief
agricultural endeavors at Herwijnen. Outside of farming the only industry was
the fabrication of brick. According to Bijl a 1633 map of Herwijnen shows the
location of a brick oven. In 1663 HENDRICK BRUMULEN was mentioned as a brick
maker. Whether or not this was a commercial venture in early times is difficult
to say. Bijl does later say that in 1800 JAN WILLEM BOELLAARD rented the brick
oven and “does good business”; at this time it is estimated that operation
would have provided work for twenty-four to thirty men, producing about two
million bricks per year. According to one source a double brick oven was raised
at Herwijnen in 1811, but two ovens are mentioned by Bijl, one closing not long
after the beginning of the twentieth century and the other in 1980. Herwijnen
born, JOHANNES VAN DEN BOSCH, who was in the course of time elevated to the
station of Count, attempted in 1840 to have a cotton weaving factory erected to
help relieve unemployment and the poor, but in the end his efforts came to
naught. Beer was the customary drink, even children drank it in diluted form,
as the quality of water left much to be desired. Many large villages had
private breweries, there were two in Herwijnen in the seventeenth century.
It is said by Isreal:
"Where agricultural investment and expansion took place on a large scale,
in the regions of fertile clay soils, roughly corresponding to Holland, Zeeland,
Friesland, Groningen, and the western part of Utrecht, the expansion of the
rural population was faster than in the inland regions of relatively poor,
sandy soil where agricultural investment was on a small scale, and expansion
modest... Moreover, the growth of urban population, in northern Brabant and
Gelderland especially, was closely linked to the size of fixed military
garrison, which meant, since the military establishment reached its peak in the
early 1630s and then began to shrink, that urban growth lasted for a much
shorter period than in the west... Owing to this difference between east and
west, the predominately urban character of the west increased while the
predominantly rural character of the east, despite the more static traditional
character of rural life and slower agricultural expansion, was reinforced... If
rapid urban growth was the most striking feature of the Dutch scene in the
period 1590-1647, the rural population also increased, albeit more slowly...
The combined effect of a growing rural population and shrinking urban economy
in the east of the Republic was a mounting spiral of rural depravation and
poverty which became an increasingly striking feature of the Dutch scene after
1647." In any event, from 1647-72 not much of the Netherlands did well
outside of the province of Holland. This situation was once again reversed when
France and England - (the archenemies together!) invaded the Netherlands in 1672. They
were helped by a German bishop: Bernardus van Galen, also called Bommenberend
(Berend of bombs). Old fortifications along the embarkation line were
expensively rebuilt between 1674-1702. The wars 1672-1713 were, however, less
static than those of 1590-1647 and most of the garrisons were positioned deeper
into the Spanish Netherlands. Nonetheless, agriculture did reasonably well.
Herwijnen should have done well from the 1590s down to the end of the end of the Thirty Years and Eighty Years War, in 1648 with the rest of the Republic's agricultural areas. After this the village would have done well to remain stagnate, but still the Waal would have provided the means of getting their produce to market
A great agricultural
depression, affecting first the inland areas and North Brabant, in the 1650s
and early 1660s, became general in nature in the late 1660s. One must wonder if
this depression influenced AL(D)ERT HEIJMANSZ ROOSA's decision to immigrate to
New Amsterdam in the spring of 1660.) After 1662, grain and dairy prices fell
dramatically, and rents, because the Republic had been the only west European
county regularly exporting and re-exporting great quantities of agricultural
produce. This depression, came also to the rest of Europe, but lasted
substantially longer in the Republic, not coming out of it until the mid eighteenth
century. This was mainly caused because English ships sealed off the harbors
preventing the Dutch to trade.
On the national scale the
economy began to show signs of weakness as early as 1700, when complaints were
lodged about the cost and the quality of Dutch textiles.
England and Antwerp providing better and less
expensive goods. Even so, the decline was
slow, effecting different segments of the economy at different times until as a
world power the Republic simply faded away. Holland had built up the bulk of
its trade as a middle man, taking in raw material, repackaging it and sending
out a finished product. The gross average income per head in Holland was the
highest in the world, but so was taxation. With a population less than half
that of England, Holland was raising a public revenue larger than that of
England. Foreign visitors from the mid seventeenth century onward were struck
by the extremely high level of sales tax on the necessities of life such as
food and paper. This was compensated for with higher wages. Nevertheless, that
meant higher manufacturing costs that eventually translated into higher prices
in the export markets, opening the door to stiff competition. When the
Industrial Revolution began in 1740 and other countries began to finish their
own natural resources the Netherlands had no other market it could turn to.
Nowhere in Dutch industry was the overall decline felt more than in
shipbuilding between 1750-95. As a result of the loss of trade, the East and
West India Companies faced near bankruptcy.
Other sectors of the
economy were effected in varying degrees. The world famous pottery of Delft
declined after 1725 but not disastrously. The brandy distilleries were still
flourishing in 1771. The dyeing and tobacco industries held their own throughout
the century, except in certain areas. The diamond cutting industry maintained itself down to the last
days of the Republic, as did the paper making industry, continued to do well even
after local demand dried up as they started shipping to the Baltic and England.
On the other hand, the train-oil business inevitably declined with the decrease
in whale fishing. The proceeding period of greatness had saddled the state with
debts that could only be met by reducing the strength of the army and navy to
levels below a safe minimum. One of the main effects of the economic decline
was to end the trend towards urbanization followed by a gradual but significant
decline in urban populations. Worst hit were the inland towns where
manufacturing had contributed goods to the international markets. Maritime
centers like Middelburg also experienced contractions. This had a rippling
effect throughout the country. The deurbanization led to a rapid depletion of
entrepreneurial wealth hitting hard at the middling sort. Inevitably such
occupations as baker, brewers, millers, and shopkeepers of these smaller
centers were also dramatically reduced.
Agriculture,
however, presented a somewhat different picture. During the first half of the
eighteenth century, the rural depression that gripped the countryside since the
late 1660s not only continued but tended to intensify during the second quarter.
Amounting in some areas, such as North Holland, to a veritable agrarian crisis,
lasting longer than elsewhere in overall Europe. By 1700, signs of deterioration
of sea-dikes led to much inland flooding. But most costly was the sudden
infestation - beginning in 1731 - of a sea worm that rapidly rotted the wooden
piles, seriously weakening the dikes. From 1730 onward, the dikes and drainage
boards were forced to raise ‘dike taxes’ in order to cover the huge sums
required to import rock and stone from Scandinavia to reinfore the dikes. The solution was effective, there was far less
flooding after 1750.
At
this point agriculture becomes the one more or less bright spot in the economy. The raising of beef
cattle, sheep and pigs was much
less important than dairy production, the outstanding aspect of Dutch farming.
The cattle industry was subjected to a series of plagues throughout the century
but this actually had at least one positive effect and that was more farmers
took to the plow as an alternative. The potato had been introduced about 1740
in an effort to combat the agricultural crisis. As a commodity it gradually
became one of the most important corps, however in another 100 years would be
the source of yet another crisis. (The potato blight that hit Ireland so badly
in the mid-1840s also wreaked it's havoc in The Netherlands.) While formerly
large Dutch cities were shrinking, eighteenth century Europe as a whole was
experiencing rapid population growth stimulating an overall rise in food
prices, particularly grains, in the second half of the century. Although some
of the profit would have been offset by an ever increasing tax burden.
Technical improvements were introduced in the field of agriculture, but these
came late and incomplete, neither were they readily accepted. The average
farmer and peasant clung to the techniques employed by their seventeenth
century ancestors and regarded all innovations with suspicion.
The year 1672 is well
known as the rampjaar (disastrous
year). In that year the French invaded and it was also a period when dikes
broke in this area of Gelderland virtually every month. A compulsory loan from
the villagers, within the quarter of Nijmegen, was instituted whereby 300
guilders had to be raised. An interesting article appeared in the Dutch
genealogical quarterly, Gens Nostra,
concerning this year. The title translated is: "A Inquiry into the Wealth
of the Rural Population of the Bommeler and Tielerwaard" (original can be
found in the archive of Zaltbommel). The money was raised for the benefit of
the province to get the defending walls around the larger towns in better shape.
From this article something of the local governing system is learned as well as
the names of the wealthier inhabitants of each village. It became apparent to
the inhabitants in these districts, in the beginning of 1672, that the Republic
was in danger of invasion. It was only at this point that there arose a sudden
consciousness of the long neglected defense system for the region, neglected
because of the constant monetary drain. The governing body of these districts
was at this time in the hands of the Geldersche
Ridderschap (Gelderland Knighthood), which convened town meetings early in
the year at Zutphen. In April it was finally decided that a mandatory loan,
bearing interest at five percent, was to be raised to cover the costs to bring
the defense system back up to standards. This compulsory loan was levied on
each town magistrate, directors and officers alike, as well as professional
people whom it was deemed could best afford it. Then a list of those expected
to make the loan was made by village. At Herwijnen there were eleven residents
who's names appear on this list:
JHR. REIJNDER VAN DORTH;
JHR. JOHAN VAN OOSTERWOLD;
MARTEN HOLL;
MARTEM ADRIANXZ DEN JONGEN [DE JONGH];
JOHAN ABRAMSZ "DE" ROSA,
TEUNIS ARTSEN [DE FOCKERT], schout;
GIJSBERT NOOTBOOM;
EIJNGELTGEN,
widow of GEURT ALERSZ ROSA;
GIJSBERT JANSEN [possibly DE COCK];
JAN CLAESZ DE WAEL;
WILLEM
ROOCK.
From the standpoint of
total population, as well as total land size, Herwijnen was the largest of the
thirteen villages in the Tielerwaard. So perhpas it is not suprising that it had the most residents who
were deemed affluent enough to pay this loan, followed closely by Ophemert and
Varik each with ten such residents. Click
here for a picture of Herwijnen. The artist, Nicolaas Wicart, lived in the 18th
century, but the village changed little over the ceturies.
It is documented by Isreal
that particularly in Overijssel and Gelderland the grip of the jonkers (minor nobility) on
office-holding, taxation, and the administration of justice, greatly increased
during the ascendant of the Orangist. This was especially noticeably between
1675 and 1702. In part, this would have compensation for the declining incomes
of the nobles due to the collapse of agriculture and land values. In 1683 the
ridderschap of the Arnhem quarter pushed through new rules for rural taxation
in their quarter, which gave local jonkers
an unprecedented degree of control over the setting and collection of taxes.
This same phenomenon may also have been taking place within the Nijmegen
quarter. There is evidence that the de Jongh family had a good deal of
influence in the town of Herwijnen at an early date. CORNELIS MEERTENS DE JONGH
held one of the most prominent posts, that of buurmeester there in 1647, the
time of the zenith of the Golden Era, as did his brother ADRIAEN MEERTENSZ, and
after the latter, his son ADRIAEN ADRIAENSZ. These de Jonghs also held
extensive fowler preserves in the general vicinity in the seventeenth century.
The De Fockert family held the most influential position, that of schout, the
most important municipal post -- something like holding the powers of a mayor
combined with those of police commissioner. In an action filed 6 September 1638
at the Hoge Bank of Tuil (local judicial court), AERT ANTONIS DE FOCKERT is
described as machtig, which
translates to powerful, mighty, tremendous, and/or rich. Such positions where
almost hereditary in nature, the de Fockerts held their position as schout for at least three generations in
a row late in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, at the end of
which time it passed to a son-in-law.
As previous mentioned
three of the Herwijnen castles were destroyed in the struggle with the French and
what was left was washed away by floods. The Engelenburg was the only one left reasonably intact. Nevertheless,
the holder of the property Frissestein
continued as “lord” of the manor Herwijnen; to the beginning of the next
century this appears to be the family Van Brederode or their heirs. Soon after
the eighteenth century begins, all this changes, both the estates Engelenburg and Frissestein are pledged with new lords.
ADRIAAN BOUT becomes
pledged with the Engelenburg in 1700
soon after which he also purchases the manorial rights to Herwijnen, Hellouw
and Haaften. Marking the first time that a non nobleman held the rights to
Herwijnen. It is also the first time, since the Middle Ages, that the manor
Herwijnen was not in the possession of the owner of the Friessstein.
In May 1704 a new minister
comes to Herwijnen, PETRUS BIERMAN. The Biermans shall have a great impact on the village for many years to come.
Petrus, born in Nijmegen, was for a time a clergyman in the East Indies. Nine
years after his arrival, the Count van Lippe turns the Friesstein over to the Herwijnen clergyman. It shall also come to
pass that the Engelenburg is
transferred to Bierman from ADRRIAAN BOUT in 1723. Petrus’ son, ADOLPHUS
BIERMAN, Lord of Herwijnen and Engelenburg, was on 27 June 1732 also pledged
with Frissestein, once again
continuing the alliance between the manor Herwijnen and the Frissestein estate.
The lord of Herwijnen
continues, as in earlier years, to appoint the local officers of the village. In
1740 some of these where: ANTONY DE FOCKERT, schout; LEENDERT DE FOCKERT, secretary and waarsman (one who looks after the property, both real and personal
of the lord); GOVERT VAN BALLEGOOIJEN and CORNELIS VAN DEN BOSCH, buurmeesters.
Click here to see a
full map of Herwijnen of 1754.
In 1743 the family of
Boellaard first comes to Herwijnen. The Boellaards were a family stemming from
Asperen, South Holland, where, since the sixteenth century, owned substantial
property and had successfully held many offices in the western Tielerwaard and
eastern Alblasserward. In 1743 PIETER BOELLAARD van Tuil married CATHARINA
BIERMAN, the daughter of ADOLPHUS BIERMAN, Lord of Herwijnen, Engelen-burg and
Frissestein. Another daughter, ELISABETH BIERMAN, married Mr. JAN VERPLOEGH,
Lord of Hellouw. Their son AARNOLDUS VERPLOEGH married CORNELIA DUTRY, daughter
of Cornelis Dutry, Lord of Haaften. Such marriages between the leading families
of the western Tielerwaard were not unusual. The heirs of Adolphus and
Elisabeth continue to hold the Frissetein
and Engelenburg properties to 1793
and 1806 respectively.
Waterworks is the primary
focus of the municipality during this period, as flooding and seepage continue
to ruin harvests and prevent new crops from being planted. Finally in 1765 it
is read that agriculture is doing better than at any time during the last
thirty years only to be followed in 1769-84 by the last of three cattle plagues
which ravaged Europe in the eighteenth century. Then in 1784 a devastating
flood struck, 127 inhabitants qualified for assistance the next year.
The Provincial States take
away the right of lords to appoint local officials in 1795. The head of
municiple governement becomes called maire,
under the French influence, replacing schout.
From this time forward church and state are offically separated. H. VAN
BALGOIJEN was the last buurmeester appointed under the old system, he had
served with W.A. VERPLOUGH the year before. In this year PIETER ANTHONIESZ DE
FOCKERT had been schout for thirty
years, and may have been retiring anyway. A. VAN ARENDONK and BASTIAAN VROEGH
are still conducting various administrative functions, at the time, but were
soon replaced by AART JAKOB DE FOCKERT and MAARTEN VAN ARENDONK. The following
year the new schepens are A. VAN ARENDONK, A. VAN DALEN and CORNELIS HENDRIK
BLOM. Blom also steps in as substitute schout/maire.
ADOLPHUS BIERMAN remains to 1795 the polder board councilor of the Tielerwaard.
At this time there are 1040 inhabitants in the village.
In January 1809 several
dike breaches causing extensive flooding throughout the Tielerwaard, whereby 84
parish. The cattle at Herwijnen are moved onto the dike for safety, roughly
forty houses are damaged, at least two totally destroyed, and a great number of
fruit trees uprooted. In the storm that followed, two more houses and a barn
washed away and seven people are report to have lost their lives. The church
too suffered serious damage, which receives yet more damage in 1820. In 1823
the church is rebuilt.
Under Napoleon, the French
had conquered the Netherlands in 1794/5. In mid - 1810 the kingdom actually
became annexed to France for about two years. The occupation by the French does
not seem to have an effect on the government at Herwijnen. Since 1787 the manor
had been in the possession of PIETER VERMEULEN, and in 1812 it goes to his son,
Gijsbert. Meanwhile, the Boellaards continue to have a strong influence. The
Patriot JANS WILLEM DIRKSZ BOELLAARD, grandson of Pieter, became burgemeester
in 1811 and eventually purchases the Herwijnen manor in June 1822. After the
death of JAN WILLEM BOELLAARD in 1833 the manor is sold for the last time, to
JOHAN EBERWARD PAUL GERICKER van Herwijnen, Councilor and Governor of the
province of Limburg. His heirs continue to hold it today.
Since 1805 LEENDERT VAN
ZANDWIJK was mayor and A.L.D. DE FOCKERT, secretary; while CORNELIS HENDRICKSZ
BLOM and WILLEM VAN ZEE were schepens. Six years later LEENDERT
VAN ZANDWIJK was assistant burgemeester under JAN WILLIAM BOELLAARD, burgemeester. At this time the total
population is 1152 people, Herwijnen continues still to be the largest village in the Tielerwaard.
Of the one castle, which still stands, the Engelenburg in 1817 is put up for auction. The only bidder, AART DE
KOCK gets it for thirteen hundred fifty guilders. However after 1834 only the
moat remains intact.
By 1844 there were 381
families, with a total population of 1900; although the core of the village had
only 430. Most of the population belonged to the Reformed Church but there
were, in 1844, ten catholic families and twenty-five Jews. As in the past the
chief industry continues to be the raising of dairy cattle and growing of
fruit; gradually oats, sugar beets and potatoes were becoming increasingly more
important corps. By this time, due to the extensive flooding in the first part
of the century, nothing was left of the old village except one square tower.
From this time until 1960 the population is again stagnant, fluctuating between
1700 to 1900 souls.
One of the most
significant events which occurred during the first half nineteenth century was
the advent of the Christian Separatists, a movement towards orthodoxy in the
Calvinist Church. Under the leadership of Professor Hofstede de Groot and the
preachers de Cocq and Scholte, a segment resolved to secede from the Reformed
Church, and did so in October 1834. These Separatists suffered severe
persecution in the beginning since the government refused to recognize their
church, forbiding them to worship and impossing heavy fines for doing so. Dr.
H.P. Scholte out of Genderen in North Brabant and Doeven played a particularly
import roll in the movement in the western Gelderland river territory. On
January 1st, 1836 there were but nine households in Herwijnen constituting
49 members. Local authorities were warned to watch the house of DIELIS VAN
ZANTE in connection with meetings. Inspite of the harastments the group grew to
158 members by the end of the year. A formal request for acknowledgement signed
by forty-six Herwijnen Separatists was made to the King in 1839. Permission was
finally granted two years later. Nevertheless, all this came to late for some.
Then more economic debacle followed, the potato famine of 1845-46 hit the
entire county hard. These events culminated for many in 1846 when minister Van
Raalte migrated with a large number of these Separatists to the U.S. founding
Holland, Michigan. Another group of paramount importance out of the Separatist
stand, follow Scholte to Iowa where they extablished the town of Pella. This
second group left on 19 April 1847 on the ship ‘Pieter Floris’ out of Amsterdam, arriving about June 11th in
Baltimore. Many of Scholte’s followers were from Herwijnen, of those that left
with this group included the households of JAN VAN MAAREN, COENRAAD VAN ZEE,
STEPHANUS VAN ZEE, AART DE KOCK, AART BENTHEM VAN ZANTE and KORNELIS DE JONGH.
The potato famine was followed by a country wide flue epidemic in 1847-8,
followed the next winter by outbreak of cholera, which plunged the wage workers
into misery. These events encouraged more emigration in the following years,
making the years 1846-77 the greatest migration of the Dutch to America. During
all of this not all came claiming ‘religious freedom’ nor did they all move to
the mid-west; my own VAN ZEEs came in 1850 for ‘economic improvement’ and went
no further west than New Jersey. Though in less dramatic numbers the emigration
continued well into the next century. Other Herwijnens left for land newly
reclaimed from the sea within Holland. These emigrations are the leading cause
as to why the population of Herwijnen remained so flat while in the rest of the
country it grew from 3 to 12 million.
For a map of Herwijnen in 1867 click here
Flooding in Herwijnen and
surrounds continued to be what seemed an insurmount-able problem. After much
delay in approval, not to mention the acquisition of funds from both the state
and provincial level, construction finally began in 1856 for yet the most
promising project to relieve the flooding, the instal-lation of a steam powered
pumping station. Soon completed, hopes are dashed due to a poor foundation and
improper maintenance causing frequent breakdowns. Finally replaced in 1877 much
of the flooding is relieved, though never completely. The new town hall with
residence was built in 1887.
To the beginning of the
twentieth century few changes are evident at Herwijnen, but then slowly change
begins to take place: the introduction of the telephone, the improvement to
public roads with the advent of the motor car, the steam powered pumping
station is replaced by an oil engine. Not surprisingly, the most devastation to
Herwijnen during the twentieth century came as a result of World War II;
occupied by German forces from 1940. In May 1943 the two Jewish families, van
Stratens, were removed to concentration camps and gassed. Also from 1943 the
resistance movement grew strong. The village was almost completely destroyed on
1 January 1945 -- not by German forces, but by bombardment from the Allies. The
Allies were south of the Waal for over half a year trying to liberate the rest
of the Netherlands. Herwijnen was finally declared as ‘free’ in May 1945.
After 1960 Herwijnen grew
quickly, after more than a century of stagnation. Today there is little visual
evidence of past centuries. Bricked lanes lead to brick fronted houses which
totally hid the rich history stored in this little village. In 1986 Herwijnen
became a part of the new jurisdiction, Lingewaal; together with Vuren, Spijk,
Heukelum and Asperen. This meant an end to more than thirteen centuries of
independent evolution, whereby ‘the Gelderland character’ prevailed.
Compiled by: Valentine Van Zee
Compiler's notes:
The above is not intended to be a full history of Herwijnen. This is submitted
to help the reader understand at least some of the events that would have
effected the inhabitants there. For a more complete picture of The Netherlands
and other events going on in Gelderland, Israel's book, "The Dutch
Republic, Its Rise, Greatness and Fall 1477-1806", is highly recommended.
For those readers
with a knowledge of Dutch and access to books published in the Netherlands,
Drs. Aart Bijl’s, "Over Heren, Weiden en Kastelen" is a MUST READ.
Sources:
Bijl, Aart, "Over Heren, Weiden en
Kastelen, Een geschiedenis van Herwijnen van prehistorie tot heden",
CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, ISBN 90-800831-1-9, published 1992.
Heeswijk, van , J. H. G. J., "Een Onderzoek naar de
Gegoedheid van de Plattelandsbevolking van de Bommeler-
en Tielerwaard", Gens Nostra, 1954, pp. 138-141.
Israel, Jonathan I., "The Dutch
Republic, Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806", Oxford University
Press, 1995, pp. 58, 61-8, 110, 191-3, 207-8, 283, 332-7, 633-636, 963-7, 989,
991.
"Brief History of Herwijnen",
(author unknown), Centraal Bureau voor Genealogy, Den Haag.