The United States of America did not have to come into existence and become the hub of world culture and the most powerful nation on Earth within less than two centuries. The Inspiration for a new country where every individual counts, where the people themselves are responsible for the state and where they personally answer to their God, had to come from somewhere.
’Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct and, can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence.’ (1)
These words were spoken by George Washington in his farewell address. This first president was a lifelong Freemason.
Many Templars settled in Scotland after the collapse of their Order in mainland Europe. The church at Kilmartin, near Loch Awe in Argyll, contains many Templar graves. A maritime monument in the wall of the churchyard to a captain lost at sea during the 1600s consists of two pillars framing a skull and crossbones, the Templar fleet’s battle flag and symbol of a master mason.
There was a strong Templar connection with this area of Scotland from the time when Hugues de Payen married Catherine de St Clair. The first Templar preceptory outside the Holy Land was built on St Clair land at a site to the south of Edinburgh now known as Temple.
The Scottish Sanctuary
The political circumstances in Scotland made it a particularly suitable sanctuary after the attack by King Philip and the Pope.
Following the death of King Alexander III in 1286 the ancient line of Celtic kings had come to an end. He had no children, no brothers or sisters. His only direct heir was Margaret, the ‘Maid of Norway’, but she died en route to Scotland. King Edward I of England took advantage of the situation by lending support to John de Balliol, demanding in return for his support that Balliol become a vassal of the English king and do homage for his Scottish kingdom. The English king treated him as a common vassal and humiliated him publicly. Balliol turned against Edward in 1296 when he refused to help fight the French. Edward responded by marching on Berwick and deposing Balliol, sending him into exile in France and claiming direct rule over Scotland for himself. To ensure that no Celt could make a counterclaim, the Englishman carried off the symbol of Scottish independence; the ancient ‘Stone of Destiny’, or ’Stone of Scone’ as it was also known. This small, roughly hewn, rectangular block upon which the kings of Scotland had long been crowned was never returned and still rests under the English throne in Westminster Abby.
The English king established a governor in Scotland to rule it on his behalf, leaving the unhappy Scots heavily oppressed under his dictatorial leadership.
The nobleman William Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark as revenge for the murder of his wife in May 1297. Popular support rose strongly behind him, leading to a fully-fledged battle at Stirling Bridge on 11 September 1297 at which Edward’s forces were defeated.
Edward I made peace with the French and turned to Wallace, whom he defeated at Linlthgow the following year. Wallace escaped capture and traveled to France. He received letters from King Philip commending his cause to Pope Clement V. He made contact with the Templars during this time. He was successful in gaining this support because there was a battle between the Scots and the English at Roslin in 1303 which was won with the support of Templar knights, lead by a St Clair. Wallace remained an outlaw hunted by the English Crown for seven years before being betrayed and taken to London and hung, drawn and quartered in 1305. Following his execution and dismemberment, parts of Wallace’s body were hung in Newcastle-on-Tyne, Berwick, Stirling and Perth.
There were two Scots who had claim upon the throne, one being Robert the Bruce, the eighth Earl of Carrick, and the other John Comyn. Robert sought advancement by working with Edward I, but he was not getting the elevation he wanted. When Robert started to investigate other options for building his personal status in Scotland, his opponent Comyn took advantage of the situation by telling Edward that Robert the Bruce was scheming against him. A supporter warned Robert the Bruce.
He knew that Comyn was a favorite of the Pope and well liked by Edward I, so he conspired to polarize his position by publicly insulting the Pope and king whilst raising the battle standard for the growing Celtic revival. He had Comyn lured to the Franciscan church at Dumfires and attacked him right on the steps of the altar itself. Robert denied the monks to aid the dying man, and stood over him until his opponent had bled to death. This brutal act committed on sacred ground outraged both Edward and the Pope, but the Scottish patriots took it as a brave deed of open defiance against the English. The Pope responded by announcing on 10 February 1305 that Robert the Bruce was excommunicated. Despite this ultimate punishment from the Pope, thirteen months later Bruce had the total support of the Celtic lords and was crowned King of Scotland by the Countess of Buchan at Scone – without the benefit of the Stone of Destiny.
This then was the situation in Scotland when part of the Templar fleet made the decision to head to Argylland the Firth of Forth, where they knew Robert the Bruce was engaged in a rebellion against England. The Pope could not get at them.
Just three months before Philip sprang his trap on the Templars, Edward I of England died to be succeeded by his weak and ineffectual son Edward II who almost instantly retreated to England.
The Bruce began systematically winning back his kingdom from the English. The Scots’ greatest triumph was the Battle of Bannockburn on 6 November 1314. The battle is recorded as going strongly against Bruce’s army until an intervention by an unknown reserve force quickly turned the tide of the whole battle and ensured the victory for the Scots. These mysterious warriors had carried the Beausant (the battle flag of the Templars). In the same year that Jacques de Maloy and Geoffrey de Charney were roasted alive in Paris, the Battle of Bannockburn was being won by the arrival of a Templar force led by the Grand Master of the Scottish Templars, Sir William St Clair. This victory at Bannockburn declared and put in place the freedom of Bruce’s kingdom in Scotland. The St Clairs’ part in this victory was well rewarded as they received a bishopric and additional lands to add to their Rosslyn holdings. (2)
King Robert I spent the remainder of his life fighting the English until in 1328, England formally recognized Scotland as a free nation. A point of Masonic interest concerning the Battle of Bannockburn is that it was fought on the day with the longest daylight in the year – a day still celebrated by all Freemasons as the Feast of St John the Baptist.
While the Templars were safe with Robert I being excommunicated, this state of affairs was not good for Scotland because a kingdom whose king was excommunicated was viewed as a pagan land, and any Christian ruler was free to mount a Crusade against heathens. In 1317 Pope John XXII tried to impose a truce on the Scots and English and was furious when Robert the Bruce responded by capturing the border town of Berwick in a surprise attack. In 1320 the Pope sent two papal legates to serve a further sentence of excommunication against Bruce, James (the Black) Douglas and the Earl of Moray. The defense of thee further charges were met with the Declaration of Arbroath which was published by the Scottish Barons on 6 April 1320.
’All were bound to him by right and by the service that he had rendered his people. The nobles said that they fought “not for glory, or riches or honours, but only for liberty, which no true man would yield save with his life.”.’
It also gives their definition of kingship:
’…the due and lawful consent of all the people, made him our king and prince. To him, we are obliged and resolved to adhere to in all things, both on account of his right and his own merit, as being the person who hath restored the people’s safety in defense of their liberties. But, after all, if this prince shall leave these principles he hath so nobly pursued, and consent that we or our kingdom be subjected to the king or people of England, we will immediately endeavor to expel him as our enemy, and as a subverter both of his own and our rights, and will make another king who will defend our liberties.’
The senior lords of Scotland were Templars. One of the signatories to the document was the lord Henry St Clair of Rosslyn.
In October 1328 Pope John XXII released Robert I from the ban of excommunication. The now legitimate Scottish king died at the age of fifty-five on 3 June 1329, just ten days before John XXII published a bull publicly recognizing his right to the throne of Scotland. Robert was succeeded by his son David II, who was only five years old, and Lord Randolph, a member of the Moray family and uncle of the Earl of Moray, was appointed as Regent. Before dying he had taken a vow to go to Jerusalem and fight the Saracen as a mark of respect his embalmed heart was taken by Sir William de St Clair and Sir James Douglas on a last crusade to Jerusalem. Bruce’s heart never reached the Holy City and was returned to be buried in Melrose Abbey whilst Sir William was buried at Rosslyn.
As soon as Scotland was once again officially part of Christendom it was imperative that the Templars should disappear from sight by becoming a secret society. Fortunately a member of the Templar Moray family was Regent, ruling on behalf of the infant King David II.
Return to Rosslyn
A new secret Order would ensure the survival of Templar rites and thinking. By the time Scotland once again paid homage to the Pope, the Templars of Scotland were invisible to those who did not know where to look – the St Clair family.
Rosslyn Chapel, built by the later William St Clair provided the interface between the Templars and Freemasonry. Someone connected with the St Clairs had traversed the Atlantic at a remarkable early date.
The Reverend Janet Dyer, trained in botany and her husband a botanist by profession, referred to the documented evidence that Prince Henry Sinclair, the first St Clair Jarl (Earl) of the Orkneys had, thanks to Templar money, commissioned a fleet of twelve ships for a voyage to the ‘New World’. The fleet under Antonio Zeno landed in Nova Scotia and explored the eastern seaboard of what is now the United States of America prior to 1400. The date is certain because Henry Sinclair was murdered upon his return in that year.
A knight called Sir James Gunn died in the Americas and was buried there. The image of the medieval knight found in Westford, Massachusetts is his hastily prepared tombstone. In the crypt below the chapel, where a small coat of arms in the wall shows on its left-hand side, above the ‘Engrailed Cross’ of the Sinclair family, a single masted, twin sailed ship identical to the one found on the shield of the Westford knight.
Our attention was drawn to the freestanding pillars of which there are fourteen in total; twelve identical in form and two special and quite splendid ones at the eastern end of the chapel.
The so-called ‘Mason’s Pillar’ is actually a rendering of the priestly pillar known to Freemasons as Jachin and to the Nasoreans as Tsedeq, and the ‘Apprentice Pillar’ is the kingly pillar called Boaz, representing the power of Mishpat.
High up in the corner where the south and west walls meet, and level with the organ, is a head with a severe gash on the right temple and in the opposite side of the west wall is the head of the person who killed him.
William St Clair himself masterminded the whole construction of the building from its inception to his own death in 1484, just two years before its completion. It is a matter of record that every carving, however small, was first created in wood and submitted for approval, and if so approved it was then carved in stone. William St Clair had brought some of Europe’s finest masons to Scotland for this great project, building the village of Rosslyn to house them, and he paid the master masons the then massive amount of L40 per annum and the lesser masons, a still handsome L10 per annum.
The current caretakers of Rosslyn Chapel did not know it, but the head high up facing the north-east corner is a representation of Seqenenre Tao, the last true king of Egypt.
Let There Be Light Rosslyn Chapel was not a chapel at all, it was not even really Christian! For a start there is no altar. Behind Boaz and Jachin there are three stone pedestals set against the wall, but these are not altars.
William St Clair, who later became the first elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, had been in trouble with the Church for having his children baptized in the building. (3)One of the objections King James VI raised to this Earl of Rosslyn as Grand Master of Masons, was that he had had his children baptized at Rosslyn which was not a Christian place of worship.
The symbolism is Egyptian, Celtic, Jewish, Templar and Masonic in profusion. A star-studded ceiling, vegetative growths coming from the mouths of the Celtic Green Men, entangled pyramids, images of Moses, towers of the Heavenly Jerusalem, engrailed crosses as well as squares and compasses.
In the area of the north wall there is a small frieze showing ht crucifixion. Not the crucifixion of Jesus the Christ; it is the torture of the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay. All characters are in medieval garb including hooded members of the Inquisition. The details are correct in that the cross is a Tau or ‘T’ shape and the nails are being driven through the wrists; two details that medieval artists invariably got wrong, unless of course they knew what had actually happened to de Molay. Another section shows Templars with an executioner next to them and most remarkably, we found a carving here that has figures holding up the Shroud of Turin with the face of de Molay clearly visible.
Even after its completion it was never used as a chapel.
Rosslyn wasn’t a simple chapel; it was a post-Templar shrine built to house the scrolls found by Hugues de Payen and his team under the Holy of Holies of the last Temple at Jerusalem! Beneath our feet was the most priceless treasure in Christendom. Rosslyn Chapel was a deliberate replication of the burial-place of the secret scrolls!
A fire occurred in 1447, one year after the foundation stone was laid.
William St Clair held many titles including the Prince of Orkney, and the following account uses that description:
’About this time [1447]there was a fire in the square keep [of Rosslyn castle] by occasion of which all occupants were forced to flee the building. The Prince’s chaplain seeing this, and remembering all of his master’s writings, passed to the head of the dungeon where they all were, and threw out four great trunks where they were. The Prince was sorry for nothing but the loss of his Charters and other writings; but when the chaplain who had saved himself by coming down the bell rope tied to a beam, declared how his Charters and Writts were all saved, he became cheerful and went to recomfort his Princess and the Ladys.’ (4)
Surely he cannot have been so heartless and insecure as to worry first about simple civil documentation about his lands or titles? Medieval trunks are fairly huge affairs and such papers would not fill a quarter of one of these containers, let alone four. Those trunks contained the scrolls from Jerusalem that had been brought to Scotland by the Knights Templar.
The building was erected very quickly but the foundations took a curiously long time. From the commencement of work to the completion of the foundations took four years.
The mission of William St Clair was to recreate the underground vaults of Herod’s Temple exactly as Hugues de Payen had found them over three hundred years earlier. The Royal Arch Degree described the location of the excavation as Zerubbabel’s Temple instead of Herod’s Temple.
It is now known the crusaders believed that the Muslim Dome on the Rock, which dates from the seventh century, was Herod’s Temple, and the ruins beneath it those of Zerubbabel’s.
Outside, Rosslyn is a representation in stone of the Heavenly Jerusalem. Inside the layout is a reconstruction of the ruin of Herod’s Temple. In the north-east corner we found a section of the wall carved with the towers of the Heavenly Jerusalem complete with the Masonic compasses, styled exactly as they are shown on Lambert’s scroll.
The arched roof had a running series of keystones down its length. Over three feet thick of solid rock, those keystones were locking together a huge weight. Carved into the under-surface of the roof above us was a starry firmament as found in the pyramids and Masonic lodges, and tucked in between was the sun, the moon, a cornucopia, a dove and four heavenly figures.
William St Clair had followed his script with care. A reference to the so-called ‘lights’ of the Order which definitely refer to a planned formation:
’These lights are placed in the form of an equilateral triangle, each of the lesser bisecting the line formed by two dividing the great triangle into three lesser triangles on the extremities, which, by their union, form a fourth triangle in the centre, and all of them equal and equilateral, emblematic of the four points or divisions of Masonry. This symbolical arrangement corresponds to the mysterious Triple Tau …’
In Rosslyn the fourteen pillars had been arranged so that the eastern eight of them, including Boaz and Jachin, were laid out in the form of a Triple Tau.
The west wall is huge, totally incompatible with the rest of the structure and very obviously incomplete.
The incomplete single walls remain because they are the remains of a ruined TEMPLE.
’…when we found that instead of a solid rock there was a series of stones in the form of an arch, and being aware that the architect of the previous structure had designed no part of it in vain…’
Just as ‘the architect of the previous had designed no part in vain’, neither had William St Clair. Every facet of this fascinating structure was there to tell a story. Today the original western entrance has lost its intended dramatic effect of the reconstructed Herodian ruin because the Victorians stuck an ill-conceived baptistery right onto it. The sooner this invasive ‘carbuncle’ is sliced off this wonderful shrine the better!
The Lost Secret of Mark Masonry Rediscovered
The fact that all carvings were first made in wood and taken for approval to overseers and finally to lord St Clair himself reminded us of the ritual used by the Masonic degree known as ‘Mark Masonry’.(5)
The three pedestals are visited in turn and at each the first two workmen (the deacons of the Lodge) have their work tested against the plan and approval is given. Then the candidate presents his work it is a small keystone and does not meet with approval. The Junior and Senior Overseers state that it is a curiously wrought stone that does not meet with the plan, but because of its fine workmanship they will allow the workman to pass on to the next gate. Finally the Entered Apprentice arrives at the pedestal of the Master Overseer, who flies into a rage because the candidate has had the audacity to present a stone to him that is not required for the building, and he orders the stone to be cast into the waste of the quarry. He then states that the candidate should be put to death for his impudence, but after a plea is put in for leniency the intimidated candidate is allowed to go free.
The workmen are then called to go and receive their wages in the middle chamber of King Solomon’s Temple and the Candidate joins the queue and puts his hand through a small hole, known as the ’wicket’, to take his payment. He is immediately grabbed by the hand and denounced as an impostor, and an axe is brought down as though about to sever his hand at the wrist. Once again, thankfully, he is spared.
It is then detected that all work has stopped for the lack of a keystone to complete the arch. The overseers state that they recall such a stone being brought to them and a search is made for the lost keystone that will lock the arch together. It is found by the candidate who is then made a Mark Mason and is provided with a mark (a small symbol) that becomes his personal trademark.
Rosslyn shrine has hundreds of such masons’ marks carved into it. William St Clair had an obvious problem with security; the masons building his scroll shrine had to know the layout of the underground vault network.
William St Clair devised the First Degree of Craft Masonry and the Mark Mason Degree to give his operative masons a code of conduct and an involvement in the secret, without telling them the great secret of living resurrection which was reserved for speculative Masons. He had two grades of stonemason on site; the L10-a-year standard masons (or apprentices) and the L40-a-year ‘mark masons’ who were honored by the possession of a personal mark in the continental fashion.
To be certain that he had the loyalty and fidelity of his stonemasons he would have to bind them to secrecy. The Entrant’s Degree of Freemasonry, known today as that of ‘Entered Apprentice’ was developed by Sir William at the outset of building, using selected elements of the Templar initiation ceremony. To maintain differentials he had to provide the L40-per-year senior craftsmen with an extra secret so that they had something more than their lesser masons.
None were ever raised to the rank of a Master mason.
The starting place for Freemasonry was the construction of Rosslyn Chapel in the mid-fifteenth century. The St Clair family of Rosslyn became the hereditary Grand Masters of the Crafts and Guilds and Orders of Scotland, and later held the post of the Master of Masons of Scotland until the late1700s.
The only biblical imagery that we could conclusively identify was a carving of Moses sporting a fine pair of horns.
It is said throughout Masonic ritual that the workmen went into the middle chamber of King Solomon’s Temple to receive their wages but the original Temple did not have a middle chamber; however the Rosslyn shrine did. The crypt of the supposed chapel is in the south-east, with steps down to it immediately to the right of the kingly pillar. These steps are hugely worn with deeply arched risers making it quite difficult to descend and ascend. The official guidebook says of these steps:
’These well-worn steps indicate that many pilgrims visited this chapel in the ninety or one hundred years between its completion and the Reformation. The exact reasons for this pilgrimage are, as yet, unclear, but it is possible that Templar knights had deposited some holy relic of ancient veneration here, a black Madonna perhaps.’ (6)
Any Madonna would be alien to the Templars and certainly to this shrine.
Halfway down is a door with hinges. Once inside this lower chamber, the first thing that struck us was how small it was. There was nothing in it except a few tiny wall decorations, an even smaller room to the north and a fireplace with a chimney that was built into the main southern wall of the building. The presence of a fireplace told us that it was designed to be used for reasonable extended periods.
It was next to this fireplace that we found the small figure carrying a key. The handle of the key was a perfect square – ‘a true and certain sign to recognize a Freemason’. This was marking the entrance to the scroll vaults; this little rock carving was holding nothing less than The Hiram Key
. Up until the completion of the project the west wall of the crypt was open, giving access to the labyrinth beyond. The Nasorean scrolls were kept behind a locked door within the vaults so the St Clairs and their fellow ‘resurrected’ Masons could refer to them before they were finally sealed away until the end of time. The room was the middle room of the reconstructed Temple, because it linked the main upper room with the underground vaulted room that took the holy scrolls. It was here that the masons received their wages, and here they were initiated and sworn to secrecy.
Before the vaults were sealed off at the completion of the building, several of the latter-day Templars were granted the right to be buried alongside the holy scrolls. It is a matter of historical record that there are knights buried here who are not in coffins, but their full suits of armour. Sir Walter Scott immortalized this practice in his poem, The Lay of the Last Minstrel:
‘Seemed all on fire that chapel proud,
Where Roslin’s chiefs uncoffined lie:
Each baron, for a sable shroud,
Sheathed in his iron panoply …
There are twenty of Roslin’s barons bold
Lie burid within that proud chapelle.’
All the principal statues that once stood on the many wall plinths have disappeared. They are said to have been removed by local people when the Parliamentary troops were closing in during the English Civil War and are believed to be buried in the vicinity.
We found a small carving of the first Templar seal which depicted two knights on one horse. The knight on the front is elbowing the rear knight off the mount. After the fall of the Order, those of secondary rank were ejected to maintain maximum security.
The Lord Protector Who Protected Rosslyn The most remarkable evidence of Rosslyn is that it is still there at all. During the English Civil War, Cromwell and his Parliamentary forces roamed Ireland, Wales and Scotland as well as England, bringing damage to Royalist and Catholic property wherever they could. Cromwell himself visited Rosslyn and whist he destroyed every Papist church he came across, he did not so much as scratch this building. The official line, as told to us by the Reverend Dyer, is that he was a Freemason of high-standing and aware that Rosslyn was a Masonic shrine.
Rosslyn castle was utterly destroyed by General Monk in 1650yetagian the shrine at Rosslyn went untouched.
We drove to the place called Temple. This was the Templar ;headquarters in Scotland. In the graveyard we found one dated 1621 and carried the pick and shovel of Royal Arch (commemorating the digging up of the scrolls) as well as the skull and cross bones, the Templar symbol of resurrection that became their battle flag. Such a date means that the remains below it are of a man that was a Royal Arch Freemason at least a hundred years before the official foundation of Freemasonry in London in 1717.
William St Clair had had many titles including ‘the Knight of the Cockle and Golden Fleece’. Freemasonry describes itself as ‘more ancient than the Golden Fleece or Roman Eagle’. This told members in the early years of the Order of Freemasonry that the ritual was no invention of the St Clairs; it not only predated them, it even predated the great Roman Empire. The official view of Rosslyn:
’The vaults themselves may yet be far more than a simple tomb, other important artifacts may be contained therein. The one recorded action of the Lords Sinclair that apparently contradicts their well earned reputation for chivalry and loyalty may also be explained if the vaults are opened, for it is just possible that some clue as to the whereabouts of certain treasures of great historical interest may also be discovered.’
‘We must acknowledge this when we attempt to understand the motivation of both the builder of this unique and magnificent chapel and of the gifted artists and craftsmen who executed it design. The fruits of this open-minded approach will inevitably lead us to hypotheses which will direct us in further study to locate evidence that, at present at least, may be hidden or has been overlooked for any one of a variety of reasons…(7)
A Latin inscription carved onto the Rosslyn shrine came from the Nasorean scrolls:
Beneath Solomon’s Seal
The Triple Tau, signifies, among other occult things, Templum Hierosolyma, “the Temple of Jerusalem”. It also means Clavis ad Thesaurum - “A key to a treasure”- and Theca ubi res pretiosa deponitur - “A place where a precious thing is concealed”, or Res ipsa pretiosa - “The precious thing itself”.
William St Clair had to arrange the pillars in this way. The arrangement of the shrine was a symbolic way of saying that the structure did represent the Temple at Jerusalem, and that it is the place where a precious treasure is concealed!
The meaning for the Seal of Solomon (the Star of David) within the Royal Arch Degree:
The Companion’s Jewel of the Royal Arch is a double triangle, sometimes called the Seal of Solomon, within a circle of gold; at the bottom is a scroll bearing the words, Nil nisi clavis deest - “Nothing is wanting but the Key,” and on the circle appears the legend, Si tatlia jungere possis sit tibi scire posse - “If thou canst comprehend these things, thou knowest enough”.
These references had been created as clues for the individuals who would, one day, unlock the mystery of Rosslyn. The words were meaningless in any other context, yet now they carried a very precise import.
Neither of us could recollect seeing a Seal of Solomon. We set about studying our photographs, video and the ground plan.
Chris drew a line through the bottom pillars of the Triple Tau, and taking out a pair of compasses, set them to the width of the building on the plan and described an arc out from each wall. The two arcs intersected exactly between the most westerly pillars to form an equilateral triangle. He then drew another line across the width of the building between the second two pillars from the west entrance and described two further arcs in an easterly direction; they intersected right in the centre of the central pillar of the triple Tau, forming a perfect Seal of Solomon. Even the two pillars inside the symbol were placed at the precise crossing point of the lines of the star.
At the very center of this invisible Seal of Solomon, in the arched roof there is a large suspended boss in the form of a decorated arrowhead that points straight down to a keystone in the floor below. It is this stone that must be raised to enter the reconstructed vaults of Herod’s Temple and recover the Nasorean Scrolls.
Had any one of the aisles been a few inches wider or the pillars just slightly in a different position, none of this geometry would have worked.
Excavating the Nasorean Scrolls
There is no evidence, historical or physical, of any tampering with the foundations of the building, despite the wars and battles that have raged on the turf around it.
Ultrasound groundscans have already established that there are cavities under the floor of Rosslyn.
(1) W.M. Thayer: George Washington
(2) Andrew Sinclair: The Sword and the Grail
(3) Year Book of Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland 1995
(4) Tim Wallace-Murphy: An Illustrated Guide to Rosslyn Chapel
(5) Robert Brydon: Rosslyn – A History of the Guilds, the Masons and the Rosy Cross
(6) Tim Wallace-Murphy: An Illustrated Guide to Rosslyn Chapel
(7) Tim Wallace-Murphy: An Illustrated Guide to Rosslyn Chapel
