Age Group

Psychosocial Theory

Cognitive Theory

Psychosexual Theory

Moral Reasoning

Infant

(consistency of needs being met allows infant to predict responses)

(can't learn without doing; reflexive behavior)

(teething begins; everything is put into mouth; oral satisfaction decreases anxiety)

N/A

Toddler

(desire to do things independently)

N/A

(bowel & bladder training occur; child projects feelings onto others; elimination & retention are used to control & inhibit)

N/A

Preschool Age

Initiative vs. sense of guilt (mimics; more purposeful & active in goal setting)

Preoperational-preconceptual (egocentric, magical thinking; no cause-effect reasoning; uses symbols)

(ego develops objective conscious reality; Opedipal complex - love of opposite-sex parent)

(based on external control; observe standards of others to avoid punishment or receive rewards)

School Age

(using hands to make things; being helpful; mastering tasks)

Concrete operations (collecting; mastering facts)

(superego develops morality; repressed sexual drive)

(observe and internalize the standards of other; want to please others)

Adolescence

(defining self in relation to others)

(abstract ideas; reality based)

N/A

(attainment of true morality - conduct control is internal)