Eleventh International Symposium on Lexicography
Copenhagen, 2-4 May
2002
Elftes
Internationales Symposion zur Lexikographie
Kopenhagen, 2. bis 4.
Mai 2002
ABSTRACTS
Plenary papers / Hauptvorträge:
Jean Aitchison (Oxford, UK): The Otto Jespersen Memorial
Lecture: ”Absolute Disasters: The
Problems of Layering”
Words often split apart, in a process sometimes known as
`layering'. New meanings grow up alongside existing ones, which typically
remain in the language, resulting sometimes in massive polysemy. At one time,
this was regarded as `weakening'. More recently, recognition of layering and
polysemy has brought meaning change into line with other types of language
change, where multiple variants are now known to be the norm. These may
co-exist for decades, or even centuries. But this presents an obvious problem
for lexicographers, essentially when should a word be regarded as having an
additional sense, or when should layering be treated as resulting in two
different words? No absolute answer can be given, as the decisions made will
vary, depending on a dictionary's purpose, or the viewpoint of the
lexicographers. but case studies can sometimes help to highlight the processes
and problems involved. Certain types of words are known to layer fast, in
particular words for catastrophic events, such as CALAMITY, CATASTROPHE,
DISASTER. A DISASTER, for example, may refer to a crashed plane, or a burnt
dinner. This paper will analyse the layering process, and suggest how the
various meanings can be distinguished by speakers and hearers. It will suggest
that language users need to be aware of the collocations associated with a
word, which will often indicate the seriousness of a catastrophic event. For
instance, the phrases ABSOLUTE DISASTER and DISASTER STRIKES usually signify a
trivial rather than a serious problem. The paper will also consider the words
used to describe the American events of September 11th, and will discuss
whether the `apocalyptic' descriptions found are likely to have a permanent
effect on the English language.
References: Jean Aitchison, Words in the Mind: An
Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. 3rd edition (in press); Jean Aitchison and Diana Lewis. Polysemy
and bleaching. In Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language, edited by B. Nerlich et al. (in press)
Gertrud Greciano (Strasbourg, France): ”Phraseographische
Prioritäten”
Die lexikographische Wende hat im Bereich Phraseologie zu
zahlreichen Versuchen und Projekten geführt, die ein- und mehrsprachig zu
mehreren Phrasemsorten der Gemeinsprache entstehen. H.-P. Kromann bleibt unser
unersetzlicher Vermittler. Im Anschluß an die Würdigung
interessanter Neuansätze soll auf die Lücken in der Fachphraseologie
hingewiesen werden, die Terminologen, Fachtextproduzenten, Übersetzer und
Institutionen bedauern. Anhand von Risikoforschung soll gezeigt werden,
daß Fachphraseographie nach interdisziplinär abgestimmten Rastern
und Mikrostrukturen verlangt und wie Medio- und Makrostrukturen linguistisch
und enzyklopädisch angepaßt werden können. Der Relation
zwischen Begriffsinhalt und Sprachform soll anhand von Phraseolexemen und
Phraseotermini eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Informatik bleibt
für dieKorpuserhebung unvermeidlich, als Korpus dienen Texte und Bitexte.
Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Heidelberg, Germany): ”Äquivalenz, Äquivalentdifferenzierung und
Äquivalentpräsentation in zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern.
Eine neue einheitliche Konzeption”
Der Vortrag besteht aus drei Teilen. Der erste Teil ist
begriffskritisch; er stellt eine Analyse der Äquivalenzbegriffe in der
neueren Wörterbuchforschung dar. Es wird gezeigt, daß die meisten
metalexikographischen Äquivalenzbegriffe mehr oder weniger schwerwiegende
Defekte aufweisen. Die unterschiedlichen Gründe dafür werden
aufgezeigt. Der erste Teil endet mit dem Versuch, einen für die
Wörterbuchforschung adäquaten Äquivalenzbegriff
einzuführen.– Im zweiten Teil werden zwei Typologien vorgestellt:
eine für zielsprachliche Bedeutungsangaben und eine für
Bedeutungsunterscheidungsangaben. Es wird gezeigt, welche Angabetypen der
erstgenannten Typologie als Äquivalentangaben gelten können und
welche nicht.– Im dritten Teil wird dargelegt, welche sinnvollen
Möglichkeiten es gibt für die textuelle Präsentation von
Äquivalent- und Äquivalentunterscheidungsangaben. Dabei wird vor
allem das schwierigste Problem behandelt, nämlich die
Adressierungsproblematik.
[The paper consists of three sections. The first section takes a
critical look at concepts, presenting an analysis of the concept ofequivalence
in recent dictionary research. It is shown that the most metalexicographical
concepts of equivalence display serious defects. The underlying grounds for
these defects are identified. The first section concludes with an attempt to
introduce a concept of equivalence which is adequate for dictionary research.
In the second component two typologies are presented: one for items giving the
meaning in the target language and one for items giving sense distinctions. It
is indicated which items from the first type can and which ones cannot be
regarded as items presenting equivalents. The third section establishes which
meaningful possibilities exist for the textual presentation of items giving
equivalents and equivalent distinctions. It also treats the most difficult
problem of addressing.]
Papers / Referate:
Andrea Abel & Vanessa Weber (Bolzano/Bozen, Italy):
”ELDIT - Electronic Learner's Dictionary of German and Italian:
Semi-bilingual, Bilingualised or a Very New Type?”
The semi-bilingual or bilingualised learner's dictionary is a
relatively new dictionary genre, not even mentioned in the International
Encyclopedia of Lexicography. This genre comprises a series of dictionaries
conceived for a pedagogical scope lying in between the monolingual and the
bilingual. Some of them simply provide translation of the entry word, others
combine target-language definitions with source-language translation
equivalents, still others translate definitions word by word; they all share an
hybrid nature. At the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen we are currently
developing an Electronic Learner's Dictionary of German and Italian (ELDIT project),
consisting of about 3,000 entry words for each language. Eldit is a
perfectlybidirectional dictionary, whose italian part is adressed to German
students from beginners to intermediate level and the German one to Italian
students of the same level. Like the semi-bilingual or bilingualised
dictionaries, Eldit has a hybrid nature, since it combines a monolingual with a
bilingual dictionary. The description of the entry words is given in the
target-language and includes definitions, collocations, idiomatic expressions,
word fields, word families and a large number of examples. Nevertheless, the
dictionary fournishes source-language translation equivalents and various kind
of explanations in order to help learners to understand the given lexical
material. In comparison with current semi-bilingual or bilingualised
dictionaries, Eldit shows important differences: its architecture, which
combines two "bilingualised or facilitated learner's dictionaries" in
one single work, makes it a truly bidirectional dictionary suited for encoding
rather than for decoding purposes. In this regard, Eldit opens the way to a
very new type of dictionary, still looking for its own status.
Arleta Adamska-Salaciak (Poznan, Poland): ”A
Lexicographical Remake: The Story of the (English-Polish) Kosciuszko Foundation
Dictionary”
This paper traces the development of a bilingual lexicographical
project - now nearing completion - which started out as a remake of a
fifty-year-old English-Polish Polish-English dictionary published by the Polish-American
Kos´ciuszko Foundation. The author, who is also editor of the
English-Polish side of the new publication, will discuss the peculiarities of
the original dictionary and the problems encountered in the process of adapting
it to the needs of contemporary users, compare the old and the new version, and
finally, comment on the rationale behind this and similar projects.
Richard Almind (Aarhus, Denmark): ”Dictionary Layout
Through Databases”
Most lexicographers are familiar with using an index card system.
The system has the advantage that you can discard any article without having to
rewrite an entire page. With a bit of practice you will even remember any
cross-referencing to and from this card as well. When the computer became
personal many lexicographers transferred their index cards to a word processing
document, in fact loosing this advantage. Every alteration means that the
entire dictionary will be rewritten. But since the computer does that for you
no time or paper is wasted.
What if you combine these two approaches? Taking the concrete
example of a printed dictionary conceived and produced entirely by means of a
database it will become obvious that the power of personal computers can be
harnessed to much greater benefits than just being the carrier of a manuscript.
In fact, even though the database itself is little less than a simple home made
index system, a so-called flat-file database, the end-product can be published
on any media, paper or electronically.
John Ayto (London, UK): ”Rhyming Slang”
Laurie Bauer (Wellington, New Zealand): ”The Illusory
Distinction between Lexical and Encyclopedic Information”
The New Penguin English Dictionary. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000)
defines kea as 'a large green New Zealand parrot that usually eats insects but
sometimes destroys sheep by slashing the back to feed on the kidney fat: Nestor
notabilis'. This definition highlights some of the problems that beset any
attempt to distinguish between lexical and encyclopedic information. To begin
with, much of the interesting information is encyclopedic; secondly, much of
the useful information is encyclopedic (if, indeed, it is possible to draw a
distinction between lexical and encyclopedic in any definitive way); thirdly,
it is not necessarily clear what information is lexical and what is
encyclopedic. In this paper it is argued that it is not helpful to distinguish
lexical from encyclopedic information because what the reader frequently needs
is encyclopedic information. More strongly, however, it is not even possible in
principle to draw such a distinction, since lexical differences are sometimes
based on encyclopedic information.
Steven Berbeco (Somerville, USA): ”Alphabetizing the
unalphabetical: The Hungarian Sign Language dictionary project”
Hungarian Sign Language (HSL) has been present in the country for
two hundred years, and even flourished under the Soviet occupation. At this
point there are about 60,000 Deaf and 350,000 hard-of-hearing who use seven
principal dialects. The language is fully-developed and functions without
dependence on spoken Hungarian. Yet until very recently no dictionary existed
for this language. Earlier attempts at codifying HSL resulted in short
vocabulary lists, and a larger effort to produce a dictionary – the Siketek
képes jelszótára [= Picture sign dictionary of the Deaf] in 1985 – returned
a unidirectional Hungarian – HSL dictionary with major flaws besides. In
editing the first bidirectional Hungarian – HSL dictionary, A magyar
jelnyelv szótára [= Dictionary of Hungarian Sign Language], issues of
alphabetizing an unwritten language were explored. We developed a three-tier
system of representation of HSL based on a seminal dictionary of American Sign
Language. The system is intuitive to the signer, and has reflexes in linguistic
phonological theory as well. We tested the system prior to publication, and led
graduate students to explore further issues in a field methods class.
Henning Bergenholtz (Aarhus, Denmark): ”Wahre und falsche
lexikographische Definitionen”
Ohne Zweifel gibt es lexikographische Definitionen, die man als
falsch bezeichnen kann. Ein gutes Beispiel ist eine lexikographische
Erklärung von Wörterbuch wie z.B. 'ein Nachschlagewerk, das über
Bedeutungen Auskunft gibt'. Das ist genau so ungenau wie 'ein Nachschlagewerk,
das alphabetisch geordnet ist'. In beiden Fällen schließt die
Erklärung eine Reihe von Nachschlagewerken aus, die Fachleute genauso wie
Laien als Wörterbuch bezeichnen. Daneben gibt es in fast jedem
lexikographischen Nachschlagewerk direkt falsche Angaben, so z.B. wenn Gen als
'etwas, das als Erbanlage bezeichnet werden kann und bei Menschen von den
Eltern zu ihren Kindern weitervererbt wird'. Falsch ist es natürlich, dass
es Gene nur bei Menschen gibt. Interessanter ist es, dass auch Viren, die
Biologen nicht als Leben bezeichnen, auch Gene haben. Laien dagegen verbinden
jedoch Gene mit etwas Lebendigem und haben somit ein Verständnis, das sich
nicht mit dem der Fachleute decken. Hinzu kommt, dass man im
Alltagssprachgebrauch eine nicht-fachliche Verwendung findet wie z.B. "Ich
koche nicht gerne. Das liegt nicht in meinen Genen". Auch diese Verwendung
kann von einer nicht-falschen lexikographischen Definition erfasst werden. Bei
der Wahl zwischen möglichen nicht-falschen Definitionen ist nicht zwischen
Semantik und Enzyklopädie auszugehen, wie es die meisten Lexikologen tun,
sondern von dem genuinen Zweck eines Wörterbuches. Genuiner Zweck wird
dabei als die Menge von Wörterbuchfunktionen gesehen.
Tove Bjørneset (Bergen, Norway): ”The NORDLEXIN-N
Dictionary Project: Part II”
The NORDLEXIN-N Dictionary Project is based on the Swedish
dictionary series LEXIN. This series has existed in Sweden for about 20 years,
and is being translated into about 20 (minority) languages. The dictionaries
are particularly user friendly and contains information about the lemma in the
entry itself. 1,700 illustrations to the ”core vocabulary” are
divided into 33 categories, e.g. ”The body - Outer and Inner
Parts”, ”Home and family”, etc., and are attached to the
dictionaries. The Swedish dictionaries are primarily published as printed
books, but some of them (e.g. Swedish-English and English--Swedish) are also
available for free use on the Internet. The Swedish ”Skolverket”
has kindly offered all Nordic countries use of this material. In 1996, the
Norwegian Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs offered the
project to the HIT Centre at the University of Bergen. Since then, we have
developed a Norwegian vocabulary base, partly by establishing equivalences to
the Swedish entries, and partly by adding Norwegian concepts and words. The
Norwegian vocabulary base contains about 25,000 entries including about 15,000
examples, 9,000 compounds and 2,500idioms. During the last couple of years, we
have been translating the NORDLEXIN-N vocabulary base into English. In many
ways this may be regarded as the second main part of this project so far. The
equivalence percentage between the Swedish and the Norwegian lemmas is
estimated to about 75. The main part of the translation was done
semi-automatically, based on the use of the Swedish-English translations
carried out in Sweden. Various aspects of this part of the project will be
presented and discussed by the leader of the project.
Evelyn Breiteneder (Vienna, Austria) & Dmitrij
Dobrovol’skij (Moscow, Russia & Vienna, Austria): ”Specific
problems of text lexicography (Fedor Dostoevskij and Karl Kraus)”
The lexicographical presentation of the language of an individual
author or group of texts is a branch of lexicography which has attracted little
interest to date. Indeed, in recent years few such dictionaries have appeared.
In this paper we highlight two recent projects in this neglected field both of
which are based on on comparable assumptions and linguistic principles. The
first is a dictionary of language usage by Dostoevskij, the second similarly a
dictionary of language usage, this time by Karl Kraus in the literary journal
“Die Fackel.” As regards the former, we will focus on the linguistic
description of phrasemes (idioms and restricted collocations) and with the
latter we will consider the recently published Wörterbuch der
Redensarten. The chief
aim of our paper is to demonstrate that the semantic structure of a phrasem
(idiom or collocation) is a context-sensitive phenomenon and in a text
dictionary requires a different modus of lexicographical representation, one
which differs from the well-known “system based” principles of
traditional lexicography.
Igor Burkhanov (Rzeszow, Poland): ”Lexicographic
Representation of Meaning and Cognitive Semantics”
New developments in the mainstream theoretical linguistics reveal
the growing interest to the study of both communicative interaction and
cognitive aspect of semantic structures, i.e. conceptual, experiential and/or
cultural background of meaning. The major aim of this paper is to outline the
implications of recent alterations in linguistic semantics for lexicographic
description. A particular emphasis will be placed on the applicability of
suchdescriptive concepts as prototypicality and cognitive models of various
kinds (frames, scripts and image-schemas) in lexicographic presentation which
incorporates multifarious techniques of meaning and usage explication. For
instance, in theoretical lexicography specification of meaning is primarily
associated with monolingual definitions. Nevertheless, it should be noted in
this connection that paraphrastic and synonyms definitions — which do not
only prevail in contemporary lexicography, but also correspond to the
minimalist definition requirement as implemented in both generative models and
various trends of European structuralism — can hardly account for shared
knowledge structures, common beliefs and social practices underlying lexical
(and partly grammatical) meanings of symbolic units of language. Defining
techniques based on descriptive explications provide a better opportunity to
specify prototypical effects arising due to the discrepancies between folk and
expert categorization, not to mention cultural and experiential background of
cognitive models. Simultaneously, graphic illustrations of a schematic type,
though underused in contemporary lexicography, seem to be a more efficient
means of representing image-schemas underlying meanings of lexical items in
comparison to verbal explications. These considerations imply the necessity to
reconsider functions of various elements of dictionary macro- and
microstructure in both alphabetical and onomasiological lexicography.
Ulrich Busse (Halle/Saale, Germany): ”Beobachtungen und
Überlegungen zur Repräsentation der Aussprache englischer Wörter
in ausgewählten deutschen Wörterbüchern”
Das entscheidende Problem bei der Darstellung der Aussprache von
aus dem Englischen entlehnten Lexemen ergibt sich aus der Tatsache, dass die
Entlehnungen einer mehr oder minder starken lautlichen Angleichung an das
phonologische System der deutschen Sprache unterliegen. Häufig ist es
jedoch schwierig zu entscheiden, inwieweit sich die Aussprache vom englischen Vorbild
entfernt hat, da dieser Vorgang sich in einem zeitlichen Kontinuum vollzieht
und insbesondere bei jüngeren Übernahmen eher ein dynamischer
Prozesss denn ein abgeschlossener Zustand ist. Neben einigen systematischen
(Vor-)überlegungen wird der Vortrag vor diesem Hintergrund die Praxis von
allgemeinen und von Spezialwörterbüchern beleuchten.
Timothy Colleman (Gent, Belgium): ”On representing verb
complementation patterns: the strategy of the Contragram Dutch-French-English
valency dictionary”
Since the mid-1980's, there has been a growing awareness among
lexicographers of the usefulness of explicit grammatical information in both
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. One of the problematic areas in foreign
language learning is the field of verb complementation. In order to be able to
use verbs idiomatically, learners need detailed information on verb patterning.
Many different systems for representing verb complementation patterns in an
accurate, consistent and user-friendly way have been proposed, and several
authors have compared and evaluated the strategies used in existing
dictionaries (usually focussing on English learners' dictionaries). Recent
empirical research by Bogaards and Van der Kloot suggests that none of the
existing systems can be said to serve the learner better than the others (International
Journal of Lexicography
14.2). In my paper, I will compare a number of existing coding systems to the
system used for the Contragram Verb Valency Dictionary of Dutch, French and
English (in progress).
John Considine (Alberta, Canada): ”Our Dictionaries
err in redundancy
– The Problem of Encyclopedism, Past, Present, and Future”
When Richard Trench gave his seminal paper "On some
deficiencies in our English dictionaries" in 1857, and thus in effect founded
the Oxford English Dictionary, he pointed out that as well as being deficient,
existing English dictionaries were in one respect superfluous: they included
encyclopedic information. As lexicographers and metalexicographers today are
well aware, drawing the dividing line between the strictly lexical and the
encyclopedic is much more of a problem than Trench realized. This paper
discusses the history of this problem, arguing that it does not affect
lexicographers at all until the trend towards the alphabetization of knowledge
of early modern period, and that thereafter, despite the development of the
alphabetically-ordered encyclopedia as an offshoot of the dictionary, it has
become increasingly pressing. This is especially a result of the inclusion in dictionaries
of items of scientific and technical nomenclature for which any entry
necessarily makes the kind of statements about the real world which Trench
would stigmatize as encyclopedic. The paper concludes by proposing that the
tradition of comprehensive non-encyclopedic lexicography in which dictionaries
like the Oxford English Dictionary are still being made is non-sustainable.
Just as we can see how that tradition arose in the intellectual world of
sixteenth-century Europe, we must also see that the intellectual world has
changed out of recognition since the sixteenth century, that knowledge is no
longer alphabetizable as it used to be.
Javier Diaz Vera (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain): ”Semantic
Reconstruction, Lexicology and Diachrony: Towards an Onomasiological Dictionary
of Proto-Germanic Verbs”
The GermaLex project focuses on the analysis of the verbal
vocabulary of the old Germanic languages (Old English, Old Norse, Old High
German, Gothic and Old Saxon). We intend to create an onomasiological dictionary
that will include different types of information on this part of the vocabulary
of the Germanic languages cited above and, consequently, allow further research
into the linguistic systems of Proto-Germanic and Indo-European. In order to do
so, we are going to use the most recent methods of linguistic analysis
developed by modern Lexicography and, more specifically, by Functional
Lexematics. Our research is not limited to the formal reconstruction of ancient
roots, but will rather focus on their semantic, syntactic and socio-cultural
description. Our dictionary is organised along the 13 lexical domains
distinguished within Functional Lexematics: EXISTENCE, MOVEMENT, POSITION,
CONTACT, CHANGE, PERCEPTION, COGNITION, FEELING, SPEECH,SOUND, LIGHT, POSSESSION
and ACTION. Each domain is conceived as a hierarchy of meanings, where
dependency relationships are expressed both through semantic (stepwise lexical
decomposition) and syntactic (complementation patterns) factors. This way, we
can disregard both circularity and subjectivity from our definitions. Each
lexical entry consists of (1) a list of semantically ordered verbal predicates
in the different Germanic dialects, along with their definitions and syntactic
complementation patterns, and (2) an analysis of their semantic connections
with other domains. This way, we want to propose a dynamic reconstruction, full
and consistent, of the lexical architecture of Proto-Germanic, that will allow
new insights into the historical and sociocultural study of this family of
languages.
T. P. Dolan (Dublin, Ireland): ”The Compilation of the
Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English”
This Paper will discuss the compilation of a new edition of my
Dictionary of Hiberno-English in the light of the reviews and comments on it
(dealing with such issues as omissions, locations of sources, the
significance of Northern Hiberno-English entries, etc.) which have been printed
since it was first published in 1998. I shall describe and discuss the process
of collecting and collating the words, the criteria for inclusion, the validity
of both oral and literary sources, the selection of quotations,
cross-references to other dictionaries, phonetic guide-lines, and the
methodology used in creating a format for the entries.
Grete Duvå & Anne Lise Laursen (Aarhus, Denmark):
”Cyberlexicography in LSP: New Aspects of Components and Structures in
the Dictionary”
Yana Dybchinskaya (Zaporizhzhe, Ukraine): ”A
Lexicographical Model of Speciality ’Management’ as the Basis for a
Multilingual (English-German-Russian) Learner's Dictionary?”
The report considers the strategy and tactics of compiling the
learners' dictionary that could be of great use for students throughout their
studies at the Management department. Since the curriculum presupposes
good knowledge of English and German in the sphere of business, the idea is to
focus all the information needed in the same dictionary. The main principles
the dictionary is built on are as following. 1. Lexicographical model of the speciality
"Management" is based on the usage frequency of the special terms
with the reference to their representation in all spheres of business. The
principle provides the presence of the terms which are used not very often in
manuals but are of high importance in some specific spheres of business (e.g.
hauls). 2. The dictionary will consist of two parts. The first (lexical) one
will provide the readers with the information about the business terms used in
English, German and Russian. Each term is accompanied with the index to help to
find the translation into any of the three languages. The second one will
contain the notions about the grammar and phraseological patterns and cliches
used in business letters and contracts.
Gillian Evans (Oxford, UK): ”Pronunciation in the
OED”
The provision of a transliterated pronunciation standing
supportively next to each headword is something perhaps taken for granted by
users of today's OED, yet the inclusion of 'pronunciation and accent' came as
something of an afterthought to the dictionary's founders. My paper will
present an evolutionary account of the OED's policy on pronunciation, giving
particular attention to relevant developments in the current revision programme
for the Third Edition, as well as a more general outline of the practical
difficulties and pragmatic considerations concomitant with the inclusion of
pronunciation material in a general dictionary.
Ken Hundewadt Farø (Copenhagen, Denmark):
”Morphologie und Korpuslexikographie”
Die Flexionsmorphologie ist in der Lexikographie ein leicht zu
übersehendes Gebiet, sowohl vom Benutzer- als auch vom
metalexikographischen Blickwinkel her. So findet sie in der Forschung in der
Tat wenig Beachtung, obwohl sich mit ihr viele interessante und prinzipielle
Probleme verbinden. In diesem Beitrag wird auf die Frage eingegangen, welche
Schwierigkeiten für die Beschreibung der Flexionsmorphologie auftauchen
können, wenn in einem auf korpuslinguisticher Grundlage konzipiertes
Wörterbuch sowohl Empirie als auch Norm berücksichtigt werden sollen.
Ist ein solches Unterfangen überhaupt realisabel, oder heißt dies
zwei grundsätzlich inkongruente Größen miteinander verbinden zu
wollen? Es werden verschiedene Methoden und Kriterien der Erarbeitung von Flexionsparadigmen
diskutiert und Parallelen aus den traditionelleren Wörterbüchern
herangezogen. Die Frage der Korpusgröße und deren Einfluss auf die
Morphologie wird erörtert, und schließlich werden ausgewählte
lexikalische Problemkategorien beschrieben, die dem Morphologen eines
polyfunktionalen Wörterbuchs vor besonders große Schwierigkeiten
stellen.
Maurizio Gotti (Bergamo, Italy): ”The evolution of
English canting lexicography in the 16th and 17th centuries”
The paper will take into consideration the evolution of English
canting lexicography in the 16th and 17th centuries; by canting we mean the particular jargon spoken by
members of the underworld, identified as an ‘antilanguage‘ typical
of an ‘antisociety’ since its speakers’ activities were
considered criminal for the rest of British society (cf. Gotti 1999). The main
works taken into consideration will be Harman (1566), Head (1665) and B.E. (1698?). The
analysis of these lexicographic works will show that in the course of almost
two centuries the term cant underwent a process of great change, which led it away from its
original meaning of secret language of beggars and thieves. Little by little
this noun came to be applied to new meanings, such as those of
‘specialized language’, ‘social dialect’ and ‘popular
language’. Moreover, another important change concerned the linguistic
area covered by the term cant, whose perception by standard British society went from that of
considering it a mysterious language extraneous to and dangerous for English
social life to that of linguistic variety pertaining to a specific microcosm
being part of the larger British macrocosm, and thus deserving inclusion in
dictionaries of the standard language or at least in those concerning the
‘popular’ variety of English. – References: B.E. 1698?, A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and
Modern of the Canting Crew,
London; Gotti, Maurizio 1999, The Language of Thieves and Vagabonds. 17th
and 18th Century Canting Lexicography in England, Tübingen: Niemeyer; Harman, Thomas
1566, A Caueat or Warening for Commen Cvrsetors, Vvlgarely Called Vagabones, London; Head, Richard 1665, The
English Rogue, London.
Henrik Gottlieb (Copenhagen, Denmark): ”Revealing False
Friends: Creating a Truthful Dictionary of Danish-English Pseudo-equivalents”
One thousand years ago, English borrowed many words, even
pronouns, from Danish. Roles have changed since then, and today, Danish –
as almost any language – keeps borrowing and copying language features
from English. In this state of flux, one aspect of this linguistic encounter
remains a source of confusion to language users: false friends, i.e. words and expressions that look
similar in the two languages, yet differ totally or partially in meaning.
Interestingly, while a few false friends become more ’true’ due to
English influence on Danish semantics, more new loanwords from English take a
different, or narrower, meaning than that found in English. Thus, with
increasing English-Danish interaction, the number of false friends is bound to
rise. In my paper, I will discuss the
principles and design of a new dictionary of English-Danish false friends: Lumske
ord i engelsk (’Tricky
words in English’). Conceived as a bilingual dictionary aimed at the
semi-bilingual Danish public, this work will be unique in terms of
microstructure. Not only will all source-language headwords come with
authentic, contemporary examples; so will their ’false’
target-language lookalikes, as well as the ’true’ equivalents on
both sides. In this way, each of the 1200 dictionary articles will take the
shape of an ’X’, representing the two interlocked sets of semantic
equivalents. I will finish my paper by giving some examples of the often
intricate etymological and pragmatic relationships displayed in these X’es
– all instances where similarity in meaning means dissimilarity in form.
Rufus H. Gouws (Stellenbosch, South Africa): ”Multiple
Niching”
The prevailing distinction between main and sublemmata leads to a
further distinction within the subcategory of sublemmata, i.e. between niched
and nested sublemmata and consequently between niched articles and nested
articles. This paper focuses on the inclusion, presentation and treatment of
sublemmata with the focus on the presentation of niched lemma. The difference
between first and second level nesting will be introduced briefly before the
emphasis is placed on different types of niched clusters. The term multiple
niching is used to
describe those niches included in a vertically ordered article stretch
characterised by the repetitive occurrence of the same lemma part operating in
the niche external entrance position of more than one niched cluster. Multiple
niching is a procedure performed in bilingual dictionaries due to a too strong
adherence to the strict alphabetical ordering system. Sublemmata representing
complex lexical items of the source language are presented in niched clusters
and these clusters are interrupted by alphabetically ordered lemmata not
belonging to the respective niche family. On both sides of the article of the
interrupting lemma sign niched clusters are found with the same element
presented in the respective niche entrance positions. The paper identifies and
discusses various problems resulting from the procedure of multiple niching and
suggests possible solutions.
Gisela Harras & Kristel Proost (Mannheim, Germany):
”The Lemmatization of Idioms”
Idiomatic expressions are complex lexical units of a certain
syntactic category. They are problematic from the point of view of
lexicography, because it is not obvious under which idiom component they should
be lemmatized. Two special questions arise:
- Idiomatic
expresions vary regarding their degree of semantic and syntactic
compositionality. How can this phenomenon be accounted for by the way in which
a particular idiomatic expression is lemmatized?
- How does the
type of dictionary (mono- or bilingual, general or idiom dictionary) influence
the way in which idiomatic expressions should be lemmatized?
We shall answer these questions with respect to the
lemmatization of idiomatic expressions in different types of mono- and
bilingual dictionaries.
Ulrich Heid (Stuttgart, Germany): ”Tool functions for
dictionary updating: Which information types, and what presentation?”
We discuss functions of computaional tools to support dictionary
authors and managing editors in their work on updating existing dictionaries.
Such work is in part done inhouse at publishing houses, in part it is
contracted out to individual authors of dictionary articles. Both can be
supported with tools, with data extracted from the dictionary under analysis
and with corpus evidence. The general purpose of both tools and data is to
remind the lexicographers of phenomena which need to be covered, to inform the
about phenomena which are maybe less in sight (because they are rare, relevant
only if different items are compared. etc.), and, above all to provide ample
documentation of the relevant phenomena, along with frequency and significance
data. On the basis of several projects, carried out in cooperation with
different publishing houses in Germany, Holland and Denmark, we will address,
in this talk, the following issues:
– types of linguistic information needed for dictionary
updating;
ways of extracting such information from corpora and dictionaries;
– needs of article authors vs. managing editors, in terms of
views on
the information types (alphabetical vs. different kinds of
''systematic'' orders);
– Graphical User Interface requirements, from the point of
view of the
two types of users.
We compare our own ideas and the views developed together with
publishers in the above mentioned projects with state of the art tools
described in the literature, such as the WASPS tool (Kilgarriff) and the
FrameNet Tools.
Dieter Herberg (Mannheim, Germany): ”Wissen über
(neue) Wörter. Ein Internetwörterbuch entsteht”
Der Beitrag will mit einem lexikologisch –lexikographischen
Projekt des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim/Deutschland
bekannt machen, in dem Neologismen der 90er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts
erforscht und beschrieben werden, soweit sie sich im allgemeinsprachlichen Teil
des Wortschatzes der deutschen Standardsprache etabliert haben. Das Ziel des
bis 2003 abzuschließenden Projektes ist die lexikographische Beschreibung
und Dokumentation von ca. 800 ausgewählten Neulexemen und Neubedeutungen.
Damit wird das erste auf den Prinzipien der wissenschaftlichen
Lexikographiebasierende Neologismenwörterbuch für das Deutsche
vorgelegt. Zugleich ist das Vorhaben Pilotprojekt für die
Präsentation lexikographischer Informationen als elektronische Datenbank
im Rahmen des im Aufbau befindlichen lexikalisch-lexikologischen
korpusbasierten Informationssystems „Wissen über Wörter (WiW)“
des IDS. Anhand von Beispielartikeln aus dem Neologismenprojekt wird die
Funktionsweise dieses hypermedialen Internetwörterbuches erläutert.
Lars Holm (Lund, Sweden): ”Ein schwedischer Calepinus aus
dem 17. Jahrhundert”
Durch eine Reihe günstiger Zufälle ist neulich ein
bemerkenswertes Wörterbuch in meinen Besitz geraten: Ambrosii Calepini Dictionarivm
vndecim lingvarum..., Basel
1616. Der 1884 Seiten umfassende zweispaltige Folioband ist gleichzeitig eine
Handschrift auf die Weise, dass schwedische Äquivalente - als zwölfte
Sprache - zu den lateinischen Stichwörtern hinzugefügt worden sind.
Der Band war bis dato für die Lexikographiegeschichte unbekannt. Mein
Studium von dem Manuskript und seinem schwedischen Wortschatz befindet sich
noch im Anfang. Vorläufig will ich versuchen, u. a. folgende Fragen zu
beantworten: 1. Wer war(en) der Besitzer des Buches und der Schreiber der
schwedischen Wörter?; 2. Wie wollständig werden die lateinischen
Lemmata und ihre Polysemie auf schwedisch wiedergegeben?; 3. Wie verhält
sich das Schwedische zu den ursprünglichen zehn Zielsprachen?; 4. Welche
Quellen zu den schwedischen Wörtern – genannte und
ungenannte,Wörterbücher und sonstige Werke – lassen sich
registrieren?
Roman Kalisz (Gdansk, Poland): ”The Semantics of End of
Scale Terms and Methods of Their Lexicographic Description”
The paper presents a semantic characterisation of terms which are
often labelled 'end of scale'. Those terms are of various kinds i.e. they may
represent highest (or lowest) positions of social or professional hierarchy,
the most idyllic places (or most dismal) or the best or most prestigious
products in case of nouns. Adjectives and adverbs signal extreme qualities of
different kinds as perceived by language users. There are also prefixes
'super-, hyper-, ultra-, mega-, extra-' which denote extreme qualities of
various phenomena andsuperlative degree form e.g. Polish 'naj-, prze-' . The
particular classes are examined, its scalar nature is discussed together with
scales inlinguistic research. The problem of cancellability of end of scale
effect is taken as criterial for the distinction between absolute and relative
end of scale terms. The linguistic material is taken form English and Polish.
Amongthe examined expression which seemed to be good candidates for end of
scale terms some may lose the effect by the application of cancellation phrases
which may still augment the force of such expressions as adjectives 'gorgeous,
fantastic or great'. Other expressions such as superlatives retain the end of
scale effect and are immune to canacellations tests. The most interesting
finding is that the end of scale adjectives or adverbs which are not
axiologically loaded retain the end of scale effect on both poles of the scale.
The purported end of scale adjectives which are inherently axiologically
charged lose the end of scale effect when subjected to cancellation tests.
Ilan J. Kernerman (Tel Aviv, Israel): ”What is so good
and bad about advanced EFL dictionaries?”
Monolingual dictionaries for advanced learners of English as a
foreign language form a league of their own in pedagogic lexicography, and are
highly respected, researched, referred to and invested in. Yet, their
sophistication and complexity match just a small elitist group, and alienate
them from the vast majority of English learners worldwide. This paper discusses
whom these dictionaries are intended for and whom used by, how they excel or
miss the mark, why they get great attention and others hardly any, and what the
impact is on other dictionaries and users, and on dictionary use in general.
Ulf Larsson (Stockholm, Sweden): ”The Semantic
Architecture of Gunnar Ekelöf’s Poem ”A
Mölna-Elegy” (1960) – An Analysis of Fire, Air,
Water and
Earth based on a Semantic Frame Model and
the Definitions in the Swedish Dictionary Nationalencyklopedins Ordbok
(NEO)”
In this lecture I will show how a formalized model based on
semantic frame theory can survey different semantic domains and patterns in
poetry. The Swedish poet Gunnar Ekelöf’s (1907-1968) long and partly
quotative-allusive poem ”A Mölna-Elegy” (1960) is a most
profitable text for such a study. It is already at a first glance obvious that
this poem in a high degree seems to be about the four elements fire, air,
water and earth. Those concepts, f. ex. fire, are lexically manifested by words such
as ”fire”, ”glow”, ”meteor” and
”wither” but also by semantically more distant lexemes such
as ”window”, ”shadow”, ”white” and
”singe”. A central task is to find a theoretically anchored method
to decide what words belong to a certain semantic domain. With the aid of
semantic frame theory, it becomes more clear in what way for example window is related to fire: window contains light as a categorial concept, or part
value of the attribute ”Prototypical function”. Light, in its turn, is a categorial concept of fire.
It seems hard to define window without mentioning light, and fire without mentioning light, which is shown in prototypical
definitions such as those in the NEO-dictionary. The different word meanings sketch interesting patterns of
canonical presence, prototypical presence, absence and intensity for both
different parts and the whole of the four element concepts fire, etc, in the poem. All those patterns are
of great importance when trying to formulate the poem’s suggested sense,
with Riffaterres words the poem’s matrix.
Anatoly Liberman (Minnesota, USA): ”Scandinavian
Etymological Lexicography”
Scandinavian scholars distinguished themselves as excellent
language historians, and modern etymology has been in great measure shaped by
S. Bugge, A. Noreen, E. Lidén, H. Falk, A. Torp, H. Pedersen, and their
contemporaries. But despite their insights into the origin of (Old)
Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish words, their main focus was on
Indo-European and Germanic. As a result, etymological dictionaries of the
Scandinavian languages are not numerous: four of (Old) Icelandic (only two of
them written by Icelanders); four of Norwegian; one of Swedish (another one was
not completed), and two of Danish. An etymological dictionary of Norn can
be added to this list. The quality of the best dictionaries is very
high. However, Torp-Falk and even Hellquist are outdated, and the
etymological component of the great national dictionaries is not sufficiently
detailed and innovative. The latest Norwegian dictionary is more
interested in reconstructed forms than in the history of Norwegian. It seems
that Scandinavian etymological lexicography would gain if there were a center
that would create a data bank of everything that has been said on the origin of
words in the Scandinavian languages from roughly the time of J. Ihre and
coordinate the efforts of scholars dealing with this subject all over the
world.
Klaus-Dieter Ludwig (Berlin, Germany):
”Wortschatzentwicklung und Wörterbuch”
Veränderungen im Wortschatz vollziehen sich bekanntlich
insbesondere durch Neologie, Archaisierung, Entlehnung und
Bedeutungsveränderung. In dem Vortrag wird der Frage nachgegangen,
inwieweit aktuelle deutsche Wörterbücher diesen Entwicklungen
Rechnung tragen. Die lexikologisch-lexikographische Problematik soll anhand
ausgewählter Lexeme vor allem aus dem gesellschaftlichen Bereich im
weitesten Sinne erörtert werden. Für die Darstellung werden
insbesondere die neuesten allgemeinen einsprachigen Wörterbücher der
deutschen Gegenwartssprache herangezogen, aber auch
Lernerwörterbücher und der Rechtschreib-Duden, das in Deutschland am
häufigsten benutzte Wörterbuch.ß
Sándor Martsa (Pécs, Hungary): ”Knowledge
Representation in Dictionaries”
Drawing primarily, but not exclusively, on A. Wierzbicka’s
cross-linguistic studies of emotion terms, this paper seeks to examine how
native speakers’ knowledge related to some basic human emotions is
reflected in general-purpose monolingual dictionaries of English. In this regard,
the paper also intends to examine the reliability of dictionaries from a
cross-linguistic (English - Hungarian) perspective. It has been found that
Hungarian learners of English, even with a good command of English, often fail
to distinguish disgust
from distaste, embarrassment from shyness, pining from longing. In other words, they find it difficult
to conceptualize similar emotions as distinct concepts. The paper tentatively
claims that part of the difficulties in recognizing the distinctness of emotions
belonging to one domain lies in the fact that monolingual dictionaries do not
always givecoherent and consistent definitions of emotions. In addition, these
definitions are frequently circular, which creates the impression that emotions
are in fact indefinable entities. It will be suggested in the paper that
emotions and for that matter the meanings of emotion terms are more effectively
processed if their definitions are given in terms of notions such as
experiencer, target, scope, and concomitant bodily symptoms.
Geart van der Meer (Groningen, Netherlands): ”On Taboo
and Slang in English Pedagogic Lexicography”
In my talk I will put forward a proposal to integrate the
information currently often provided in labels in the sense definitions
themselves. This procedure will obviate the often doubtful use of labels like
'slang' or 'taboo' and will make it impossible to miss this information
altogether.
Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza & Sandra Peña
(La Rioja, Spain): ”Should Lexicographers take into Account Semantic
Roles? A Reappraisal of the Notion of Semantic Primitive”
The existing literature on what is called encyclopedic semantics
is extensive. Semanticists working on this field do not believe either in
componential analysis or in the existence of semantic primitives. Within the
framework of Cognitive Linguistics, following Lakoff (1987) and Langacker
(1987), linguists take sides with the encyclopedic conception of meaning, as
based on four ways of structuring reality which Lakoff (1987) calls idealized
cognitive models (ICMs): image-schemas constitute abstract topological
constructs; metaphor and metonymy are respectively defined as conceptual
mappings across and within domains; and propositional models are descriptions
of entities and their relations with other entities. It is our purpose to make
explicit some of the foundations for the development of a theory of knowledge
organization which, at the same time, fills a void in the study of the
interaction between different cognitive models. By making use of insights from
relational semantics (Evens, 1988, Chaffin, 1992), our model develops some
aspects of Lakoff's (1987) and Langacker's (1987) views. In order to do so we
combine the notions of network, access, and centrality with the notions of
domain of reference and degree of generalization of semantic characterizations.
As a result, we put forward a typology of relational primitives which differs
from other proposals in that it is made up not of atomic units but of generic
concepts (or ICMs) which can be instantiated in terms of degrees of centrality.
We further suggest that our taxonomy may be used to organize the relational
component of lexical entries in a dictionary.
Rosamund Moon (Birmingham, UK): ”Dictionaries and
metaphor, metaphors in dictionaries”
This paper revisits the topic of metaphor in dictionaries,
with particular reference to monolingual learners' dictionaries in English.
Recent lexicographical practice has been to treat metaphorical senses and
phrases synchronically, and not to draw explicit attention to their
metaphoricality. Yet there are disadvantages to this, as has been pointed out,
for example, by Ayto and van der Meer from the lexicographical point of view,
and Kovecses/Szabo and Boers from the pedagogical point of view. Furthermore,
while developments and innovations in research into corpora and collocation
have had massive effects on dictionaries, the substantial developments in
metaphor research of the last twenty years have had very little effect at all.
In this paper, I will review the issues and then discuss some of the problems
relating to a recent attempt to take account of metaphor studies and
incorporate their insights into lexicographical description.
Judith Muráth (Pécs, Hungary):
”Wörterbuchbenutzung und Fachübersetzerstudenten. Ihre
Erwartungen an ein Fachwörterbuch”
Die praktische Arbeit an einem Fachwörterbuchprojekt mit
Edina Dragaschnig, Irene H. Pogány und Marianne Zserdin (Karl-Franzens-Universität
Graz) von 1994 bis 1998 – aus dem im Jahre 1998 ein Fachwörterbuch
als Lehrmaterial für Studenten der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen
Fakultät der Universität Pécs hervorgegangen ist und sich in
der Testphase befindet – veranlasste mich, u.a. die
Wörterbuchbenutzung des anvisierten Benutzerkreises an der
Universität Pécs zu untersuchen. 1999, 2000 sowie 2001 wurde an der
Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät im Kreise von Wirtschafts- und
Fachübersetzerstudenten eine empirische Datenerhebung durchgeführt.
Durch die Untersuchung sollte geklärt werden, was für
Wörterbücher von den Versuchspersonen in konkreten
Wörterbuchbenutzungssituationen benutzt werden, wie häufig
dieselbenbenutzt werden und welche Rolle dabei Fachwörterbüchern
zukommt; evtl. was für Wörterbücher die VP in Besitz haben.
Zweitens wurde gefragt, welche Informationen nachgeschlagen und drittens,
welche vermisst werden. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse sollte der der
Erarbeitung einer modernen Fachwörterbuchkonzeption für die obige
Zielgruppe berücksichtigt werden und zur Erhöhung des Nutzungswertes
eines neuen Fachwörterbuches beitragen. Da die Auswertung der ganzen
Erhebung den Rahmen des vorgesehenen Beitrags sprengen würde, werden die
Ergebnisse der Recherchen bei Fachübersetzerstudenten vorgestellt.
Heili Orav & Kadri Vider (Tartu, Estonia): ”Estonian
Wordnet and Lexicography”
The need for computer thesauri has been long time in Estonian
lexicography. Together with morphological and syntactical analysis for Estonian
has made clear the demand for lexical database based on word semantics. We
followed suit from idea of Princeton WordNet - created by G.A. Miller and
others. Compilation of Estonian Wordnet started from 1997 and the work will
continue. Already existing Estonian wordnet include nouns, verbs and little
part of adjectives. The major lexical information, what is so necessary
for compiling thesaurus, comes from monolingual explanatory and/or sense
distinguishing dictionaries or synonyms dictionaries. In Estonian there are not
so many of them, more over we can't use machine-readable dictionaries. In our
paper we will analyse problems, which come out in compiling such a new-type
dictionary.
M. Sandra Peña & Francisco José Ruiz de
Mendoza (La Rioja, Spain): ”Relational Primitives and Dictionary Entries:
The Case of Heart”
Ruiz de Mendoza (1996) and Ruiz de Mendoza and Otal (1999) have
proposed a system of relational categories, which they label relational
primitives, which describe concepts in terms of other concepts with which they
are associated and with which they are discoursively interconnected. Thirteen
of these relations aim at describing the internal make-up of concepts while the
other five serve to structure external boundaries. The former are grouped into
four main categories: actions, processes, positions, and states. The latter are
classified in terms of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Our purpose in
this paper is to identify the different relational primitives, both internal
and external, which help to provide the configuration of a concrete dictionary
entry: 'heart'. Second, we also try to reduce some of these relations to some
cognitive constructs, called image-schemas, which have been studied within the
framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Johnson, 1987) in order to account for
their experiential basis. For instance, the processual internal relation is
made to correspond to the PROCESS image-schema. Finally, we attempt to provide
some more theoretical implications which pave the way for more comprehensive
and experientially-grounded lexicographical projects like dictionaries.
Maria José Pereira de Oliveira (Santarem, Portugal):
”Genre Analysis and the Elaboration of Glossaries”
This paper aims at describing the methodology followed in the
elaboration of a specialised glossary in the area of Meat Technology, an area
where the infiltration of a considerable number of lexical units from current
English is found. As non-specialised dictionaries do not convey their specific
meaning, a Meat Technology Glossary will fill in a lexicographic gap, with the
advantage of presenting all the terms therein included in context, with
examples taken from a linguistic corpus of 1.005.517 words - the “Meat
Technology Corpus”. As a starting point, six genres, which the above-mentioned
area comprises, were identified, thus enabling the inclusion of a wide range of
information on scientific and technological terminology from the area of Meat
Technology to help both students of any polytechnic school in their studies and
investigation and industry and commerce users in their jobs.
Lorena Pérez & Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza
(Logroño, La Rioja, Spain): ”Speech Acts and the Dictionary: Can
Illocutionary Models Be Lexical Entries?”
This paper looks into dictionary definitions of illocutionary
verbs such as 'order', 'request' or 'promise'. Verbs of this kind name
illocutionary categories which may be realised linguistically either by a
performative verb or by a means of what have traditionally been called direct
and indirect speech acts. We attempt to pinpoint the shortcomings of
traditional dictionary definitions of illocutionary verbs, which are generally
too simple and frequently leave aside important aspects of the rich semantic
make-up of illocutionary categories. We postulate that a description of the
semantics of illocutionary verbs in terms of idealized cognitive models of the
type proposed by Lakoff (1987) would make it possible to capture the semantic
wealth of illocutionary categories in a systematic and comprehensive manner.
Gunnar Persson (Luleå, Sweden): ”Dictionaries as
mirrors of social and cultural change”
Dictionary translations and definitions are full of notions
reflecting the culture and social climate of the time in which they were
written. Notions that were once highly respectable will change over time and
things that were once unmentionable, for example terms för sex and other
bodily functions have been alloppwed to come out in the open in recent years.
The paper presents a study of various terms found in English-Swedish
dictionaries from various periods of the 20th century. These terms have to do
with work, social status relations, gender, poverty, sex, excretion and race
relations. In all the cases attitudinal changes over time may be traced in the
dictionaries. I also argue that dictionaries should be as explicit and complete
as possible and not attempt to exercise censorship for prudish or humanitarian
reasons.
Heribert Picht (Copenhagen, Denmark): ”Die Fachwendung in
fachlexikographischen Produkten”
Nach einem kurzen, einleitenden Überblick über den
Forschungsstand zur Fachwendung und der Definition der Fachwendung nach DIN
2342 wird auf die Bedeutung der Fachwendung in Fachübersetzungen
eingegangen. Es wird dafür argumentiert, daß die Fachwendung einen Begriff
repräsentiert und daher in fachlexikographischen Produkten zu finden sein
sollte. Da mehrsprachige Fachwörterbücher zur Lösung von
Übersetzungsproblemen beitragen sollen, muß festgestellt werden,
daß, da Fachwendungen nur sehr unvollständig oder gar nicht
aufgenommen werden, sie den Fachübersetzer zwingen, weitere zeitraubende
Recherchen vorzunehmen. Mit Ausgangspunkt in den bisherigen Ergebnissen der
Terminologieforschung zum Thema Fachwendung sollen zwei Modelle vorgelegt
werden, die zeigen, wie dem genannten Mangel abgeholfen werden kann und wie
qualitativ bessere und übersetzerfreundlichere fachlexikographische
Produkte geschaffen werden können.
Tadeusz Piotrowski (Opole, Poland): ”A Lexicographer's
Nightmare: A Bilingual Dictionary for Teenagers”
The paper will discuss an English-Polish dictionary for teenage
students in Poland, published in 2002, by Tadeusz Piotrowski, who, after
compiling several other bilingual dictionaries, found it the most difficult one
to do. The dictionary's structure is adopted to the needs of Poles, in the
presentation of pronunciation, description of inflection and of semantics. The
dictionary shows meaning through pairs: English word -- Polish equivalent, both
always embedded in sentential context, and it is this aspect which was most
difficult, it will be also discussed in more detail. The contextual approach
means also that the dictionary exposes the learner to non-native English, and
it will be discussed whether learners should meet this kind of English.
Santiago Posteguillo (Universitat Jaume I at Castelló,
Spain) & Jordi Piqué-Angordans (Valéncia, Spain):
”Practical Linguistic and Translation Problems in the Elaboration of the
Peter Collin Publishing Bilingual English/Spanish Dictionary on Computer
Terminology”
Computer science terminology evolves at an enormous speed. A
substantial number of new technical terms are labelled each year to define the
different computer-related devices. But this terminology is systematically
generated in the English language. The rest of languages in the world are
forced to absorb many of these new terms in English. There seems to be a
lexicological gap. The major computer science English-Spanish bilingual
dictionaries include only between 3,000 to 5,000 entries. We have undertaken the
generation of a fully developed computer science
English-Spanish/Spanish-English dictionary in collaboration with Peter Collin
Publishing. This new dictionary will include 35,000 entries and, according to
the newest trends in lexicology (Alcaraz, 1996; Nida, 1997; Salerno, 1999),
entries include collocations, examples, and grammatical information so that
this dictionary may become both a reference terminological study as well as an
active tool for translators. This paper explains the process in the making of
this dictionary and describes the different linguistic and translation problems
that the authors have encountered therein.
Stefan Schierholz (Oldenburg, Germany):
”Valenzwörterbücher für Substantive”
Unter Einbeziehung der aktuellen Theoriediskussion zum
Valenzkonzept werden grundlegende lexikographische Überlegungen für
die Neukonzeption eines Valenzwörterbüchs für Substantive des
Deutschen angestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung der Nachschlagehandlungen
potentieller Benutzer von Valenzwörterbüchern sollen die
Valenzangaben vorhandener Wörterbücher kritisch ausgewertet werden.
Anschließend werden auf der Basis corpusbasierter Analysen für eine
ausgewählte Menge substantivischer Lemmazeichen die Valenzpartner
ermittelt und Verbesserungsvorschläge gemacht, in denen die aktuellen
grammatikographischen und lexikographischen Erkenntnisse zugrunde gelegt
werden.
Henrik Køhler Simonsen (Aarhus, Denmark): ”User
Involvement in
Corporate LSP Intranet Lexicography”
This article presents a number of theoretical and conceptual
considerations on user involvement in corporate LSP Intranet lexicography. I
argue that increased user involvement is a must in corporate LSP Intranet
lexicography, as users in a corporation or an organization should be seen as
containers and facilitators of invaluable lexicographic knowledge. The existing
user approach is therefore not enough. Consequently, it is my argument that new
and innovative solutions are required in order to learn more about and from the
users in a corporate or organizational context. To facilitate and support such
increased user involvement the two lexicographic principles lexicographic
democracy and active
user involvement are
proposed. The two lexicographic principles were implemented in TeleLex, which
is a lexicographic knowledge and communications management system at TDC A/S,
and user involvement thus becomes an integrated and indispensable part of
TeleLex. The use of Internet-based lexicographic user surveys and feedback
forms is thus advocated, as it allows the lexicographic webmaster not only to
focus on the user, but also to actively involve him in the design and
compilation phases. Without such active approach the term user-oriented is just
an empty word.
Wlodzimierz Sobkowiak (Poznan, Poland): ”Lexicographic Phonetics
or Phonetic Lexicography”
Lexicographic phonetics is phonetics applied to the process of
dictionary-making. While it has not been labeled as such, it has
traditionally been concerned with issues such as: the choice of accent and
transcription to represent in dictionaries, the extent of dialectal,
phonostylistic and idiosyncratic variation of pronunciation covered, the
representation of stress and weak forms, etc. Authors have included
Abercrombie, Gimson and Wells, among others. Phonetic lexicography is what dictionary makers and critics do
when they ponder sound representation from the lexicographic perspective.
Issues of relevance include: the questions of consistency, the place and role
of pronunciation in the microstructure of the dictionary, the treatment of
pronunciation in learners' dictionaries, sound recording, playback and
synthesis in electronic multimedia dictionaries, and others. Few
(meta)lexicographers have ever done substantial work in this area. Ultimately,
the two pursuits cannot be clearly delimited, of course. They both cover,
each from its own perspective, the little-explored ground of sound
representation in dictionaries. Both the traditionally tackled issues and
the new vistas are discussed in the paper.
Gunter Spiess (Cottbus-Choœebuz, Germany): ”Das
aktive deutsch-niedersorbische Wörterbuch des verbalen Basiswortschatzes:
The state of the art”
Niedersorbisch ist eine westslawische Sprache, die seit fast 1.500
Jahren im heutigen Bundesland Brandenburg gesprochen wird. Da nahezu alle
Muttersprachler älter als 60 Jahre sind, ist der Fortbestand der Sprache
mittelfristig ernsthaft bedroht.
Zu den Bemühungen, das Niedersorbische zu erhalten bzw. zu
revitalisieren, zählt das im Internet zugängliche Aktive
deutsch-niedersorbische Lernerwörterbuch des verbalen Basiswortschatzes, das von der Niedersorbischen
Zweigstelle des Sorbischen Instituts erarbeitet wird. Die lexikographische
Beschreibung der Zielsprache basiert primär auf einem maschinenlesbaren
Textcorpus, das gegenwärtig über 4 Millionen laufende Wörter
umfaßt und kontinuierlich ausgebaut wird. Die wichtigsten Merkmale der
Mikrostruktur der lexikalischen Einträge sind: 1) Die Struktur der
deutschen und niedersorbischen Wörterbuchkomponente ist nahezu identisch.
2) Ausgangspunkt ist die Disambiguierung der deutschen Stichwörter
unabhängig davon, ob deren niedersorbische Entsprechungen dieselbe
polyseme Struktur haben oder nicht. 3) Die Valenzrahmen werden in beiden
Sprachen so vollständig wie möglich beschrieben. 4) Die für das
Niedersorbische typischen Aktionsarten, die zumeist keine deutschen
Äquivalente haben, werden als Subeinträge des jeweiligen Stichworts
systematisch berücksichtigt. 5) Die Beispielsätze dienen u.a. dazu,
die wichtigsten Verwendungsweisen des Verbalaspekts zu illustrieren.
Laimute Stankeviciene (Siauliai, Lithuania):
”English-Lithuanian Lexical Pseudo-Equivalents (Interpreter’s False
Friends). A Lexicographical Aspect”
The paper deals with contrastive description and analysis of
English and Lithuanian lexical units identical or similar in form (spelling
and/or pronunciation) but having some differences in meaning. The
semantic structure of lexical pseudo-equivalents has been contrasted in order
to establish the level of their systemic equivalence in the two languages. Out
of the 970 selected word pairs, 270 (28%) have been classified as absolute
pseudo-equivalents, words that do not share any meanings; partial lexical
pseudo-equivalents constitute about 68%, while 4% differ in frequency,
connotation, register, collocability, etc. Among partial pseudo-equivalents,
cases when the English word has all the meanings of the Lithuanian word and
some of its own account for 47%, while the reverse (Lithuanian words having
developed their own meanings in addition to the shared ones) constitutes only
4%. About 17% of partial pseudo-equivalents represent cases of meaning overlap,
when the words share at least one meaning but have at least one additional
meaning of their own. Implications of the research for language learning and
teaching as well as for bilingual lexicography are briefly discussed.
Janusz Stopyra (Wroclau, Poland & Copenhagen, Denmark):
”Dänische substantivische Derivate und ihre deutschen Parallelen im Dansk-Tysk
Ordbog. Gyldendal
1999 (11. Ausgabe)”
Die hauptsächlich wortbildungsmäßig orientierte
Untersuchung umfasst nur vollmotivierte Bildungen, derer Struktur durchschaubar
ist. Sie erfasst substantivische explizite Derivate. Internationalismen,
implizite Derivation und Zusammenbildungen werden nicht mit einbezogen. Nicht
erfasst werden explizite Ableitungen als Zieleinheit, deren Ausgangseinheit
fehlt. In diesen Fällen werden aber Parallelen im Deutschen gesucht,
umeine eventuelle Entlehnung oder Lehnübersetzung voraussetzen nu können.
Als einzige Suchquelle wird, außer etymologischen
Wörterbüchern, das behandelte Wörterbuch herangezogen, die
Untersuchung hat nämlich u. a. den Zweck, es zu charakterisieren. Die
Untersuchung ist unilateral mit dem Dänischen als Ausgangs- und dem
Deutschen als Zielsprache. Den Ausgangspunkt dafür bildet das abgeleitete
dänische Substantiv als Zieleinheit und seine deutsche semantische
Entsprechung. Es wird dabei die Frage gestellt, mit Hilfe von welchen Suffixen
die den dänischen entsprechenden deutschen Substantive gebildet werden.
Sven Tarp (Aarhus, Denmark): ”Basic Problems of
Learners’ Lexicography”
Foreign language learning is a complex process. Dictionaries can
be conceived to assist the learner in different aspects of this process.
Accordingly, at least four main functions of a learners’ dictionary can
be distinguished. Very few, if any, learners’ dictionaries have all these
functions, at least in an optimal way. Learners’ dictionaries are, thus,
not a special type of dictionaries, but constitute a more general category
including various types of learners’ dictionaries according to their
functions or combination of functions. On that basis, a typologization of
existing learners’ dictionaries can be made. The great challenge to
learners’ lexicography is to conceive and make dictionaries that assist
the learner in as many aspects of the language-learning process as possible.
Theoretically, this can only be done on the basis of a sofisticated
data-distribution structure. But is such a multifunctional lexicographic product
user-friendly? Or should it be recommended to make a set of two parallel
learners’ dictionaries in order to satisfy the user’s needs?
Andrejs Veisbergs (Riga, Latvia): ”Defining Political
Terms in Lexicography: Recent Past and Present”
In the postmodern and global world there is an ever-increasing
need for correct and functional communication and understanding across
cultures. Thus after the events of 11 September there was much discussion of
what the word jihad
really means. Dictionaries have a certain role in this. The paper views
treatment of definitions of political terms in monolingual English, Russian and
Latvian desktop dictionaries (including learners’) over the last 50
years. The great diversity and change in defining political terms even within
one language and/or one period can be explained by 1. historical change of perceptions
reflected in dictionaries, 2. variety of definition approaches, 3. various
changes reflecting lexicographers’ individual perceptions.Such a study
is, first, important to understand the relations between the language and
language attitudes and ideology in order to see how terms and notions are
represented and misrepresented in dictionaries. Secondly it can suggest ways of
a fairer definition as most dictionaries are developing products and
inaccuracies in dictionary entries can be changed and corrected in later
editions. The study attests to a great variety in the selection of political
terms, also to a great inconsistency in lemmas. Lack of systematicity is
especially striking as regards genus proximus for fairly hyponymic notions
terms - practice, doctrine, theory, views, belief, policy, system. The practice of totalitarian
lexicography is also examined.
Kiros Fre Woldu (Stockholm, Sweden): ”Methods of a
bilingual dictionary building for the Internet - a Case Study”
In this paper three different source of material was used to build
an on-line dictionary. In the first step, the Swedish-English Lexin Dictionary
was automatically reversed and the result subjected to various forms of
analysis. The study shows that Dictionary Reversals (DR) is not by itself
adequate for dictionary building. The advantages of DR are nevertheless
obvious, especially in terms of form and structure of the dictionary. Other
sources are the interactive response of Dictionary Users and logged search
failures. After analyzing the compiled dictionary a forth source might even be
necessary. Before reaching a final conclusion, the paper evaluates the sources
in terms of active and passive characteristics of a bilingual dictionary.
